土壤耕作方式对双季稻产量构成与穗镉积累的影响
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摘要
为比较研究不同土壤耕作方式(翻耕、旋耕、免耕)对南方双季稻区水稻产量构成与稻穗镉积累分配特性的影响,探讨镉污染稻田双季稻最优土壤耕作方式,2015—2017年,以"陵两优211"与"威优46"为早、晚稻供试品种,在湖南省湘潭县易俗河镇中度镉污染稻田(全镉含量0.86 mg/kg)开展定位试验,比较研究了双季免耕、双季翻耕、双季旋耕、早旋晚免、早翻晚免5种土壤耕作方式下土壤有效镉含量、双季稻的产量构成与穗镉积累分配情况。结果表明:(1)双季稻产量以双季翻耕处理最高,早翻晚免处理次之,双季旋耕与早旋晚免处理再次之,双季免耕处理最低;翻耕处理产量最高的原因在于其有效穗数与每穗粒数较高。(2)齐穗期至成熟期,穗镉含量一般呈增长趋势;第1年早晚稻齐穗期穗镉含量以免耕处理最高,但免耕能明显降低水稻齐穗至成熟期穗镉含量的增长速率;早晚稻成熟期穗镉含量一般以翻耕处理较高,免耕与旋耕处理较低,免耕与旋耕处理有差异但在不同年份与季别间表现不尽相同。(3)成熟期稻穗各部位镉含量趋势表现为枝梗>谷壳>糙米;第1年糙米镉含量以免耕处理较高,但第2,3年呈现免耕处理低于翻耕与旋耕处理的趋势。(4)第1年早、晚稻穗镉累积量均以旋耕处理较低,但第2,3年均以免耕处理较低。(5)较其他处理而言,双季免耕明显提高了土壤有效镉含量,双季旋耕则降低了土壤有效镉含量。3年定位试验表明,土壤耕作方式对镉污染稻田土壤有效镉含量、双季稻产量构成与稻穗镉积累分配有明显影响,从保证双季稻产量、降低稻米镉含量与轻简省工的角度出发,早翻晚免是中度镉污染双季稻田的最优土壤耕作方式。
To compare the effects of different soil tillage methods(ploughing, rotary tillage and no tillage) on rice yield composition and cadmium accumulation and distribution traits in rice panicles in southern double-cropping rice fields, and to explore the optimal soil tillage method for double-cropping rice in cadmium-contaminated rice fields, taking "Lingliangyou 211"and "Weiyou 46"as early and late rice varieties, the available cadmium content in soil, rice yield components and spike cadmium accumulation and distribution of double-cropping rice under five soil tillage methods(double-cropping no-tillage, double-cropping ploughing, double-cropping rotary tillage, ploughing in early rice and no-tillage in late rice, rotary tillage in early rice and no-tillage in late rice) were studied in Yisuhe Town, Xiangtan County, Hunan Province in 2015 to 2017. The experimental field was cadmium-contaminated rice fields, and the total cadmium content was 0.86 mg/kg. The results showed that the yield of double cropping rice was the highest in the treatment of double-cropping ploughing, followed by the treatments of ploughing in early rice and no-tillage in late rice, double-cropping rotary tillage and rotary tillage in early rice and no-tillage in late rice, and that of no-tillage in double cropping rice was the lowest. The highest yield of ploughing treatment was due to the higher number of effective panicle and grains per panicle.(2) The cadmium content in panicle generally showed an increasing trend from full heading to maturity stage. In the first year of early and late rice, the cadmium content in panicle at full heading stage was the highest in no-tillage treatment, but no-tillage could significantly reduce the growth rate of cadmium content in panicle from full heading to maturity stage. The cadmium content in panicle at maturity stage was higher in ploughing treatment and lower in no-tillage and rotary tillage treatment, there were difference between no-tillage and rotary tillage treatment, but they were different among years and seasons.(3) Cadmium content in different parts of rice panicle at maturity stage followed the order of branches > husks > brown rice. The cadmium content in brown rice was higher in no-tillage treatment in the first year, but in the second and third years, that of no-tillage was lower than that of ploughing and rotary tillage.(4) The cadmium accumulation in panicle of early and late rice was lower in rotary tillage treatment in the first year, but it was lower in no-tillage treatment in the second and third years.(5) Compared with other treatments, double-cropping no-tillage significantly improved the soil available cadmium content, while double-cropping rotary tillage decreased the soil available cadmium content. The three-year locational test showed that soil tillage methods had a significant impact on available cadmium in soil, yield components and cadmium accumulation and distribution in rice panicles of double-cropping rice in cadmium-contaminated paddy field. From the perspective of ensuring the yield of double-cropping rice, reducing cadmium content in rice and saving labor, ploughing in early rice and no-tillage in late rice was the optimal soil tillage method for medium cadmium-contaminated double-cropping rice fields.
To compare the effects of different soil tillage methods(ploughing, rotary tillage and no tillage) on rice yield composition and cadmium accumulation and distribution traits in rice panicles in southern double-cropping rice fields, and to explore the optimal soil tillage method for double-cropping rice in cadmium-contaminated rice fields, taking "Lingliangyou 211"and "Weiyou 46"as early and late rice varieties, the available cadmium content in soil, rice yield components and spike cadmium accumulation and distribution of double-cropping rice under five soil tillage methods(double-cropping no-tillage, double-cropping ploughing, double-cropping rotary tillage, ploughing in early rice and no-tillage in late rice, rotary tillage in early rice and no-tillage in late rice) were studied in Yisuhe Town, Xiangtan County, Hunan Province in 2015 to 2017. The experimental field was cadmium-contaminated rice fields, and the total cadmium content was 0.86 mg/kg. The results showed that the yield of double cropping rice was the highest in the treatment of double-cropping ploughing, followed by the treatments of ploughing in early rice and no-tillage in late rice, double-cropping rotary tillage and rotary tillage in early rice and no-tillage in late rice, and that of no-tillage in double cropping rice was the lowest. The highest yield of ploughing treatment was due to the higher number of effective panicle and grains per panicle.(2) The cadmium content in panicle generally showed an increasing trend from full heading to maturity stage. In the first year of early and late rice, the cadmium content in panicle at full heading stage was the highest in no-tillage treatment, but no-tillage could significantly reduce the growth rate of cadmium content in panicle from full heading to maturity stage. The cadmium content in panicle at maturity stage was higher in ploughing treatment and lower in no-tillage and rotary tillage treatment, there were difference between no-tillage and rotary tillage treatment, but they were different among years and seasons.(3) Cadmium content in different parts of rice panicle at maturity stage followed the order of branches > husks > brown rice. The cadmium content in brown rice was higher in no-tillage treatment in the first year, but in the second and third years, that of no-tillage was lower than that of ploughing and rotary tillage.(4) The cadmium accumulation in panicle of early and late rice was lower in rotary tillage treatment in the first year, but it was lower in no-tillage treatment in the second and third years.(5) Compared with other treatments, double-cropping no-tillage significantly improved the soil available cadmium content, while double-cropping rotary tillage decreased the soil available cadmium content. The three-year locational test showed that soil tillage methods had a significant impact on available cadmium in soil, yield components and cadmium accumulation and distribution in rice panicles of double-cropping rice in cadmium-contaminated paddy field. From the perspective of ensuring the yield of double-cropping rice, reducing cadmium content in rice and saving labor, ploughing in early rice and no-tillage in late rice was the optimal soil tillage method for medium cadmium-contaminated double-cropping rice fields.
引文
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[13] 褚鹏飞,于振文,王东,等.耕作方式对小麦开花后旗叶水势与叶绿素荧光参数日变化和水分利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1051-1061.
[14] 郭金瑞,边秀芝,闫孝贡,等.吉林省玉米高产高效生产土壤调控技术研究[J].玉米科学,2008,16(4):140-142.
[15] 兰全美,张锡洲,李廷轩.水旱轮作条件下免耕土壤主要理化特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):145-149.
[16] 钱银飞,刘白银,彭春瑞,等.不同耕作方式对南方红壤区双季稻周年产量及土壤性状的影响[C]//中国作物学会.2014年全国青年作物栽培与生理学术研讨会论文集.北京:中国作物学会,2014:2.
[17] 姚珍,黄国勤,张兆飞,等.稻田保护性耕作研究:Ⅱ.不同耕作方式对水稻产量及生理生态的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2007,29(2):182-186.
[18] 吴建富,潘晓华,石庆华,等.不同耕作方式对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):496-502.
[19] 袁珍贵,陈平平,郭莉莉,等.土壤镉含量影响水稻产量与稻穗镉累积分配的品种间差异[J].作物杂志,2018(1):107-112.
[20] 崔孝强,阮震,刘丹,等.耕作方式对稻-油轮作系统土壤理化性质及重金属有效性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):73-77.
[2] 赵雄,李福燕,张冬明,等.水稻土镉污染与水稻镉含量相关性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(11):2236-2240.
[3] 肖相芬,张经廷,周丽丽,等.中国水稻重金属镉与铅污染GAP栽培控制关键点分析[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(21):130-136.
[4] 李鹏.水分管理对不同积累特性水稻镉吸收转运的影响研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.
[5] 沈欣,朱奇宏,朱捍华,等.农艺调控措施对水稻镉积累的影响及其机理研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(8):1449-1454.
[6] 常同举,崔孝强,阮震,等.长期不同耕作方式对紫色水稻土重金属含量及有效性的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2381-2391.
[7] 汤文光,肖小平,唐海明,等.长期不同耕作与秸秆还田对土壤养分库容及重金属Cd的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):168-176.
[8] 谷子寒.土壤耕作和灌水方式对镉污染稻田水稻镉积累与分配的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2017.
[9] 李强,赵秀兰,胡彩荣.ISO 10390:2005土壤质量pH的测定[J].污染防治技术,2006(1):53-55.
[10] 国家标准化管理委员会,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GBT 23739—2009 土壤质量-有效态铅和镉的测定-原子吸收法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2019.
[11] 国家卫生和计划生育委员会,国家食品药品监督管理总局.GB 2762-2017 食品安全国家标准:食品中污染物限量[S].北京:中国标准出版社.2019.
[12] 吴建富.不同耕作方式对水稻产量及其源库特性的影响[C]//中国作物学会.福建农林大学.2008中国作物学会学术年会论文摘要集.北京:中国作物学会,2008:1.
[13] 褚鹏飞,于振文,王东,等.耕作方式对小麦开花后旗叶水势与叶绿素荧光参数日变化和水分利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1051-1061.
[14] 郭金瑞,边秀芝,闫孝贡,等.吉林省玉米高产高效生产土壤调控技术研究[J].玉米科学,2008,16(4):140-142.
[15] 兰全美,张锡洲,李廷轩.水旱轮作条件下免耕土壤主要理化特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):145-149.
[16] 钱银飞,刘白银,彭春瑞,等.不同耕作方式对南方红壤区双季稻周年产量及土壤性状的影响[C]//中国作物学会.2014年全国青年作物栽培与生理学术研讨会论文集.北京:中国作物学会,2014:2.
[17] 姚珍,黄国勤,张兆飞,等.稻田保护性耕作研究:Ⅱ.不同耕作方式对水稻产量及生理生态的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2007,29(2):182-186.
[18] 吴建富,潘晓华,石庆华,等.不同耕作方式对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(3):496-502.
[19] 袁珍贵,陈平平,郭莉莉,等.土壤镉含量影响水稻产量与稻穗镉累积分配的品种间差异[J].作物杂志,2018(1):107-112.
[20] 崔孝强,阮震,刘丹,等.耕作方式对稻-油轮作系统土壤理化性质及重金属有效性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):73-77.