坝上高原杨树人工林的枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能退化
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摘要
为探究坝上高原不同退化程度杨树人工林对枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能退化的影响,于2016年7—9月在张北县进行样地调查,对不同退化程度杨树人工林地枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)林下枯落物储量表现为轻度退化(24.68t/hm~2)>中度退化(13.43t/hm~2)>重度退化(3.66t/hm~2),枯落物有效拦蓄量表现为轻度退化(29.28t/hm~2)>中度退化(23.18t/hm~2)>重度退化(3.30t/hm~2),最大持水量为轻度退化(34.90t/hm~2)>中度退化(24.13t/hm~2)>重度退化(3.86t/hm~2),最大持水率表现为轻度退化(228.80%)>中度退化(228.70%)>重度退化(119.94%),枯落物持水量、持水速率与浸水时间分别符合对数函数与指数函数;(2)不同退化程度土壤容重范围为1.65～1.80g/cm~3,毛管孔隙度为27.42%～33.64%,总孔隙度为29.97%～38.57%;(3)林地土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈幂函数关系,稳渗速率表现为中度退化(3.32mm/min)>轻度退化(2.58mm/min)>重度退化(2.44mm/min)。坝上高原退化杨树人工林的枯落物及土壤的水源涵养能力处在较低水平,随退化程度增大而显著下降。因此,在森林经营中应注意合理的树种选择,对退化较严重的林地通过补植其他树种或促进更新进行修复。研究结果可为当地杨树人工林退化评价及相关恢复重建提供一定的理论依据及参考。
To investigate the water conservation function of litter and soil in degraded poplar plantation in Bashang plateau,a sample plot survey was conducted in poplar plantation with three degradations(light degradation,medium degradation and heavy degradation)in Zhangbei from July to September,2016,and water conservation characteristics of litter and soil were quantitatively analyzed.The results showed that:(1)Litter storage was sorted as light degradation(24.68t/hm~2)>medium degradation(13.43t/hm~2)>heavy degradation(3.66t/hm~2),and the effective retention capacity listed in the order of light degradation(29.28t/hm~2)>medium degradation(23.18t/hm~2)>heavy degradation(3.30t/hm~2),the maximum water-holding capacity followed the order of light degradation(34.90t/hm~2)>medium degradation(24.13t/hm~2)>heavy degradation(3.86t/hm~2),the maximum water-holding rate followed the order of light degradation(228.80%)>medium degradation(228.70%)>heavy degradation(119.94%).There was an logarithmic function relationship between water-holding capacity and immersion time,while a exponential function relationship was found between water-holding rate and immersion time.(2)The soil bulk density of the three poplar plantations ranged from 1.65 to 1.80g/cm~3,capillary porosity ranged from 27.42%to 33.64%,and the range of total porosity ranged was 29.97% ～ 38.57%.(3)There was a power function relationship between soil infiltration rate and infiltration time.The stable infiltration rate followed the order of medium degradation(3.32mm/min)>light degradation(2.58mm/min)>high degradation(2.44mm/min).The water conservation capacity of soil and litter of degraded poplar plantations in Bashang Plateau was at a poor level and decreased significantly with the increasing of degradation degree.Therefore,reasonable tree species selection should be paid attention to during forest managemen,and the seriously degraded forest land should be restored by replanting other tree species or promoting regeneration.The results could provide some theoretical basis and reference for the degradation evaluation and the restoration and reconstruction of local poplar plantation.
To investigate the water conservation function of litter and soil in degraded poplar plantation in Bashang plateau,a sample plot survey was conducted in poplar plantation with three degradations(light degradation,medium degradation and heavy degradation)in Zhangbei from July to September,2016,and water conservation characteristics of litter and soil were quantitatively analyzed.The results showed that:(1)Litter storage was sorted as light degradation(24.68t/hm~2)>medium degradation(13.43t/hm~2)>heavy degradation(3.66t/hm~2),and the effective retention capacity listed in the order of light degradation(29.28t/hm~2)>medium degradation(23.18t/hm~2)>heavy degradation(3.30t/hm~2),the maximum water-holding capacity followed the order of light degradation(34.90t/hm~2)>medium degradation(24.13t/hm~2)>heavy degradation(3.86t/hm~2),the maximum water-holding rate followed the order of light degradation(228.80%)>medium degradation(228.70%)>heavy degradation(119.94%).There was an logarithmic function relationship between water-holding capacity and immersion time,while a exponential function relationship was found between water-holding rate and immersion time.(2)The soil bulk density of the three poplar plantations ranged from 1.65 to 1.80g/cm~3,capillary porosity ranged from 27.42%to 33.64%,and the range of total porosity ranged was 29.97% ～ 38.57%.(3)There was a power function relationship between soil infiltration rate and infiltration time.The stable infiltration rate followed the order of medium degradation(3.32mm/min)>light degradation(2.58mm/min)>high degradation(2.44mm/min).The water conservation capacity of soil and litter of degraded poplar plantations in Bashang Plateau was at a poor level and decreased significantly with the increasing of degradation degree.Therefore,reasonable tree species selection should be paid attention to during forest managemen,and the seriously degraded forest land should be restored by replanting other tree species or promoting regeneration.The results could provide some theoretical basis and reference for the degradation evaluation and the restoration and reconstruction of local poplar plantation.
引文
[1]方升佐.中国杨树人工林培育技术研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(10):2308-2316.
[2]郑春雅,许中旗,马长明,等.冀西北坝上地区退化防护林的土壤性质[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):203-207.
[3]邢海富.坝上杨树防护林死亡原因浅析[J].河北林业科技,2015(1):76-77.
[4]马任甜,方瑛,安韶山.云雾山草地植物地上部分和枯落物的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(5):1170-1180.
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[11]陈波,孟成生,赵耀新,等.冀北山地不同海拔华北落叶松人工林枯落物和土壤水文效应[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):216-221.
[12] Lamb E G,Han S,Lanoil B D,et al.A High Arctic soil ecosystem resists long-term environmental manipulations[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17(10):3187-3194.
[13]杨丹,樊大勇,谢宗强,等.消落带生态系统氮素截留转化的主要机制及影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):973-980.
[14]樊登星,余新晓,岳永杰,等.北京西山不同林分枯落物层持水特性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,(增刊2):177-181.
[15]王鹏程,肖文发,张守攻,等.三峡库区森林植被林地枯落物现存量及其持水能力[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):41-47.
[16]宣立辉,康凡,谷建才,等.冀北地区典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(4):86-91.
[17]王安宁,蔺鑫,穆枫,等.冀北木兰围场沙荒坡地不同坡位黄柳沙障内枯落物的持水性能[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(1):98-107.
[18]郑春雅.冀西北坝上地区杨树防护林退化原因研究[D].河北保定:河北农业大学,2016.
[2]郑春雅,许中旗,马长明,等.冀西北坝上地区退化防护林的土壤性质[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):203-207.
[3]邢海富.坝上杨树防护林死亡原因浅析[J].河北林业科技,2015(1):76-77.
[4]马任甜,方瑛,安韶山.云雾山草地植物地上部分和枯落物的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征[J].土壤学报,2016,53(5):1170-1180.
[5]张峰,彭祚登,安永兴,等.北京西山主要造林树种林下枯落物的持水特性[J].林业科学,2010,46(10):6-14.
[6]赵鸣飞,薛峰,吕烨,等.黄土高原森林枯落物储量、厚度分布规律及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7364-7373.
[7]马雪华,杨茂瑞,胡星弼.亚热带杉木、马尾松人工林水文功能的研究[J].林业科学,1993(3):199-206.
[8]魏文俊,尤文忠,赵刚,等.退化柞蚕林封育对枯落物和表层土壤持水效能的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(3):721-728.
[9]魏强,凌雷,张广忠,等.甘肃兴隆山主要森林类型凋落物累积量及持水特性[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2589-2598.
[10]董伯骞,黄选瑞,夏明瑞.退化华北落叶松林枯落物对近自然经营的短期响应[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(3):52-58.
[11]陈波,孟成生,赵耀新,等.冀北山地不同海拔华北落叶松人工林枯落物和土壤水文效应[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(3):216-221.
[12] Lamb E G,Han S,Lanoil B D,et al.A High Arctic soil ecosystem resists long-term environmental manipulations[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17(10):3187-3194.
[13]杨丹,樊大勇,谢宗强,等.消落带生态系统氮素截留转化的主要机制及影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):973-980.
[14]樊登星,余新晓,岳永杰,等.北京西山不同林分枯落物层持水特性研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,(增刊2):177-181.
[15]王鹏程,肖文发,张守攻,等.三峡库区森林植被林地枯落物现存量及其持水能力[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):41-47.
[16]宣立辉,康凡,谷建才,等.冀北地区典型林分枯落物层与土壤层的水文效应[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(4):86-91.
[17]王安宁,蔺鑫,穆枫,等.冀北木兰围场沙荒坡地不同坡位黄柳沙障内枯落物的持水性能[J].北京林业大学学报,2018,40(1):98-107.
[18]郑春雅.冀西北坝上地区杨树防护林退化原因研究[D].河北保定:河北农业大学,2016.
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