厦门市近15年无机氮湿沉降的变化情况
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摘要
为了研究厦门市大气湿沉降中的无机氮情况,分析了2000～2014年厦门市内和郊区的雨水中NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的浓度及其沉降通量的变化情况,并对湿沉降中无机氮对厦门近海海水生态系统的影响进行讨论。结果表明,厦门市内和郊区雨水中NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的浓度均为春季较高,夏季较低;高浓度无机氮在一年中出现的时间段在两个区域有差别,这可能与这两个区域的季风转换和大气混合层高度变化有关。在2000～2014年,雨水中NO_3~--N的浓度在市内总体呈下降趋势,在郊区总体呈上升趋势;NH_4~+-N浓度的年变化规律不明显。湿沉降给厦门近岸海域带来的NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的量分别为1056 t/a和1278 t/a,低于该区域河流输入的无机氮的量的10%,说明湿沉降不是厦门近岸海域海水中无机氮的主要来源。通过比较厦门雨水和近岸海水中的营养盐情况,发现雨水的沉降可能会促进厦门近海部分区域海水中浮游植物的生长。
The NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N in atmospheric wet deposition in Xiamen were studied based on the rainwater investigation from 2000 to 2014 in urban and rural areas of Xiamen. The results showed that concentrations of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N in rainwater of the urban and rural areas were both higher in spring and lower in summer than in other seasons. Higher concentrations of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N in a year were delayed in the rural area compared with those in the urban area, which may be influenced by the monsoon transformation and the variation of atmospheric mixing layer. From 2000 to 2014, the concentration of NO_3~--N in rainwater of the urban area generally decreased generally but increased in the rural area. No obvious annual variation was found for NH_4~+-N in both areas. The wet deposition were estimated to bring 1,056 and 1,278 t/a of NO_3~--N and SiO_3~2-Si in the coastal area of Xiamen. The wet deposition amount was less than 10% of those brought by river runoff, indicating that the wet deposition was not the main source of inorganic nitrogen for the coastal area of Xiamen. Based on the nutrient data in both rainwater and seawater, we concluded that higher nitrogen concentration in atmospheric wet deposition may cause phytoplankton to increase in part of the sea area near Xiamen.
The NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N in atmospheric wet deposition in Xiamen were studied based on the rainwater investigation from 2000 to 2014 in urban and rural areas of Xiamen. The results showed that concentrations of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N in rainwater of the urban and rural areas were both higher in spring and lower in summer than in other seasons. Higher concentrations of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N in a year were delayed in the rural area compared with those in the urban area, which may be influenced by the monsoon transformation and the variation of atmospheric mixing layer. From 2000 to 2014, the concentration of NO_3~--N in rainwater of the urban area generally decreased generally but increased in the rural area. No obvious annual variation was found for NH_4~+-N in both areas. The wet deposition were estimated to bring 1,056 and 1,278 t/a of NO_3~--N and SiO_3~2-Si in the coastal area of Xiamen. The wet deposition amount was less than 10% of those brought by river runoff, indicating that the wet deposition was not the main source of inorganic nitrogen for the coastal area of Xiamen. Based on the nutrient data in both rainwater and seawater, we concluded that higher nitrogen concentration in atmospheric wet deposition may cause phytoplankton to increase in part of the sea area near Xiamen.
引文
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[32] 金蕾,徐谦,林安国,等.北京市近二十年(1987～2004)湿沉降特征变化趋势分析[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(7):1195-1202.
[33] 魏疆.2000-2009年乌鲁木齐市湿沉降变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(3):529-533.
[34] 吝涛,薛雄志,Shen S,等.厦门海岸带湿地变化的研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2006,16(4):73-77.
[35] 颜秀利,翟惟东,洪华生,等.九龙江口营养盐的分布、通量及其年代际变化[J].科学通报,2012,57(17):1575-1587.
[36] 蒋荣根,贺青,邝伟明,等.厦门海域水体富营养化状况综合评价[J].海洋与湖沼,2014,45(4):710-718.
[2] Duce R A,Laroche J,Altieri K,et al.Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean [J].Science,2008,320(5878):893-897.
[3] 韩丽君,朱玉梅,刘素美,等.黄海千里岩岛大气湿沉降营养盐的研究[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(7):1174-1184.
[4] 宇万太,马强,张璐,等.下辽河平原降雨中氮素的动态变化[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(1):33-37.
[5] Jenkinson D S.An introduction to the global nitrogen cycle [J].Soil Use & Management,1990,6(6):56-61.
[6] 袁玲,周鑫斌,辜夕容,等.重庆典型地区大气湿沉降氮的时空变化[J].生态学报,2009,29(11):6095-6101.
[7] 王小治,尹微琴,单玉华,等.太湖地区湿沉降中氮磷输入量--以常熟生态站为例[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(10):2487-2492.
[8] Galloway J N.The global nitrogen cycle:past,present and future [J].Science China Life Sciences,2005,48(2):669-678.
[9] Ohara T,Akimoto H,Kurokawa J,et al.An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020 [J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,2007,7(16):6843-6902.
[10] 王书伟,廖千家骅,胡玉婷,等.我国NH3-N排放量及空间分布变化初步研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(3):619-626.
[11] 遆超普,颜晓元.基于氮排放数据的中国大陆大气氮素湿沉降量估算[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(8):1606-1611.
[12] 王保栋,单宝田,战闰,等.黄、渤海无机氮的收支模式初探[J].海洋科学,2002,26(2):33-36.
[13] 张修峰.上海地区大气氮湿沉降及其对湿地水环境的影响[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(6):1099-1102.
[14] 万小芳,吴增茂,常志清,等.南黄海和东海海域营养盐等物质大气入海通量的再分析[J].海洋环境科学,2002,21(4):14-18.
[15] 姜晓璐.东、黄海的大气干、湿沉降及其对海洋初级生产力的影响[D].中国海洋大学,2009.
[16] Castro J N J,Mariani G,Vives I,et al.Atmospheric concentrations,occurrence and deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a Mediterranean coastal site (Etang de Thau,France) [J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(7):1948-1956.
[17] 杜俊民,陈立奇,张远辉,等.台风"碧利斯"在厦门海域的酸沉降特征及其氮、磷营养盐对海洋的输入评估[J].应用海洋学学报,2008,27(3):339-346.
[18] 欧阳玉蓉,王翠,李青生,等.厦门湾海域营养盐时空分布与富营养化状况分析[J].福建农业学报,2014,29(1):88-93.
[19] 张元标,林辉.厦门西海域营养盐含量的长期变化及其预测模型研究[J].应用海洋学学报,2008,27(4):499-503.
[20] 陈宝红,林辉,张春华,等.厦门海域水体无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量的变化趋势[J].应用海洋学学报,2010,29(3):314-319.
[21] 陈法锦,贾国东,陈建芳,等.广州夏季雨水硝酸盐δ15N变化特征[J].地球化学,2010,39(2):154-158.
[22] Kim T W,Jeong H J.Increasing N abundance in the northwestern Pacific Ocean due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition [J].Science,2011,334(6055):505-509.
[23] Jung J,Furutani H,Uematsu M.Atmospheric inorganic nitrogen in marine aerosol and precipitation and its deposition to the North and South Pacific Oceans [J].Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2011,68(2):157-181.
[24] 毕言锋.中国东部沿海的大气营养盐干、湿沉降及其对海洋初级生产力的影响[D].中国海洋大学,2006.
[25] 朱玉梅,刘素美.东海大气湿沉降中营养盐的研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2724-2731.
[26] Zhang J,Zhang G S,Bi Y F,et al.Nitrogen species in rainwater and aerosols of the Yellow and East China seas:Effects of the East Asian monsoon and anthropogenic emissions and relevance for the NW Pacific Ocean [J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2011,25(3):113-120.
[27] 付敏,赵卫红,王江涛,等.大气湿沉降对长江口水域营养盐的贡献[J].环境科学,2008,29(10):2703-2709.
[28] 樊敏玲,王雪梅,王茜,等.珠江口横门大气氮、磷干湿沉降的初步研究[J].热带海洋学报,2010,29(1):51-56.
[29] Network C A D C,Eanet N C F.Data report on the acid deposition in the East Asian Region [R].2004.
[30] 胡敏,张静,吴志军.北京降水化学组成特征及其对大气颗粒物的去除作用[J].中国科学:化学,2005,35(2):169-176.
[31] 余辉,张璐璐,燕姝雯,等.太湖氮磷营养盐大气湿沉降特征及入湖贡献率[J].环境科学研究,2011,24(11):1210-1219.
[32] 金蕾,徐谦,林安国,等.北京市近二十年(1987～2004)湿沉降特征变化趋势分析[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(7):1195-1202.
[33] 魏疆.2000-2009年乌鲁木齐市湿沉降变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2012,29(3):529-533.
[34] 吝涛,薛雄志,Shen S,等.厦门海岸带湿地变化的研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2006,16(4):73-77.
[35] 颜秀利,翟惟东,洪华生,等.九龙江口营养盐的分布、通量及其年代际变化[J].科学通报,2012,57(17):1575-1587.
[36] 蒋荣根,贺青,邝伟明,等.厦门海域水体富营养化状况综合评价[J].海洋与湖沼,2014,45(4):710-718.
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