综合农学管理模式对春玉米产量和养分累积特征的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究综合农学管理模式下春玉米产量及开花前后植株养分累积与转运特征,旨在为春玉米高产高效生产提供理论和技术支持。【方法】试验于2009—2011年在吉林省公主岭市铁北区进行,以先玉335为供试材料,在大田条件下设置5种不同农学管理模式,即无肥区(CK)、农户习惯模式(FP)、综合农学管理模式1(Opt-1)、综合农学管理模式2(Opt-2)、综合农学管理模式3(Opt-3),通过3年定位试验,系统监测不同生育时期植株氮、磷、钾养分吸收与累积特征,重点对开花前后春玉米干物质及氮磷钾养分累积与转运特征进行比较研究。【结果】合理增密、平衡施肥和深松作业是春玉米获得高产的关键措施。5种模式间以Opt-3最优,与农户习惯模式(FP)相比,Opt-3产量和干物质累积量增幅分别为13.9%和22.4%,其增产贡献主要来自于收获穗数(较农户模式增加34.3%)。在与FP处理化肥投入量基本一致的情况下,Opt-3处理下植株氮、磷、钾累积量分别增加9.5%、28.1%和23.9%,氮、磷、钾素转运效率分别增加47.7%、21.7%和45.0%,氮肥偏生产力增加14.0%,磷肥偏生产力增加4.4%。与Opt-1模式相比,Opt-3处理主要通过增加密度实现了产量的进一步提升(较Opt-1种植密度增加10 000株/hm2,增产56—346 kg·hm-2);与Opt-2模式相比,Opt-3主要通过肥料的进一步优化实现了效率的提升(较Opt-2氮肥农学利用率提高29.5%)。通过肥料成本核算,Opt-3处理较FP处理增加收益2 218元/hm2,较Opt-1处理增加收益290元/hm2,较Opt-2处理节约成本367元/hm2。【结论】合理增密至70 000株/hm2、优化化肥用量(N 225 kg·hm-2-P2O5 90 kg·hm-2-K2O 90 kg·hm-2)和施用时期、增施有机肥(15 000 kg·hm-2)、补充中微肥(150 kg·hm-2),并结合土壤深松是较为优化的综合农学管理模式,可以实现东北中部春玉米产量和效率的协同提升。
【Objective】This research aimed to investigate the characteristics of grain yield, nutrient accumulation and transport of spring maize before and after flowering under different agronomic management practices, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for high yield and efficient production of spring maize. 【Method】The field experiment was conducted from 2009 to 2012 in Gongzhuling of Jilin province. The hybrid "Xianyu335" was used as research material. During three consecutive years, five different agronomic management practices(CK, FP, Opt-1, Opt-2, and Opt-3) were set under the field conditions. The characteristics of dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorbing and transport were monitored before and after flowering of spring maize. The influence of grain yield was studied under different agronomic management practices. 【Result】Reasonable densification, nutrient management and deep scarification were the key measures for high yield of spring maize. The result indicated Opt-3 was optimal under five different agronomic management practices. Compared with FP, the grain yield and dry matter accumulation of Opt-3 increased 13.9% and 22.4%, respectively. The number of maize ears in harvest stage contributed yield mostly, and the yield under Opt-3 was 34.3% higher than that under FP. Under the condition of same amount of fertilizer input between Opt-3 and FP, N, P and K accumulation of Opt-3 increased by 9.5%, 28.1% and 23.9% than that of FP, respectively. N, P and K translocation rate of Opt-3 increased by 47.7%, 21.7% and 45.0%, respectively. Partial productivity of N, P fertilizer increased by 14.0% and 4.4%, respectively. Compared with Opt-1, the grain yield of Opt-3 was further augmented by increasing planting density. When planting density was increased by 10 000 plant/hm2, the grain yield increased 56-346 kg·hm-2. Compared with Opt-2, the efficiency of Opt-3 was improved through further optimization of fertilizer, and ANUE of Opt-3 increased 29.5%. Through fertilizer cost accounting, compared with FP, Opt-3 increased income by 2 218 yuan/hm2. Compared with Opt-1, Opt-3 increased income by 290 yuan/hm2. Compared with Opt-2, Opt-3 saved 367 yuan/hm2.【Conclusion】By reasonable densification to 70 000 plant/hm2, optimized fertilizer(N 225 kg·hm-2-P2 O5 90 kg·hm-2-K2 O 90 kg·hm-2) and application period, organic fertilizer(1 500 kg·hm-2), added microelement fertilizer(150 kg·hm-2), combined with soil deep tillage, it was a relatively optimized integrated agronomic management mode, which could realize the synergistic improvement of spring maize yield and efficiency in the middle of northeast China.
【Objective】This research aimed to investigate the characteristics of grain yield, nutrient accumulation and transport of spring maize before and after flowering under different agronomic management practices, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for high yield and efficient production of spring maize. 【Method】The field experiment was conducted from 2009 to 2012 in Gongzhuling of Jilin province. The hybrid "Xianyu335" was used as research material. During three consecutive years, five different agronomic management practices(CK, FP, Opt-1, Opt-2, and Opt-3) were set under the field conditions. The characteristics of dry matter accumulation, nutrient absorbing and transport were monitored before and after flowering of spring maize. The influence of grain yield was studied under different agronomic management practices. 【Result】Reasonable densification, nutrient management and deep scarification were the key measures for high yield of spring maize. The result indicated Opt-3 was optimal under five different agronomic management practices. Compared with FP, the grain yield and dry matter accumulation of Opt-3 increased 13.9% and 22.4%, respectively. The number of maize ears in harvest stage contributed yield mostly, and the yield under Opt-3 was 34.3% higher than that under FP. Under the condition of same amount of fertilizer input between Opt-3 and FP, N, P and K accumulation of Opt-3 increased by 9.5%, 28.1% and 23.9% than that of FP, respectively. N, P and K translocation rate of Opt-3 increased by 47.7%, 21.7% and 45.0%, respectively. Partial productivity of N, P fertilizer increased by 14.0% and 4.4%, respectively. Compared with Opt-1, the grain yield of Opt-3 was further augmented by increasing planting density. When planting density was increased by 10 000 plant/hm2, the grain yield increased 56-346 kg·hm-2. Compared with Opt-2, the efficiency of Opt-3 was improved through further optimization of fertilizer, and ANUE of Opt-3 increased 29.5%. Through fertilizer cost accounting, compared with FP, Opt-3 increased income by 2 218 yuan/hm2. Compared with Opt-1, Opt-3 increased income by 290 yuan/hm2. Compared with Opt-2, Opt-3 saved 367 yuan/hm2.【Conclusion】By reasonable densification to 70 000 plant/hm2, optimized fertilizer(N 225 kg·hm-2-P2 O5 90 kg·hm-2-K2 O 90 kg·hm-2) and application period, organic fertilizer(1 500 kg·hm-2), added microelement fertilizer(150 kg·hm-2), combined with soil deep tillage, it was a relatively optimized integrated agronomic management mode, which could realize the synergistic improvement of spring maize yield and efficiency in the middle of northeast China.
引文
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