神农架大九湖泥炭湿地能量通量及平衡分析
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摘要
研究大九湖泥炭湿地通量,为准确评估泥炭地生态系统与大气间的物质和能量交换提供基础数据。利用涡度相关系统对神农架大九湖2015年9月～2016年8月的净辐射、显热通量、潜热通量及土壤热通量进行了为期1年的连续观测。结果表明:1)泥炭地全年净辐射为3 146.91MJ/m2,显热通量为931.79MJ/m2,潜热通量为1 762.40MJ/m2,土壤热通量为22.26MJ/m2;能量分配主要以潜热为主,占净辐射的56%。潜热通量为能量散失的主要形式,土壤表现为热汇。2)各能量分量季节变化明显,10月、1月、4月及7月的日变化均以净辐射为基础,呈相似的单峰型曲线变化。3)波文比逐月变化不规律,月平均波文比为0.65、波动在0.34～1.06,年波文比为0.53,全年能量分配潜热通量大于显热通量。4)神农架大九湖泥炭地年能量闭合度为0.86,存在14%的能量不闭合。不闭合的原因可能与下垫面状况、季节变化及平流的影响产生的波动等相关。
Wetlands play an important role in the energy exchange between the earth's surface and atmosphere,and affect other ecological processes such as water cycle and plant growth.Wetland hydrology and ecological function depend on the local energy balance and measuring the energy balance is an effective means of assessing the water conservation and carbon storage potential of wetlands.In this study,the distribution of energy components and seasonal variation of the energy fluxes in Dajiuhu peatland were analyzed based on one-year of turbulent energy flux data,automatically measured by an eddy covariance system from September 2015 to August 2016.The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of the monitoring data by the eddy covariance system and provide basic data on the energy exchange between the peatland ecosystem and the atmosphere.Results show:(1)The annual net radiation of peatland,yearly sensible heat flux,latent heat flux and soil heat flux were,respectively,3 146.91 MJ/m2,931.79 MJ/m2 and1 762.40 MJ/m2,22.26 MJ/m2.The latent heat flux accounted for 56% of the net radiation,indicating that latent heat flux is the main source of energy loss in this ecosystem,and the peatland soil acts as a heat-sink.(2)The energy components clearly varied with season,and the diurnal change of the energy components in October,January,April,and July displayed a similar unimodal curve,based on net radiation.(3)Monthly variation of the Bowen ratio was irregular.The monthly Bowen ratio was in the range of0.34-1.06,averaging 0.65 and the annual Bowen ratio was 0.53.The latent heat flux dominated the yearly energy budget and was significantly higher than the sensible heat flux.(4)The yearly energy closure of the peatland in Shennongjia was 0.86.The energy imbalance may result from the condition of the underlying surface,seasonal changes and the effects of advection.The results of this study are consistent with research results at home and abroad,indicating that the energy fluxes in the Dajiuhu peatland measured by the eddy correlation method are reliable.We recommend continued study of the driving factors of energy balance in peatlands.
Wetlands play an important role in the energy exchange between the earth's surface and atmosphere,and affect other ecological processes such as water cycle and plant growth.Wetland hydrology and ecological function depend on the local energy balance and measuring the energy balance is an effective means of assessing the water conservation and carbon storage potential of wetlands.In this study,the distribution of energy components and seasonal variation of the energy fluxes in Dajiuhu peatland were analyzed based on one-year of turbulent energy flux data,automatically measured by an eddy covariance system from September 2015 to August 2016.The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of the monitoring data by the eddy covariance system and provide basic data on the energy exchange between the peatland ecosystem and the atmosphere.Results show:(1)The annual net radiation of peatland,yearly sensible heat flux,latent heat flux and soil heat flux were,respectively,3 146.91 MJ/m2,931.79 MJ/m2 and1 762.40 MJ/m2,22.26 MJ/m2.The latent heat flux accounted for 56% of the net radiation,indicating that latent heat flux is the main source of energy loss in this ecosystem,and the peatland soil acts as a heat-sink.(2)The energy components clearly varied with season,and the diurnal change of the energy components in October,January,April,and July displayed a similar unimodal curve,based on net radiation.(3)Monthly variation of the Bowen ratio was irregular.The monthly Bowen ratio was in the range of0.34-1.06,averaging 0.65 and the annual Bowen ratio was 0.53.The latent heat flux dominated the yearly energy budget and was significantly higher than the sensible heat flux.(4)The yearly energy closure of the peatland in Shennongjia was 0.86.The energy imbalance may result from the condition of the underlying surface,seasonal changes and the effects of advection.The results of this study are consistent with research results at home and abroad,indicating that the energy fluxes in the Dajiuhu peatland measured by the eddy correlation method are reliable.We recommend continued study of the driving factors of energy balance in peatlands.
引文
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吴海龙,余新晓,张艳,等,2013.异质下垫面显热通量动态变化及对环境因子的响应[J].水土保持研究,20(4):164-169.
肖霞,左洪超,刘辉志,等,2010.春末黄土高原半干旱区地表能量闭合的观测研究[J].冰川冻土,32(1):70-77.
阳伏林,周广胜,2010.内蒙古温带荒漠草原能量平衡特征及其驱动因子[J].生态学报,30(21):5769-5780.
尹光彩,王旭,周国逸,等,2006.鼎湖山针阔混交林土壤热状况研究[J].华南农业大学学报,27(3):16-20.
原文文,同小娟,张劲松,等,2015.黄河小浪底人工混交林生长季能量平衡特征[J].生态学报,35(13):4492-4499.
岳平,张强,杨金虎,等,2011.黄土高原半干旱草地地表能量通量及闭合率[J].生态学报,31(22):6866-6876.
Baldocchi D,Falge E,Gu L,et al,2001.FLUXNET:A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide,water vapor,and energy flux densities[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,82(11):2415-2434.
Baldocchi D D,Hincks B B,Meyers T P,1988.Measuring Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchanges of Biologically Related Gases with Micrometeorological Methods[J].Ecology,69(5):1331-1340.
Burba G G,Verma S B,2001.Prairie growth,PAR albedo and seasonal distribution of energy fluxes[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,107(3):227-240.
Burba G G,Verma S B,2006.Seasonal and interannual variability in evapotranspiration of native tallgrass prairie and cultivated wheat ecosystems[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,135(1):190-201.
Dennison M S,Berry J F,1993.Wetlands:guide to science,law,and technology[M].USA:Noyes Publications:439.
Ding R S,Kang S Z,Li F S,et al,2010.Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,98(1):87-95.
Raschke E,Cattle H,Lemke P,et al,1991.Report of the Working Group on Polar Radiation Fluxes and Sea Ice Modelling[R].Bremerhaven,Germany:World Climate Research Program,WMO/TD:442.
Falge E,Baldocchi D,Olson R,et al,2001.Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,107(1):71-77.
Kurbatova J,Arneth A,Vygodskaya N N,et al,2002.Comparative ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog I.Interseasonal and interannual variability of energy and latent heat fluxes during the snowfree period[J].Tellus Series B-chemical&Physical Meteorology,54(5):497-513.
Kyaw T P U,Baldocchi D D,Meyers T P,et al,2000.Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes[J].BoundaryLayer Meteorology,97(3):487-511.
Lafleur P M,2008.Connecting Atmosphere and Wetland:Energy and Water Vapour Exchange[J].Geography Compass,2(4):1027-1057.
Peichl M,Sagerfors J,Lindroth A,et al,2013.Energy exchange and water budget partitioning in a boreal minerogenic mire[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,118(1):1-13.
Runkle B R K,Wille C,Gaovic M,et al,2014.The surface energy balance and its drivers in a boreal peatland fen of northwestern Russia[J].Journal of Hydrology,511(4):359-373.
Sauer T J,Hatfield J L,Prueger J H,et al,1998.Surface energy balance of a corn residue-covered field[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,89(3/4):155-168.
Scott M D,Ewers B E,Cook B D,et al,2007.Environmental drivers of evapotranspiration in a shrub wetland and an upland forest in Northern Wisconsin[J].Water Resources Research,43(3):W03442.
Wever L A,Flanagan L B,Carlson P J,2002.Seasonal and interannual variation in evapotranspiration,energy balance and surface conductance in a northern temperate grassland[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,112(1):31-49.
Wilson K,Goldstein A,Falge E,et al,2002.Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,113(1-4):223-243.
Wilson K B,Hanson P J,Baldocchi D D,2000.Factors controlling evaporation and energy partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycle[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,102(2/3):83-103.
Zhang J H,Ding Z H,Han S J,et al,2002.Turbulence regime near the forest floor of a mixed broad leaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountains[J].Journal of Forestry Research,13(2):119-122.
Zhang Q,Sun R,Jiang G,et al,2016.Carbon and energy flux from a Phragmites australis wetland in Zhangye oasisdesert area,China[M].45-57.
杜耘,蔡述明,王学雷,等,2008.神农架大九湖亚高山湿地环境背景与生态恢复[J].长江流域资源与环境,17(6):915-919.
李泉,张宪洲,石培礼,等,2008.西藏高原高寒草甸能量平衡闭合研究[J].自然资源学报,23(3):391-399.
刘允芬,李家永,2000.亚热带红壤丘陵区水稻田净全辐射初探[J].生态农业研究,8(1):5-9.
李正泉,于贵瑞,温学发,等,2004.中国通量观测网络(ChinaFLUX)能量平衡闭合状况的评价[J].中国科学:地球科学,34(2):46-56.
宋香静,李胜男,郭嘉,等,2017.环境变化对湿地植物根系的影响研究[J].水生态学杂志,38(2):1-9.
孙成,江洪,陈健,等,2015.亚热带毛竹林生态系统能量通量及平衡分析[J].生态学报,35(12):4128-4136.
田红,伍琼,童应祥,2011.安徽省寿县农田能量平衡评价[J].应用气象学报,22(3):356-361.
王旭,尹光彩,周国逸,等,2005.鼎湖山针阔混交林旱季能量平衡研究[J].热带亚热带植物学报,13(3):205-210.
王旭,周国逸,张德强,等,2005.南亚热带针阔混交林土壤热通量研究[J].生态环境学报,14(2):260-265.
吴海龙,余新晓,张艳,等,2013.异质下垫面显热通量动态变化及对环境因子的响应[J].水土保持研究,20(4):164-169.
肖霞,左洪超,刘辉志,等,2010.春末黄土高原半干旱区地表能量闭合的观测研究[J].冰川冻土,32(1):70-77.
阳伏林,周广胜,2010.内蒙古温带荒漠草原能量平衡特征及其驱动因子[J].生态学报,30(21):5769-5780.
尹光彩,王旭,周国逸,等,2006.鼎湖山针阔混交林土壤热状况研究[J].华南农业大学学报,27(3):16-20.
原文文,同小娟,张劲松,等,2015.黄河小浪底人工混交林生长季能量平衡特征[J].生态学报,35(13):4492-4499.
岳平,张强,杨金虎,等,2011.黄土高原半干旱草地地表能量通量及闭合率[J].生态学报,31(22):6866-6876.
Baldocchi D,Falge E,Gu L,et al,2001.FLUXNET:A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide,water vapor,and energy flux densities[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,82(11):2415-2434.
Baldocchi D D,Hincks B B,Meyers T P,1988.Measuring Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchanges of Biologically Related Gases with Micrometeorological Methods[J].Ecology,69(5):1331-1340.
Burba G G,Verma S B,2001.Prairie growth,PAR albedo and seasonal distribution of energy fluxes[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,107(3):227-240.
Burba G G,Verma S B,2006.Seasonal and interannual variability in evapotranspiration of native tallgrass prairie and cultivated wheat ecosystems[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,135(1):190-201.
Dennison M S,Berry J F,1993.Wetlands:guide to science,law,and technology[M].USA:Noyes Publications:439.
Ding R S,Kang S Z,Li F S,et al,2010.Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,98(1):87-95.
Raschke E,Cattle H,Lemke P,et al,1991.Report of the Working Group on Polar Radiation Fluxes and Sea Ice Modelling[R].Bremerhaven,Germany:World Climate Research Program,WMO/TD:442.
Falge E,Baldocchi D,Olson R,et al,2001.Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,107(1):71-77.
Kurbatova J,Arneth A,Vygodskaya N N,et al,2002.Comparative ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of energy and mass in a European Russian and a central Siberian bog I.Interseasonal and interannual variability of energy and latent heat fluxes during the snowfree period[J].Tellus Series B-chemical&Physical Meteorology,54(5):497-513.
Kyaw T P U,Baldocchi D D,Meyers T P,et al,2000.Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes[J].BoundaryLayer Meteorology,97(3):487-511.
Lafleur P M,2008.Connecting Atmosphere and Wetland:Energy and Water Vapour Exchange[J].Geography Compass,2(4):1027-1057.
Peichl M,Sagerfors J,Lindroth A,et al,2013.Energy exchange and water budget partitioning in a boreal minerogenic mire[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,118(1):1-13.
Runkle B R K,Wille C,Gaovic M,et al,2014.The surface energy balance and its drivers in a boreal peatland fen of northwestern Russia[J].Journal of Hydrology,511(4):359-373.
Sauer T J,Hatfield J L,Prueger J H,et al,1998.Surface energy balance of a corn residue-covered field[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,89(3/4):155-168.
Scott M D,Ewers B E,Cook B D,et al,2007.Environmental drivers of evapotranspiration in a shrub wetland and an upland forest in Northern Wisconsin[J].Water Resources Research,43(3):W03442.
Wever L A,Flanagan L B,Carlson P J,2002.Seasonal and interannual variation in evapotranspiration,energy balance and surface conductance in a northern temperate grassland[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,112(1):31-49.
Wilson K,Goldstein A,Falge E,et al,2002.Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,113(1-4):223-243.
Wilson K B,Hanson P J,Baldocchi D D,2000.Factors controlling evaporation and energy partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycle[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,102(2/3):83-103.
Zhang J H,Ding Z H,Han S J,et al,2002.Turbulence regime near the forest floor of a mixed broad leaved/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountains[J].Journal of Forestry Research,13(2):119-122.
Zhang Q,Sun R,Jiang G,et al,2016.Carbon and energy flux from a Phragmites australis wetland in Zhangye oasisdesert area,China[M].45-57.