北京市道路尘中重金属时空分布特征及污染程度评价
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摘要
北京市作为我国的经济和文化中心,高速的城市化进程带来了一系列的环境问题。城市道路尘可以通过不同途径进入人体,对人体健康造成伤害。本研究采集了春、冬两季北京市6类功能区中道路尘样品46件,研究了其中Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg元素的含量和空间分布特征,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗污染指数法,评价了道路尘中重金属污染程度。结果表明:除冬季As元素外,其余元素平均含量均高于北京市土壤背景值; 5种重金属元素平均含量一般为市区最高,郊区最低。单因子污染评价表明,冬、春两季各个功能区道路尘中除As元素无污染外,其余元素均具有一定程度的污染,其中Cd元素污染程度最高;冬季各功能区道路尘中重金属元素综合污染指数评价均为轻度污染;春季郊区为尚清洁,工厂区、居民区和商业区为轻度污染,休闲区和教育区为中度污染。
The fast urbanization of Beijing which is the economic and cultural center of China has brought a series of environmental problems. Humans' health can be hurt by absorbed urban road dust. 46 road dust samples were collected in 6 functional areas in Beijing during spring and winter respectively to investigate the concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals( Cr,Pb,Cd,As and Hg) in the research. The methods of single factor index and Nemerow index were applied to evaluate the contaminated degree of road dust. The results indicated that the average concentrations of other elements were all higher than the values of the local soil background except for the element of As in winter. The max average concentrations of the 5 heavy metals in road dust were found in urban areas' values and the min ones were found in the suburban areas' values. Calculated single factor index revealed that the element of As was not exceeded in each functional area in winter and spring,whereas all the other elements caused contaminations to certain extend and the contamination of Cd was the most serious one. Results based on comprehensive pollution index showed that heavy metals in road dust were all slightly exceeded in various functional areas in winter and the results in spring showed the suburbs' areas were clean,the factory and residential and commercial areas were slightly polluted and the leisure and educational areas were moderately polluted.
The fast urbanization of Beijing which is the economic and cultural center of China has brought a series of environmental problems. Humans' health can be hurt by absorbed urban road dust. 46 road dust samples were collected in 6 functional areas in Beijing during spring and winter respectively to investigate the concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals( Cr,Pb,Cd,As and Hg) in the research. The methods of single factor index and Nemerow index were applied to evaluate the contaminated degree of road dust. The results indicated that the average concentrations of other elements were all higher than the values of the local soil background except for the element of As in winter. The max average concentrations of the 5 heavy metals in road dust were found in urban areas' values and the min ones were found in the suburban areas' values. Calculated single factor index revealed that the element of As was not exceeded in each functional area in winter and spring,whereas all the other elements caused contaminations to certain extend and the contamination of Cd was the most serious one. Results based on comprehensive pollution index showed that heavy metals in road dust were all slightly exceeded in various functional areas in winter and the results in spring showed the suburbs' areas were clean,the factory and residential and commercial areas were slightly polluted and the leisure and educational areas were moderately polluted.
引文
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[16]林曼丽,桂和荣,陈松,等.煤炭资源型城市街尘重金属富集与时空变化特征:以宿州市为例[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(7):622-631.
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[19]顾家伟.我国城市街尘重金属污染研究进展与趋势[J].地球与环境,2014,42(5):695-701.
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[21]史贵涛,陈振楼,王利,等.上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J].城市环境与城市生态,2006,19(4):40-43.
[22]李章平,陈玉成,杨学春,等.重庆市主城区街道地表物中重金属的污染特征[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(1):114-116,138.
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[25]孙宗斌,周俊,胡蓓蓓,等.天津城市道路灰尘重金属污染特征[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(1):157-163.
[26]李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2661-2668.
[27]张一修,王济,秦樊鑫,等.贵阳市道路灰尘和土壤重金属来源识别比较[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(1):204-212.
[28]石栋奇,卢新卫.西安城区路面细颗粒灰尘重金属污染水平及来源分析[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3126-3133.
[29]田东凡,卢新卫,景一鸣,等.西安市汽车站地表灰尘中重金属的污染评价及其来源识别[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(1):34-39.
[30]刘春华,岑况.北京市街道灰尘的化学成分及其可能来源[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(7):1181-1188.
[31]刘凤玲,卢霞,吴梦龙,等.南京大气细粒子中重金属污染特征及来源解析[J].环境工程学报,2014,8(2):652-658.
[32]蔡云梅,黄涵书,任露陆,等.珠三角某高校室内灰尘重金属含量水平、来源及其健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3620-3627.
[33] WEI X,GAO B,WANG P,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing,China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,112:186-192.
[2]谢宏芳,方凤满,王海东.城市街道灰尘重金属污染研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2010,32(5):78-81.
[3] DUONG T T T,LEE B K. Determining contamination level of heavy metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2011,92(3):554-562.
[4]郭广慧,雷梅,陈同斌,等.交通活动对公路两侧土壤和灰尘中重金属含量的影响[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(10):1937-1945.
[5] HARRISON R M,TILLING R,ROMERO M S C,et al. A study of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the roadside environment[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(17):2391-2402.
[6] VALOTTO G,RAMPAZZO G,VISIN F,et al. Environmental and traffic-related parameters affecting road dust composition:A multi-technique approach applied to Venice area(Italy)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:596-608.
[7]罗为检,王克林,刘明.土地利用及其格局变化的环境生态效应研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(2):150-152.
[8]刘彦随,陈百明.中国可持续发展问题与土地利用/覆被变化研究[J].地理研究,2002,21(3):324-330.
[9] BRIS F J,GARNAUD S,APPERRY N,et al. A street deposit sampling method for metal and hydrocarbon contamination assessment[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1999,235(1/3):211-220.
[10] CHARLESWORTH S,EVERETT M,MCCARTHY R,et al. A comparative study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area:Birmingham and Coventry,West Midlands,UK[J]. Environment International,2003,29(5):563-573.
[11] LI H H,CHEN L J,YU L,et al. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of human exposure to oral bioaccessibility of heavy metals via urban street dusts from different functional areas in Chengdu,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:1076-1084.
[12]中华人民共和国农业部. GB15618—1995土壤环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1995:1-2.
[13]韩鹏,孙天河,袁国礼,等.首钢地区表层土壤重金属的分布特征及污染评价[J].现代地质,2012,26(5):963-971.
[14]陈同斌,郑袁明,陈煌,等.北京市土壤重金属含量背景值的系统研究[J].环境科学,2004,25(1):117-122.
[15]李春兰,徐谦.北京土壤中汞的背景值及其区域差异[J].环境科学丛刊,1984,5(9):49-55.
[16]林曼丽,桂和荣,陈松,等.煤炭资源型城市街尘重金属富集与时空变化特征:以宿州市为例[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(7):622-631.
[17] CHEN T,CHANG Q R,LIU J,et al. Identification of soil heavy metal sources and improvement in spatial mapping based on soil spectral information:A case study in northwest China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,565:155-164.
[18]崔邢涛,秦振宇,栾文楼,等.河北省保定市平原区土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价[J].现代地质,2014,28(3):523-530.
[19]顾家伟.我国城市街尘重金属污染研究进展与趋势[J].地球与环境,2014,42(5):695-701.
[20]张云,张宇峰,胡忻.南京不同功能区街道路面积尘重金属污染评价与源分析[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(11):1376-1381.
[21]史贵涛,陈振楼,王利,等.上海城市公园灰尘重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价[J].城市环境与城市生态,2006,19(4):40-43.
[22]李章平,陈玉成,杨学春,等.重庆市主城区街道地表物中重金属的污染特征[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(1):114-116,138.
[23]常仕镭,叶芝祥.成都市地表灰尘重金属污染分布特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境监测,2014,30(2):70-75.
[24]陈景辉,卢新卫,翟萌.西安城市路边土壤重金属来源与潜在风险[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(7):1810-1816.
[25]孙宗斌,周俊,胡蓓蓓,等.天津城市道路灰尘重金属污染特征[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(1):157-163.
[26]李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2661-2668.
[27]张一修,王济,秦樊鑫,等.贵阳市道路灰尘和土壤重金属来源识别比较[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(1):204-212.
[28]石栋奇,卢新卫.西安城区路面细颗粒灰尘重金属污染水平及来源分析[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3126-3133.
[29]田东凡,卢新卫,景一鸣,等.西安市汽车站地表灰尘中重金属的污染评价及其来源识别[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(1):34-39.
[30]刘春华,岑况.北京市街道灰尘的化学成分及其可能来源[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(7):1181-1188.
[31]刘凤玲,卢霞,吴梦龙,等.南京大气细粒子中重金属污染特征及来源解析[J].环境工程学报,2014,8(2):652-658.
[32]蔡云梅,黄涵书,任露陆,等.珠三角某高校室内灰尘重金属含量水平、来源及其健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3620-3627.
[33] WEI X,GAO B,WANG P,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dusts from different functional areas in Beijing,China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,112:186-192.
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