马拉维湖边界争端及其解决路径探析
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摘要
20世纪60年代至今,马拉维与坦桑尼亚两国围绕在马拉维湖/尼亚萨湖中边界的具体位置先后爆发两次争端。争端的最早爆发与两国当时的政治敌对和殖民统治时期产生的地图、文献资料的含混不清有密切关系。而两国对湖中资源的争夺是导致新世纪争端再起的最新和最主要的因素。考虑到20世纪80年代以来,非洲不乏将领土边界与海洋争端提交国际法院裁决的先例,以及马拉维对此种解决方式的强烈愿望,目前不能排除马拉维与坦桑尼亚通过司法方式解决争端的可能性;但由于坦桑尼亚强烈反对和已有成案中国际法院判决结果落实情况不尽如人意,两国将争端提交国际法院也面临重重障碍。2012年以来,争端双方都接受了南共体主持下的调解,虽进展并不顺利,但未来一段时间内,通过第三方调解的外交方式仍然是马拉维与坦桑尼亚寻求解决边界争端的首选。其中尤为重要的是,充分考虑和尊重两国的资源诉求,就勘探和开发湖底资源达成一个公平合理的共同开发方案。
Since the 1960 s,Malawi and Tanzania have disputed twice over the precise location of their border in Lake Malawi/Nyasa. The first outbreak of the dispute has close relation with the two countries' political hostility and the ambiguous boundary maps & documents produced in colonial era. The new but the most important factor that lead to the resurgence of the dispute in 2011 is the two countries' scramble for the natural resources of the lake. Considering the precedents in Africa of submitting the boundary and territorial disputes to the ICJ and Malawi's strong desire for this way,it is possible for Malawi and Tanzania to settle the dispute through the judicial way. But Tanzania's strong objection and the dissatisfactory implementation of the awards made by the ICJ in the precedents are the most obstacles for appealing to the ICJ. Since 2012,the disputants have accepted the mediation through the SADC. In spite of the difficult mediation process,the diplomatic way under the auspices of the third party is still the top choice for Malawi and Tanzania to settle their boundary dispute in the next period of time. It is particularly important for the disputants to consider and respect fully the resources demand of each other,in order to reach a fair and reasonable joint development program of exploring and developing the resources under the lake.
Since the 1960 s,Malawi and Tanzania have disputed twice over the precise location of their border in Lake Malawi/Nyasa. The first outbreak of the dispute has close relation with the two countries' political hostility and the ambiguous boundary maps & documents produced in colonial era. The new but the most important factor that lead to the resurgence of the dispute in 2011 is the two countries' scramble for the natural resources of the lake. Considering the precedents in Africa of submitting the boundary and territorial disputes to the ICJ and Malawi's strong desire for this way,it is possible for Malawi and Tanzania to settle the dispute through the judicial way. But Tanzania's strong objection and the dissatisfactory implementation of the awards made by the ICJ in the precedents are the most obstacles for appealing to the ICJ. Since 2012,the disputants have accepted the mediation through the SADC. In spite of the difficult mediation process,the diplomatic way under the auspices of the third party is still the top choice for Malawi and Tanzania to settle their boundary dispute in the next period of time. It is particularly important for the disputants to consider and respect fully the resources demand of each other,in order to reach a fair and reasonable joint development program of exploring and developing the resources under the lake.
引文
(1)Ian Bronlie,African Boundaries:a Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia,London:C. Hurst and Co. Ltd.,1979,pp.957-967.
(2)Alan Day, Border and Territorial Disputes,London:Longman,1992,pp.274-276. 本书在1982年发行第一版,1987和1992年先后两次再版。
(3)Peter Calvert, Border and Territorial Disputes of the World,United Kingdom:John Harper Publishing,2004,pp.46-47. 本书在1982年发行第一版,1987年、1992年和2004年先后三次再版。
(4)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”, The Journal of Modern African Studies,Vol. 11,No. 4,1973,pp.611-628.
(5)Aleck Humphrey Che-Mponda, The Malawi-Tanzania border and territorial dispute,1968:a case study of boundary and territorial imperative in the new Africa,Mich. :Ann Arbor,1975.本书第一版在1972年发行。
(6)代表性论文有:Tiyanjana Maluwa,“Oil under Troubled Waters?:Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi”,Michigan Journal of International Law,Volume 37,Issue 3,2016,pp.352-419;Fulgence S.Msafiri,Escalation and Resolution of Border Disputes and Interstate Conflicts in Africa:The Malawi-Tanzania case,Naval Postgraduate School,2011;NZ Human Rights Working Paper 21: Where Politics Borders Law:the Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute,New Zealand Centre for Human Rights Law,Policy and Practice,Africa Working Paper Series,February 2014,pp.1-20 .
(7)武涛:《马拉维湖边界争端问题探析》,《亚非纵横》2014年第2期,第26—34 页。
(8)德国的统治实际上持续到1922年。See Alan Day,Border and Territorial Disputes,p.274;Peter Calvert,Border and Territorial Disputes of the World,p.46.
(9)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”, The Journal of Modern African Studies,Vol. 11,No. 4,1973,p.612.
(10)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”,p.614.
(11)“The Malawi-Tanzania Border Dispute,Voice from the frontiers”,Nation on Sunday,14 April 2013,https://zh.scribd.com/doc/135817434/The-Malawi-Tanzania-Border-Dispute-Voices-from-the-frontiers,p.2.
(12)NZ Human Rights Working Paper 21: Where Politics Borders Law:the Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute,New Zealand Centre for Human Rights Law,Policy and Practice,Africa Working Paper Series,February 2014,p.3.
(13)Ian Bronlie,African Boundaries:a Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia,London:C. Hurst and Co.(Publishers) Ltd.,1979,p.957.
(14)Peter Calvert,Border and Territorial Disputes of the World,p.47.
(15)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”,pp.617-618.
(16)Boutros Ghali,Les Conflits de Frontiers en Afrique,pp.29-31. 另一说为北至距松圭河150公里处,See Peter Calvert,Border and Territorial Disputes of the World,p.47.
(17)顾章义:《非洲国家边界问题初探》,《西亚非洲》1984年第3期,第25页。
(18)“Who owns Lake Malawi?”,http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/uncategorised/who-owns-lake-malawi/,visited on 8 Jan. 2017.
(19)“I Shall Die for Malawi—President Banda”,Nyasa Times,http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/08/11/i-shall-die-for-malawi-presidentbanda/,visited on 8 Jan. 2017.
(20)Saadia Touval,The Boundary Politics of Independent Africa,Harvard University Press,1972,p.40.
(21)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”,p.611.
(22)Harvey Bootsma& Sven Jorgensen,“Lake Malawi/Nyasa:Experience and Lessons Learned Brief”,http://worldlakes.org/uploads/16_lake_Malawi_Nyasa_27February2006.pdf,visited on 10 Jan. 2017.
(23)Mi Yung Yoon,“Colonialism and Border Disputes in Africa:The Case of the Malawi-Tanzania Dispute over Lake Malawi/Nyasa”, The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies,Vol. 1,No.1( January 2014),p.83.
(24)Tiyanjana Maluwa,“Oil under Troubled Waters?:Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi”,pp.359-360.
(25)Tiyanjana Maluwa,“Oil under Troubled Waters?:Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi”. pp.366-367.
(26)Alan Day,Border and Territorial Disputes,London:Longman,1992,p.275.
(27)“Malawi ‘refers lake border dispute with Tanzania to AU”,BBC News(Oct.17,2012),http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19978968,visited on 20 Jan. 2017.
(28)管建军:《国际法院的“复兴”与我国之应对》,《法学》1996年第4期,第10页。
(29)根据国际法院网站“list of all cases”所列案件进行的统计。http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=2,登录时间:2019年3月27日。
(30)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali), Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1986,p.32,para. 54, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/69/6447.pdf,visited on 8 Dec. 2016.
(31)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1986,pp.32-33,para. 55-56,http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/69/6447.pdf,visited on 8 Dec. 2016.
(32)“Malawi asks UN to mediate border dispute with Tanzania”,Nyasa Times Online,http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/10/13/malawi-asks-un-to-mediate-border-dispute-with-tanzania/,visited on 27 Mar. 2019.
(33)John Isaac Maseko,“An Assessment of the Malawi-Tanzania Border Dispute since 2012 and its Effects on the People of Malawi”,http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/21307/1/An%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Malawi%20-%20Tanzania%20Border%20Dispute%20Since%202012%20and%20Its%20Effects%20on%20the%20People%20of%20Malawi_November.pdf,p.41,visited on 18 Dec. 2016.
(34)Rex Chikoko,“ SADC seeks solution to Malawi-Tanzania border dispute ”,June 15,2013,http://www.africareview.com/news/SADC-seeks-solution-to-Malawi—Tanzania-border-dispute/979180-1883676-62bwasz/index.html,visited on 18 Dec. 2016.
(35)“The Malawi-Tanzania Border Dispute,Voice from the frontiers”,Nation on Sunday,14 April 2013,[2017-01-12].https://zh.scribd.com/doc/135817434/The-Malawi-Tanzania-Border-Dispute-Voices-from-the-frontiers,p.3.
(36)Gbenga Oduntan,International Law and Boundary Disputes in Africa. Routledge:Taylor & Francis Group,2015,pp.214-215.
(37)“Talks to resolve Tanzania,Malawi Border Dispute Still Ongoing:Minister ”,http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/14/c_137178548.htm. Visited on 29 Mar. 2019.
(38)Tiyanjana Maluwa,“Oil under Troubled Waters? Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi ”,pp.412-413.
(2)Alan Day, Border and Territorial Disputes,London:Longman,1992,pp.274-276. 本书在1982年发行第一版,1987和1992年先后两次再版。
(3)Peter Calvert, Border and Territorial Disputes of the World,United Kingdom:John Harper Publishing,2004,pp.46-47. 本书在1982年发行第一版,1987年、1992年和2004年先后三次再版。
(4)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”, The Journal of Modern African Studies,Vol. 11,No. 4,1973,pp.611-628.
(5)Aleck Humphrey Che-Mponda, The Malawi-Tanzania border and territorial dispute,1968:a case study of boundary and territorial imperative in the new Africa,Mich. :Ann Arbor,1975.本书第一版在1972年发行。
(6)代表性论文有:Tiyanjana Maluwa,“Oil under Troubled Waters?:Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi”,Michigan Journal of International Law,Volume 37,Issue 3,2016,pp.352-419;Fulgence S.Msafiri,Escalation and Resolution of Border Disputes and Interstate Conflicts in Africa:The Malawi-Tanzania case,Naval Postgraduate School,2011;NZ Human Rights Working Paper 21: Where Politics Borders Law:the Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute,New Zealand Centre for Human Rights Law,Policy and Practice,Africa Working Paper Series,February 2014,pp.1-20 .
(7)武涛:《马拉维湖边界争端问题探析》,《亚非纵横》2014年第2期,第26—34 页。
(8)德国的统治实际上持续到1922年。See Alan Day,Border and Territorial Disputes,p.274;Peter Calvert,Border and Territorial Disputes of the World,p.46.
(9)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”, The Journal of Modern African Studies,Vol. 11,No. 4,1973,p.612.
(10)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”,p.614.
(11)“The Malawi-Tanzania Border Dispute,Voice from the frontiers”,Nation on Sunday,14 April 2013,https://zh.scribd.com/doc/135817434/The-Malawi-Tanzania-Border-Dispute-Voices-from-the-frontiers,p.2.
(12)NZ Human Rights Working Paper 21: Where Politics Borders Law:the Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute,New Zealand Centre for Human Rights Law,Policy and Practice,Africa Working Paper Series,February 2014,p.3.
(13)Ian Bronlie,African Boundaries:a Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia,London:C. Hurst and Co.(Publishers) Ltd.,1979,p.957.
(14)Peter Calvert,Border and Territorial Disputes of the World,p.47.
(15)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”,pp.617-618.
(16)Boutros Ghali,Les Conflits de Frontiers en Afrique,pp.29-31. 另一说为北至距松圭河150公里处,See Peter Calvert,Border and Territorial Disputes of the World,p.47.
(17)顾章义:《非洲国家边界问题初探》,《西亚非洲》1984年第3期,第25页。
(18)“Who owns Lake Malawi?”,http://africanbusinessmagazine.com/uncategorised/who-owns-lake-malawi/,visited on 8 Jan. 2017.
(19)“I Shall Die for Malawi—President Banda”,Nyasa Times,http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/08/11/i-shall-die-for-malawi-presidentbanda/,visited on 8 Jan. 2017.
(20)Saadia Touval,The Boundary Politics of Independent Africa,Harvard University Press,1972,p.40.
(21)James Mayall,“The Malawi-Tanzania Boundary Dispute”,p.611.
(22)Harvey Bootsma& Sven Jorgensen,“Lake Malawi/Nyasa:Experience and Lessons Learned Brief”,http://worldlakes.org/uploads/16_lake_Malawi_Nyasa_27February2006.pdf,visited on 10 Jan. 2017.
(23)Mi Yung Yoon,“Colonialism and Border Disputes in Africa:The Case of the Malawi-Tanzania Dispute over Lake Malawi/Nyasa”, The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies,Vol. 1,No.1( January 2014),p.83.
(24)Tiyanjana Maluwa,“Oil under Troubled Waters?:Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi”,pp.359-360.
(25)Tiyanjana Maluwa,“Oil under Troubled Waters?:Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi”. pp.366-367.
(26)Alan Day,Border and Territorial Disputes,London:Longman,1992,p.275.
(27)“Malawi ‘refers lake border dispute with Tanzania to AU”,BBC News(Oct.17,2012),http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19978968,visited on 20 Jan. 2017.
(28)管建军:《国际法院的“复兴”与我国之应对》,《法学》1996年第4期,第10页。
(29)根据国际法院网站“list of all cases”所列案件进行的统计。http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=2,登录时间:2019年3月27日。
(30)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali), Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1986,p.32,para. 54, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/69/6447.pdf,visited on 8 Dec. 2016.
(31)Frontier Dispute(Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali),Judgment,I.C.J.Reports 1986,pp.32-33,para. 55-56,http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/69/6447.pdf,visited on 8 Dec. 2016.
(32)“Malawi asks UN to mediate border dispute with Tanzania”,Nyasa Times Online,http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/10/13/malawi-asks-un-to-mediate-border-dispute-with-tanzania/,visited on 27 Mar. 2019.
(33)John Isaac Maseko,“An Assessment of the Malawi-Tanzania Border Dispute since 2012 and its Effects on the People of Malawi”,http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/21307/1/An%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Malawi%20-%20Tanzania%20Border%20Dispute%20Since%202012%20and%20Its%20Effects%20on%20the%20People%20of%20Malawi_November.pdf,p.41,visited on 18 Dec. 2016.
(34)Rex Chikoko,“ SADC seeks solution to Malawi-Tanzania border dispute ”,June 15,2013,http://www.africareview.com/news/SADC-seeks-solution-to-Malawi—Tanzania-border-dispute/979180-1883676-62bwasz/index.html,visited on 18 Dec. 2016.
(35)“The Malawi-Tanzania Border Dispute,Voice from the frontiers”,Nation on Sunday,14 April 2013,[2017-01-12].https://zh.scribd.com/doc/135817434/The-Malawi-Tanzania-Border-Dispute-Voices-from-the-frontiers,p.3.
(36)Gbenga Oduntan,International Law and Boundary Disputes in Africa. Routledge:Taylor & Francis Group,2015,pp.214-215.
(37)“Talks to resolve Tanzania,Malawi Border Dispute Still Ongoing:Minister ”,http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/14/c_137178548.htm. Visited on 29 Mar. 2019.
(38)Tiyanjana Maluwa,“Oil under Troubled Waters? Some Legal Aspects of the Boundary Dispute between Malawi and Tanzania Over Lake Malawi ”,pp.412-413.
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