隐鳃鲵科的生物地理与种群遗传研究进展
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摘要
隐鳃鲵科(Cryptobranchidae)现存2属3种,其中大鲵属(Andrias)有2个种,即分布于我国的中国大鲵(A.davidianus)和分布在日本的日本大鲵(A.japonicus);隐鳃鲵属(Cryptobranshus)仅有隐鳃鲵(C.alleganiensis)1种,分布于美国东北部,又称美洲大鲵。由于人类活动的干扰,例如水库修建、森林砍伐、矿山开采、化肥农药使用等导致隐鳃鲵科的物种栖息地遭到严重破坏。此外,过度捕捞使隐鳃鲵科的自然种群数量不断下降,甚至造成某些种群的灭绝。目前,隐鳃鲵科这3个现存物种都处于不同程度的濒危状态。结合现有资料,分析、概述了隐鳃鲵科的生物地理学特点及其种群遗传学研究进展,旨在为其自然种群保护提供参考。
Conservation genetics is a powerful tool to assess the population structure of species and provides a framework for management of freshwater ecosystems. As lotic habitats become fragmented, the need to assess gene flow for species of conservation management becomes a priority. Understanding levels of genetic variation and differentiation at multiple spatial and biological scales will enable natural resource managers to make more informed decisions and plan effective conservation strategies for cryptic, lotic species. The family Cryptobranchidae contains two genera, Andrias and Cryptobranshus. There are two species in the genus Andrias, Chinese giant salamander A. davidianus and Japanese giant salamander A. japonicus. One species of C. alleganiensis distributed in eastern North America is in the genus Cryptobranshus. The focus on the study of conservation genetics of the family Cryptobranchidae at present was reviewed in biogeography and population genetics. Based on fossil, molecular markers and morphology, the giant salamander originated from Asia and spreaded to Europe and North America in Paleocene, about 2.5 million～3.6 million years ago. The natural population of these three extant species has declined drastically due to damming, over harvesting, pollution and habitat alteration and destruction. The endangered Chinese giant salamander endemic to central and southern mainland in China, was listed in CITES Appendix I as a specially protected animal(category II). In order to conserve this species, protection and restoration of its breeding habitats, as well as release of farmed individuals to wild have been implemented in many provinces in China. However, artificial breeding and releasing programs may have translocated Chinese giant salamander from unknown sources to non-native habitats, which might lead to genetic admixture and pose risks to native populations. Japanese giant salamander and Chinese giant salamander are sister taxa and can be regarded as separate species despite of a small degree of genetic differentiation. Japanese giant salamander is divided into central and western clades. C. alleganiensis has two species, eastern hellbender and Ozark hellbender. Levels of genetic diversity are relatively high among eastern hellbender groups. In a word, understanding the current patterns of genetic diversity of the giant salamander in wild might help in formulating future management strategies and policies. In particular, identification of unique genetic lineages that are unlikely to have been subject to human assisted introgression could allow prioritizing populations of special conservation value. Therefore, in order to find the obviously evolutionary units and determine the separate conservation units, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive analyses on the genetic diversity of the giant salamander with more sensitive molecular markers and more samples need be collected on a much larger geographical scale.
Conservation genetics is a powerful tool to assess the population structure of species and provides a framework for management of freshwater ecosystems. As lotic habitats become fragmented, the need to assess gene flow for species of conservation management becomes a priority. Understanding levels of genetic variation and differentiation at multiple spatial and biological scales will enable natural resource managers to make more informed decisions and plan effective conservation strategies for cryptic, lotic species. The family Cryptobranchidae contains two genera, Andrias and Cryptobranshus. There are two species in the genus Andrias, Chinese giant salamander A. davidianus and Japanese giant salamander A. japonicus. One species of C. alleganiensis distributed in eastern North America is in the genus Cryptobranshus. The focus on the study of conservation genetics of the family Cryptobranchidae at present was reviewed in biogeography and population genetics. Based on fossil, molecular markers and morphology, the giant salamander originated from Asia and spreaded to Europe and North America in Paleocene, about 2.5 million～3.6 million years ago. The natural population of these three extant species has declined drastically due to damming, over harvesting, pollution and habitat alteration and destruction. The endangered Chinese giant salamander endemic to central and southern mainland in China, was listed in CITES Appendix I as a specially protected animal(category II). In order to conserve this species, protection and restoration of its breeding habitats, as well as release of farmed individuals to wild have been implemented in many provinces in China. However, artificial breeding and releasing programs may have translocated Chinese giant salamander from unknown sources to non-native habitats, which might lead to genetic admixture and pose risks to native populations. Japanese giant salamander and Chinese giant salamander are sister taxa and can be regarded as separate species despite of a small degree of genetic differentiation. Japanese giant salamander is divided into central and western clades. C. alleganiensis has two species, eastern hellbender and Ozark hellbender. Levels of genetic diversity are relatively high among eastern hellbender groups. In a word, understanding the current patterns of genetic diversity of the giant salamander in wild might help in formulating future management strategies and policies. In particular, identification of unique genetic lineages that are unlikely to have been subject to human assisted introgression could allow prioritizing populations of special conservation value. Therefore, in order to find the obviously evolutionary units and determine the separate conservation units, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive analyses on the genetic diversity of the giant salamander with more sensitive molecular markers and more samples need be collected on a much larger geographical scale.
引文
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[5] GAO K Q,SHUBIN N H.Earliest known crown-group salamanders[J].Nature,2003,422(6930):424–428.
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[11] COTS S,CARROLL R,CLOUTIER R,et al.Vertebral development in the Devonian sarcopterygian fish Eusthenopteron foordi and the polarity of vertebral evolution in non-amniote tetrapods[J].Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,2002,22(3):487–502.
[12] LONG J A,GORDON M S.The greatest step in vertebrate history:A paleobiological review of the fish-tetrapod transition[J].Physiological and Biochemical Zoology,2004,77(5):700–719.
[13] ZHANG P,ZHOU H,CHEN Y Q,et al.Mitogenomic perspectives on the origin and phylogeny of living amphibians[J].Systematic Biology,2005,54(3):391–400.
[14] MARJANOVIC D,LAURIN M.Fossils,molecules,divergence times,and the origin of lissamphibians[J].Systematic Biology,2007,56(3):369–388,
[15] BOLT J R.Lissamphibian origins:Possible protolissamphibian from the lower permian of Oklahoma[J].Science,1969(166):888–891.
[16] LAURIN M.The importance of global parsimony and historical bias in understanding tetrapod evolution.Part I.Systematics,middle ear evolution,and jaw suspension[J].Annales Des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie Et Biologie Animale,1998,19(1):1–42.
[17] VALLIN G,LAURIN M.Cranial morphology and affinities of Microbrachis,and a reappraisal of the phylogeny and lifestyle of the first amphibians[J].Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,2004(24):56–72.
[18] CARROLL R L,CURRIE P J.Microsaurs as possible apodan ancestors[J].Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,1975(57):229–247.
[19] CARROLL R L,HOLMES R.The skull and jaw musculature as guides to the ancestry of salamanders[J].Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society,1980( 68):1–40.
[20] CARROLL R L,KUNTZ A,ALBRIGHT K.Vertebral development and amphibian evolution[J].Evolution and Development,1999(1):36–48.
[21] ANDERSON J S.The phylogenetic trunk:Maximal inclusion of taxa with missing data in an analysis of the Lepospondyli (Vertebrata,Tetrapoda)[J].Systematic Biology,2001(50):170–193.
[22] SCHOCH RR,CARROLL R L.Ontogenetic evidence for the Paleozoic ancestry of salamanders[J].Evolution and Development,2003(5):314–324.
[23] LEE M S Y,ANDERSON J S.Molecular clocks and the origins of modern amphibians[J].Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2006(40):635–639.
[24] GAO K Q,SHUBIN N H.Late Jurassic salamanders from northern China[J].Nature,2001,410(29):574–577.
[25] BROWNE R K,LI H,WANG Z,et al.The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae):Part A.palaeontology,phylogeny,genetics,and morphology[J].Amphibian and Reptile Conservation,2012,5(4):17–29.
[26] MATSUI M,TOMINAGA A,LIU W Z,et al.Reduced genetic variation in the Japanese giant salamander,Andrias japonicus (Amphibia:Caudata)[J].Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,2008(49):318–326.
[27] 杨丽萍,蒙子宁,刘晓春,等.中国大鲵5个野生种群的AFLP分析[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2011,50(2):99–104.YANG L P,MENG Z N,LIU X C,et al.AFLP analysis of five natural populations of Andrias davidianus[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2011,50(2):99–104.
[28] 章克家,王小明,吴巍,等.大鲵保护生物学及其研究进展[J].生物多样性,2002,10(3):291–297.ZHANG K J,WANG X M,WU W,et al.Advances in conservation biology of Chinese giant salamander[J].Biodiversity Science,2002,10(3):291–297.
[29] 刘鉴毅,庄平,谭启森,等.中国大鲵在华南地区最适人工繁殖时期[J].海洋渔业,2005,27(4):343–347.LIU J Y,ZHUANG P,TAN Q S,et al.Optimum season for artificial breeding of Chinese giant salamander in south China[J].Marine Fisheries,2005,27(4):343–347.
[30] 梁志强,张书环,王崇瑞,等.大鲵资源现状与保护建议[J].淡水渔业,2013,43(S1):13–17.LIANG Z Q,ZHANG S H,WANG C R,et al.Present situation of natural resources and protection recommendations of Andrias davidianus[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2013,43(S1):13–17.
[31] 粟海军,喻理飞,马建章,等.贵州岩下自然保护区的野生大鲵资源现状及历史动态[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(7):652–657.LI H J,YU L F,MA J Z.Population status and history dynamics of wild Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) in Yanxia Natural Reserve in Guizhou Province,China[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(7):652–657.
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