水电工程建设前后外来鱼类入侵问题初步研究
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摘要
随着我国水电工程建设的不断推进,工程建设和运行中产生的外来鱼类入侵问题受到越来越多的关注。以研究资料较为丰富的雅砻江二滩库区、长江三峡库区、黄河上游龙羊峡至刘家峡河段作为典型研究区域,系统梳理了库区河段外来鱼类的种类组成、资源量、生态特征和引种途径等。研究发现:库区外来鱼类中的经济鱼类主要由人为有意引种而引入,而小型鱼类主要是人类无意引种而带入;水库蓄水初期库区河段由于水动力学过程变化和营养盐输入增加,库区水体初级生产力大幅提高,这为外来鱼类的定植和扩散提供了丰富的饵料来源;外来鱼类进入库区后通过与土著鱼类竞争饵料资源和生活空间、破坏土著鱼类的种群补充、污染土著鱼类的种质资源等,造成库区河段土著鱼类的种类和种群数量显著下降。为降低外来鱼类造成的生态危害,提出了严控人为引种和传播、及时预警和监测、加强土著鱼类保护、降低外来鱼类种群数量等对策措施。
Along with the development of hydropower project construction in China,invasion of alien fish species caused by hydropower project construction and operation has raised more and more attentions. Taking Ertan Reservoir area of the Yalong River,the Three Gorges Reservoir area of the Yangtze River and the Longyangxia to Liujiaxia reach in the upper Yellow River as typical cases,the species composition,resource quantity,ecological characteristics and invasion ways of the alien fishes were systematically analyzed. The study found that the economic exotic fishes were mainly introduced intentionally,while small-sized fish were mainly introduced unintentionally. In the early stage of impoundment,the reservoir primary productivity was greatly improved due to the change of water dynamic process and the increase of nutrient input,and thus provided a rich source of feed for colonization and spread of alien fish. When alien fish entered the reservoir area,they significantly reduced the number and population of indigenous fish species by competing food resources and living space,destroying population supplement,and polluting the germplasm resource of indigenous fishes. Finally,we put forward some countermeasures to alleviate these negative ecological effects,such as strictly controlling artificial introduction,early warning and monitoring,strengthening the protection of indigenous fish and reducing alien fish populations.
Along with the development of hydropower project construction in China,invasion of alien fish species caused by hydropower project construction and operation has raised more and more attentions. Taking Ertan Reservoir area of the Yalong River,the Three Gorges Reservoir area of the Yangtze River and the Longyangxia to Liujiaxia reach in the upper Yellow River as typical cases,the species composition,resource quantity,ecological characteristics and invasion ways of the alien fishes were systematically analyzed. The study found that the economic exotic fishes were mainly introduced intentionally,while small-sized fish were mainly introduced unintentionally. In the early stage of impoundment,the reservoir primary productivity was greatly improved due to the change of water dynamic process and the increase of nutrient input,and thus provided a rich source of feed for colonization and spread of alien fish. When alien fish entered the reservoir area,they significantly reduced the number and population of indigenous fish species by competing food resources and living space,destroying population supplement,and polluting the germplasm resource of indigenous fishes. Finally,we put forward some countermeasures to alleviate these negative ecological effects,such as strictly controlling artificial introduction,early warning and monitoring,strengthening the protection of indigenous fish and reducing alien fish populations.
引文
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[3]巴家文,陈大庆.三峡库区的入侵鱼类及库区蓄水对外来鱼类入侵的影响初探[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(2):185-189.
[4]潘勇,曹文宣,徐立蒲,等.国内外鱼类入侵的历史及途径[J].大连水产学院学报,2006,21(1):72-78.
[5]陈银瑞,杨君兴,李再云.云南鱼类多样性和面临的危机[J].生物多样性,1998,6(4):272-277.
[6]Xie P,Chen Y Y.Invasive carp in China's plateau lakes[J].Science,2001,294(5544):999-1000.
[7]陈宜瑜.淡水生态系统中的若干生物多样性问题[J].生物科学信息,1990,2(5):197-200.
[8]孙志禹,张敏,陈永柏.水电开发背景下长江上游保护区珍稀特有鱼类保护实践[J].淡水渔业,2014(6):3-8.
[9]卿足平.四川水电工程建设对水生生物资源影响及保护措施探讨[J].中国水产,2008(5):12-14.
[10]孔庆辉,付鹏,陈凯麒,等.水电开发对鱼类的影响及其保护措施[J].东北水利水电,2012,30(2):36-39.
[11]牛天祥,黄玉胜,王欣.黄河上游龙羊峡-青铜峡水电站建设对鱼类资源的影响预测及保护对策[J].陕西师范大学学报:自科版,2007(s1):56-61.
[12]朱瑶.大坝对鱼类栖息地的影响及评价方法述评[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2005,3(2):100-103.
[13]常剑波,陈永柏,高勇,等.水利水电工程对鱼类的影响及减缓对策[A].中国水利学会2008学术年会论文集(上册)[C]∥北京:中国水科学会,2008.
[14]曹文宣.长江上游水电梯级开发的水域生态保护问题[J].长江技术经济,2018,1(1):25-30.
[15]蒋红,谢嗣光,赵文谦,等.二滩水电站水库形成后鱼类种类组成的演变[J].水生生物学报,2007,31(4):532-539.
[16]邓其祥,余志伟.二滩水电站围堰截流前的鱼类监测[J].西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,1996(3):14-19.
[17]邓其祥,余志伟,李操.二滩库区及相邻江段的鱼类区系[J].西华师范大学学报:自然科学版,2000,21(2):128-131.
[18]韩京成,刘国勇,诸葛亦斯,等.水电开发背景下雅砻江鱼类资源的生态保护[J].三峡大学学报:自然科学版,2009,31(5):15-19.
[19]何莎.二滩水库水质、水生生物及鱼类资源现状调查[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2009.
[20]杨达源.长江三峡的起源与演变[J].南京大学学报,1988,4(3):466-472.
[21]杨干荣.湖北鱼类志[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1987.
[22]龚望宝,吴朗,程飞,等.三峡水库太湖新银鱼春季和秋季繁殖群体的繁殖生物学特征比较[J].水生生物学报,2010,34(5):1065-1068.
[23]董方勇,胡传林,黄道明.三峡水库水质保护与渔业利用关系探讨[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(1):93-96.
[24]陈大庆,段辛斌,刘绍平,等.长江渔业资源变动和管理对策[J].水生生物学报,2002,26(6):685-690.
[25]胡征宇,蔡庆华.三峡水库蓄水前后水生态系统动态的初步研究[J].水生生物学报,2006,30(1):1-6.
[26]刘建康,曹文宣.长江流域的鱼类资源及其保护对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,1992,1(1):3.
[27]叶少文,杨洪斌,陈永柏,等.三峡水库生态渔业发展策略与关键技术研究分析[J].水生生物学报,2015,39(5):1035-1040.
[28]张建军,冯慧,李科社,等.黄河上游龙羊峡至刘家峡河段梯级水电站建设后鱼类资源变化[J].淡水渔业,2009,39(3):40-45.
[29]沈红保,李科社,张敏.黄河上游鱼类资源现状调查与分析[J].河北渔业,2007(6):37-41.
[30]唐文家,何德奎.黄河上游茨哈峡至积石峡段鱼类资源调查(2005-2010年)[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(4):600-608.
[31]李柯懋,唐文家,关弘韬.青海省土著鱼类种类及保护对策[J].水生态学杂志,2009,2(3):32-36.
[32]唐文家,王猛,李柯懋.青海省土著鱼类名录[J].水产学杂志,2005,18(1):13-17.
[33]陈燕琴,王基琳.青海省土著经济鱼类资源合理开发意见[J].青海环境,1995(1):38-39.
[34]唐文家,申志新,简生龙.青海省黄河珍稀濒危鱼类及保护对策[J].水生态学杂志,2006,26(1):57-60.
[35]简生龙.龙羊峡水库池沼公鱼产业化发展的建议[J].青海农牧业,2007(3):26-27.
[36]冯慧.黄河上游龙羊峡-刘家峡河段水生生物多样性研究及生态系统健康评价[D].西安:西北大学,2009.
[37]王基琳,蔡明玉,秦建光,等.龙羊峡水库蓄水前的渔业基础生物学调查[J].水生态学杂志,1982(3):2-11.
[38]洪欢.黄河源干流梯级水电开发对河流形态及鱼类多样性的可能影响[D].昆明:云南大学,2016.
[39]白海锋,问思恩,侯淑敏,等.黄河洽川段水生植物和鱼类资源调查与保护[J].陕西农业科学,2017,63(1):79-82.
[40]韩明轩.黄河流域渔业资源调查及可持续利用研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2009.
[41]冯慧娟,李红娟,张建军.黄河流域放流物种选择与生态适应性研究[J].中国渔业经济,2009,27(5):85-94.
[42]魏朝军.青海外来麦穗鱼的生活史及形态学特征与气候变化关系的研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2015.
[43]Sakai A K,Allendorf F W,Holt J S,et al.The population biology of invasive species[J].Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,2001,32(1):305-332.
[44]戈峰.现代生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[45]唐文家,何德奎.青海省外来鱼类调查(2001~2014年)[J].湖泊科学,2015(3):502-510.
[46]吴强,段辛斌,徐树英,等.长江三峡库区蓄水后鱼类资源现状[J].淡水渔业,2007,37(2):70-75.
[47]陈银瑞,宇和纮,褚新洛.云南青鳉鱼类的分类和分布:鳉形目:青鳉科[J].动物分类学报,1989,14(2):239-246.
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