生物有机肥对不同连作年限设施黄瓜土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响
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摘要
以木霉菌、北虫草废弃培养基、古龙酸母液为材料制备生物有机肥,将其以低(7.5 t·hm~(-2))、中(15 t·hm~(-2))、高(30 t·hm~(-2))3种用量施于未连作以及连作3、7、11 a的设施黄瓜土壤中,测定生物有机肥对连作土壤的改良效果。结果显示,在相同生物有机肥用量下,土壤细菌、放线菌、木霉菌数量,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,土壤质量隶属度,以及黄瓜产量和品质指标(维生素C、可溶性糖含量)随连作年限的延长整体表现为先升高后降低,土壤真菌、尖孢镰刀菌数量则随着连作年限延长呈现不断增加的趋势。相同连作年限下,土壤微生物数量、酶活性、黄瓜产量和品质整体随生物有机肥用量的增加而提高。本研究表明,该生物有机肥能够改善连作土壤的生态质量以及作物的产量和品质,用量越高对连作年限越久土壤的改良效果越好。
In the present study, bio-organic fertilizer was made from trichoderma, abandoned north Chinese caterpillar fungus medium and gulomic acid residue after evaporation. The low(7.5 t·hm~(-2)), medium(15 t·hm~(-2)), high(30 t·hm~(-2)) dosage bio-organic fertilizer was applied in non-continuous cropping soil and protected cucumber continuous soil of 3, 7, 11 years, respectively, and soil microbial population, enzymes activities and amelioration effect were determined. The results showed that the quantity of soil bacteria, actinomycetes, trichoderma, activities of soil invertase, phosphatase, urease, catalase, soil quality membership value, and the yield and contents of vitamin C and soluble sugar of cucumber were enhanced at first and then decreased with the increasing continuous cropping years under the same application rate of bio-organic fertilizers. However, the quantities of soil fungi and Fusarium oxysporum were increased with the increasing continuous cropping years. Under the same continuous cropping years, the quantity of soil microbes, activities of soil enzyme, yield and quality of cucumber were enhanced with the increasing application rate of bio-organic fertilizer. This bio-organic fertilizer could ameliorate ecological quality of continuous cropping soil, yield and quality of cucumber, and its amelioration effect on soils with was enhanced with higher application rate on soils with longer continuous cropping years.
In the present study, bio-organic fertilizer was made from trichoderma, abandoned north Chinese caterpillar fungus medium and gulomic acid residue after evaporation. The low(7.5 t·hm~(-2)), medium(15 t·hm~(-2)), high(30 t·hm~(-2)) dosage bio-organic fertilizer was applied in non-continuous cropping soil and protected cucumber continuous soil of 3, 7, 11 years, respectively, and soil microbial population, enzymes activities and amelioration effect were determined. The results showed that the quantity of soil bacteria, actinomycetes, trichoderma, activities of soil invertase, phosphatase, urease, catalase, soil quality membership value, and the yield and contents of vitamin C and soluble sugar of cucumber were enhanced at first and then decreased with the increasing continuous cropping years under the same application rate of bio-organic fertilizers. However, the quantities of soil fungi and Fusarium oxysporum were increased with the increasing continuous cropping years. Under the same continuous cropping years, the quantity of soil microbes, activities of soil enzyme, yield and quality of cucumber were enhanced with the increasing application rate of bio-organic fertilizer. This bio-organic fertilizer could ameliorate ecological quality of continuous cropping soil, yield and quality of cucumber, and its amelioration effect on soils with was enhanced with higher application rate on soils with longer continuous cropping years.
引文
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[9] 孔涛, 孟凡浩, 关飞, 等. 古龙酸母液对盐碱土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J]. 环境化学, 2015, 34(11): 2053-2058. KONG T, MENG F H, GUAN F, et al. Effect of residue gulomic acid residues after evaporation on microbes quantity and enzyme activities of alkali-saline soil[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015, 34(11): 2053-2058. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10] 尹凯丹, 张奇志. 食品理化分析[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2008: 153-179.
[11] 鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2000: 186-195.
[12] 沈萍, 范秀荣, 李广武. 微生物学实验[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 1999: 49-132.
[13] NARASIMHA G, SRIDEVI A, REDDY A V S, et al. Effect of cotton ginning mill industrial effluents on soil dehydrogenase, phosphatase, amylase and invertase enzyme activities[J]. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 2012, 2(1): 1-6.
[14] KIZILKAYA R, AKCA I, ASKIN T. Effect of soil contamination with azadirachtin on dehydrogenase and catalase activity of soil[J]. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 2012, 24(2): 98-103.
[15] EMAMI S, POURBABAEE A A, ALIKHANI H A. Effect of paraffin on the urease activity of soil[J]. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2013, 3(15):1526-1529.
[16] 王兵, 刘国彬, 薛萐, 等. 黄土丘陵区撂荒对土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2009, 17(3):282-287.WANG B, LIU G B, XUE J, et al. Effect of farmland abandonment on soil enzyme activities in loess hilly region[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2009, 17(3): 282-287.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17] 杨长明, 杨林章, 颜廷梅, 等. 不同养分和水分管理模式对水稻土质量的影响及其综合评价[J]. 生态学报, 2004, 24(1): 63-70.YANG C M, YANG L Z, YAN T M, et al. Effects of nutrient and water regimes on paddy soil quality and its comprehensive evaluation in the Taihu Lake Region[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(1): 63-70. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] 王飞, 李世贵, 徐凤花, 等. 连作障碍发生机制研究进展[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2013 (5): 6-13.WANG F, LI S G, XU F H, et al. The research progress on mechanism of continuous cropping obstacle[J]. Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China, 2013 (5): 6-13. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19] 樊晓刚, 金轲, 李兆君, 等. 不同施肥和耕作制度下土壤微生物多样性研究进展[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(3): 744-751.FAN X G, JIN K, LI Z J, et al. Soil microbial diversity under different fertilization and tillage practices: a review[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2010, 16(3):744-751. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20] 马云华, 魏珉, 王秀峰. 日光温室连作黄瓜根区微生物区系及酶活性的变化[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(6): 1005-1008.MA Y H, WEI M, WANG X F. Variation of microflora and enzyme activity in continuous cropping cucumber soil in solar greenhouse[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(6): 1005-1008. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21] 贺丽娜, 梁银丽, 高静,等. 连作对设施黄瓜产量和品质及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 36(5): 155-159.HE L N, LIANG Y L, GAO J, et al. The effect of continuous cropping on yield, quality of cucumber and soil enzymes activities in solar green house[J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition), 2008, 36(5): 155-159. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22] 刘来, 黄保健, 孙锦, 等. 大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2013 (2): 5-10.LIU L, HUANG B J, SUN J, et al. Relationship between soil microbial quantity, enzyme activity and soil fertility in hot pepper greenhouse soils of different continuous cropping years[J]. Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China, 2013 (2): 5-10. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23] 朱宏建, 易图永, 周鑫钰. 土壤放线菌生防活性物质的研究进展[J]. 作物研究, 2007, 21(2): 149-151.ZHU H J, YI T Y, ZHOU X Y. Progress on active substance for bio-control of actinomyces in soil[J]. Crop Research, 2007, 21(2):149-151. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24] BOWERS J H, NAMETH S T, RIEDEL R M, et al. Infection and colonization of potato roots by Verticillium dahliae as affected by Pratylenchus penetrans and P. crenatus[J]. Phytopathology, 1996, 86(6) : 614-621.
[25] KANDELER F, KAMPICHLER C, HORAK O. Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1996, 23(3): 299-306.
[26] TRASAR-CEPEDA C, GIL-SOTRES F, LEIOS M C. Thermodynamic parameters of enzymes in grassland soils from Galicia, NW Spain[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2007, 39(1):311-319.
[27] 杨丽娟, 李天来, 付时丰, 等. 施用有机肥和化肥对菜田土壤酶动态特性的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2005, 36(2): 223-226.YANG L J, LI T L, FU S F, et al. Effect of manure and chemical fertilizer on the dynamics of soil enzymic activities in vegetable soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2005, 36(2):223-226. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28] 张鹏, 韦中, 朱震, 等. 生物有机肥对连作番茄和辣椒根际土壤微生物区系及茄科雷尔氏菌的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2013, 36(4):77-82.ZHANG P, WEI Z, ZHU Z, et al. Effect of a bio-organic fertilizer on microbial flora and Ralstonia solanacearum population in rhizosphere soils of continuous cropping tomato and pepper[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2013, 36(4): 77-82. (in Chinese with English abstract)
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[30] 陈希, 赵爽, 姚建军, 等. 微生物有机肥及杀菌剂对切花菊连作障碍的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(4): 1231-1236.CHEN X, ZHAO S, YAO J J, et al. Effects of bio-organic fertilizer and fungicide application on continuous cropping obstacles of cut chrysanthemum[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(4): 1231-1236. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[2] 董林林, 左元梅, 李晓林, 等. 嫁接对黄瓜土壤生化特性的影响[J]. 中国园艺文摘, 2010, 27(4): 51-56.DONG L L, ZUO Y M, LI X L, et al. Effects of grafting on cucumber soil biochemistry[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2010, 27(4): 51-56. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3] 张树生, 杨兴明, 茆泽圣, 等. 连作土灭菌对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)生长和土壤微生物区系的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2007, 27(5): 1809-1817.ZHANG S S, YANG X M, MAO Z S, et al. Effects of sterilization on growth of cucumber plants and soil microflora in a continuous mono-cropping soil[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(5):1809-1817. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4] 胡凤霞. 设施黄瓜-玉米轮作模式对连作障碍的克服效果[D]. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2013.HU F X. The research of cucumber-corn crop rotation mode to overcome continous cropping obstacles effect[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2013. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5] 袁玉娟, 胡江, 凌宁, 等. 施用不同生物有机肥对连作黄瓜枯萎病防治效果及其机理初探[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(2): 372-379.YUAN Y J, HU J, LING N, et al. Effects and mechanisms of application with different bio-organic fertilizers in controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(2): 372-379. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6] 刘占锋, 傅伯杰, 刘国华, 等. 土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(3):901-913.LIU Z F, FU B J, LIU G H, et al. Soil quality: concept, indicators and its assessment[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(3): 901-913. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7] 万忠梅, 宋长春. 土壤酶活性对生态环境的响应研究进展[J]. 土壤通报, 2009 (4): 951-956.WAN Z M, SONG C C. Advance on response of soil enzyme activity to ecological environment[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2009 (4): 951-956. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8] 陈捷, 朱洁伟, 张婷,等. 木霉菌生物防治作用机理与应用研究进展[J]. 中国生物防治学报, 2011, 27(2):145-151. CHEN J, ZHU J W, ZHANG T, et al. Progress on mechanism and applications of trichoderma as a biocontrol microbe[J]. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 2011, 27(2):145-151. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9] 孔涛, 孟凡浩, 关飞, 等. 古龙酸母液对盐碱土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响[J]. 环境化学, 2015, 34(11): 2053-2058. KONG T, MENG F H, GUAN F, et al. Effect of residue gulomic acid residues after evaporation on microbes quantity and enzyme activities of alkali-saline soil[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015, 34(11): 2053-2058. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10] 尹凯丹, 张奇志. 食品理化分析[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2008: 153-179.
[11] 鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2000: 186-195.
[12] 沈萍, 范秀荣, 李广武. 微生物学实验[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 1999: 49-132.
[13] NARASIMHA G, SRIDEVI A, REDDY A V S, et al. Effect of cotton ginning mill industrial effluents on soil dehydrogenase, phosphatase, amylase and invertase enzyme activities[J]. International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 2012, 2(1): 1-6.
[14] KIZILKAYA R, AKCA I, ASKIN T. Effect of soil contamination with azadirachtin on dehydrogenase and catalase activity of soil[J]. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 2012, 24(2): 98-103.
[15] EMAMI S, POURBABAEE A A, ALIKHANI H A. Effect of paraffin on the urease activity of soil[J]. Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2013, 3(15):1526-1529.
[16] 王兵, 刘国彬, 薛萐, 等. 黄土丘陵区撂荒对土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2009, 17(3):282-287.WANG B, LIU G B, XUE J, et al. Effect of farmland abandonment on soil enzyme activities in loess hilly region[J]. Acta Agrectir Sinica, 2009, 17(3): 282-287.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17] 杨长明, 杨林章, 颜廷梅, 等. 不同养分和水分管理模式对水稻土质量的影响及其综合评价[J]. 生态学报, 2004, 24(1): 63-70.YANG C M, YANG L Z, YAN T M, et al. Effects of nutrient and water regimes on paddy soil quality and its comprehensive evaluation in the Taihu Lake Region[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(1): 63-70. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18] 王飞, 李世贵, 徐凤花, 等. 连作障碍发生机制研究进展[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2013 (5): 6-13.WANG F, LI S G, XU F H, et al. The research progress on mechanism of continuous cropping obstacle[J]. Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China, 2013 (5): 6-13. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19] 樊晓刚, 金轲, 李兆君, 等. 不同施肥和耕作制度下土壤微生物多样性研究进展[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(3): 744-751.FAN X G, JIN K, LI Z J, et al. Soil microbial diversity under different fertilization and tillage practices: a review[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2010, 16(3):744-751. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20] 马云华, 魏珉, 王秀峰. 日光温室连作黄瓜根区微生物区系及酶活性的变化[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15(6): 1005-1008.MA Y H, WEI M, WANG X F. Variation of microflora and enzyme activity in continuous cropping cucumber soil in solar greenhouse[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, 15(6): 1005-1008. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21] 贺丽娜, 梁银丽, 高静,等. 连作对设施黄瓜产量和品质及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 36(5): 155-159.HE L N, LIANG Y L, GAO J, et al. The effect of continuous cropping on yield, quality of cucumber and soil enzymes activities in solar green house[J]. Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition), 2008, 36(5): 155-159. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22] 刘来, 黄保健, 孙锦, 等. 大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2013 (2): 5-10.LIU L, HUANG B J, SUN J, et al. Relationship between soil microbial quantity, enzyme activity and soil fertility in hot pepper greenhouse soils of different continuous cropping years[J]. Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China, 2013 (2): 5-10. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23] 朱宏建, 易图永, 周鑫钰. 土壤放线菌生防活性物质的研究进展[J]. 作物研究, 2007, 21(2): 149-151.ZHU H J, YI T Y, ZHOU X Y. Progress on active substance for bio-control of actinomyces in soil[J]. Crop Research, 2007, 21(2):149-151. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24] BOWERS J H, NAMETH S T, RIEDEL R M, et al. Infection and colonization of potato roots by Verticillium dahliae as affected by Pratylenchus penetrans and P. crenatus[J]. Phytopathology, 1996, 86(6) : 614-621.
[25] KANDELER F, KAMPICHLER C, HORAK O. Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1996, 23(3): 299-306.
[26] TRASAR-CEPEDA C, GIL-SOTRES F, LEIOS M C. Thermodynamic parameters of enzymes in grassland soils from Galicia, NW Spain[J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2007, 39(1):311-319.
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