灌水量对温室番茄土壤CO_2、N_2O和CH_4排放的影响
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摘要
为揭示不同灌水量对温室番茄土壤CO_2、N_2O和CH_4排放及作物产量的影响,提出有效的减排措施,试验设置充分灌溉(1.0W,W_(1.0);W为充分供水的灌水量)、亏缺20%灌溉(0.8W,W_(0.8))和亏缺40%灌溉(0.6W,W_(0.6))3个灌水水平,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法于2017年4—12月对两茬温室番茄土壤CO_2、N_2O和CH_4进行全生长季监测,分析土壤CO_2、N_2O和CH_4排放对不同灌水量的响应.结果表明:番茄两个生长季中,土壤CO_2、N_2O和CH_4排放量均随着灌水量增加呈现逐渐增加的趋势(W_(1.0)>W_(0.8)>W_(0.6)),除W_(0.6)和W_(1.0)处理间土壤N_2O排放具有显著差异外,其他各处理间气体排放差异均不显著.与W_(1.0)处理相比,W_(0.6)和W_(0.8)处理土壤CO_2排放分别减小了12.2%和8.3%,N_2O分别减小了19.1%和8.0%,CH_4分别减小了11.0%和6.2%.番茄产量和由土壤N_2O和CH_4引起的全球增温潜势(GWP)均随灌水量增加而增加;与W_(1.0)处理相比,W_(0.6)处理产量和GWP显著减小,降幅分别为17.0%和22.9%,而W_(0.8)处理对两者未产生显著影响.单位产量GWP随灌水量增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势(W_(0.8)>W_(1.0)>W_(0.6)),处理间差异不显著.灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)随灌水量增加而降低,与W_(1.0)处理相比,W_(0.6)和W_(0.8)处理IWUE分别增加了38.3%和9.4%.回归分析表明,土壤CO_2排放通量与土壤水分呈指数负相关关系;土壤CH_4通量与土壤水分呈线性正相关关系;当土壤温度小于18℃和大于18℃时,土壤N_2O排放通量与土壤温度间均呈指数负相关关系.灌水增加了番茄产量和温室气体排放,但降低了IWUE.综合考虑番茄产量、IWUE和温室效应,推荐W_(0.8)处理为较佳的灌溉模式.
To understand the effects of different irrigation amounts on soil CO_2, N_2O, and CH_4 emission characteristics and tomato yield, and further put forward effective reduction measures, we carried out an experiment with three irrigation levels: full irrigation(1.0 W, W_(1.0); W meant irrigation amount needed to provide the adequate water), 20% deficit irrigation(0.8 W, W_(0.8)) and 40% deficit irrigation(0.6 W, W_(0.6)). We used static closed chamber and gas chromatography method to measure greenhouse gas emission in two consecutive greenhouse tomato rotation cycles from April to December, 2017. The results showed that cumulative soil CO_2, N_2O and CH_4 emissions increased with increasing irrigation amounts in the two growing seasons(W_(1.0)>W_(0.8)>W_(0.6)), and significant difference of N_2O between W_(0.6) and W_(1.0) was observed, while other treatment effects on soil gas emissions were not obvious. Compared to W_(1.0), cumulative soil CO_2 emissions were decreased by 12.2% and 8.3%, cumulative soil N_2O emissions were decreased by 19.1% and 8.0%, and cumulative soil CH_4 emissions were reduced by 11.0% and 6.2% for W_(0.6) and W_(0.8), respectively. Tomato yield and global warming potential of soil N_2O and CH_4 emissions(GWP) increased as irrigation amount increasing. Compared with W_(1.0), W_(0.6) significantly decreased tomato yield by 17.0% and GWP by 22.9%, while the difference between the effects of W_(0.8) and W_(1.0) on these two parameters was not significant. Global warming potential per tomato yield presented an increase then a decrease as irrigation amount increasing(W_(0.8)>W_(1.0)>W_(0.6)), but without stanificance. Irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE) showed a decrease with increasing irrigation amount. Compared with W_(1.0), IWUE under W_(0.6) and W_(0.8) was increased by 38.3% and 9.4%, respectively. Soil CO_2 flux was nega-tively and exponentially correlated with soil moisture. The dependence of soil CH_4 flux on soil moisture showed a significantly positive correlation. An exponential negative correlation was observed between the soil N_2O flux and soil temperature when soil temperature was below or above 18 ℃. Irrigation increased tomato yield and soil greenhouse gas emissions, but decreased IWUE. Therefore, W_(0.8) was the best mode of irrigation management when synthetically considering tomato yield, IWUE, and greenhouse effect.
To understand the effects of different irrigation amounts on soil CO_2, N_2O, and CH_4 emission characteristics and tomato yield, and further put forward effective reduction measures, we carried out an experiment with three irrigation levels: full irrigation(1.0 W, W_(1.0); W meant irrigation amount needed to provide the adequate water), 20% deficit irrigation(0.8 W, W_(0.8)) and 40% deficit irrigation(0.6 W, W_(0.6)). We used static closed chamber and gas chromatography method to measure greenhouse gas emission in two consecutive greenhouse tomato rotation cycles from April to December, 2017. The results showed that cumulative soil CO_2, N_2O and CH_4 emissions increased with increasing irrigation amounts in the two growing seasons(W_(1.0)>W_(0.8)>W_(0.6)), and significant difference of N_2O between W_(0.6) and W_(1.0) was observed, while other treatment effects on soil gas emissions were not obvious. Compared to W_(1.0), cumulative soil CO_2 emissions were decreased by 12.2% and 8.3%, cumulative soil N_2O emissions were decreased by 19.1% and 8.0%, and cumulative soil CH_4 emissions were reduced by 11.0% and 6.2% for W_(0.6) and W_(0.8), respectively. Tomato yield and global warming potential of soil N_2O and CH_4 emissions(GWP) increased as irrigation amount increasing. Compared with W_(1.0), W_(0.6) significantly decreased tomato yield by 17.0% and GWP by 22.9%, while the difference between the effects of W_(0.8) and W_(1.0) on these two parameters was not significant. Global warming potential per tomato yield presented an increase then a decrease as irrigation amount increasing(W_(0.8)>W_(1.0)>W_(0.6)), but without stanificance. Irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE) showed a decrease with increasing irrigation amount. Compared with W_(1.0), IWUE under W_(0.6) and W_(0.8) was increased by 38.3% and 9.4%, respectively. Soil CO_2 flux was nega-tively and exponentially correlated with soil moisture. The dependence of soil CH_4 flux on soil moisture showed a significantly positive correlation. An exponential negative correlation was observed between the soil N_2O flux and soil temperature when soil temperature was below or above 18 ℃. Irrigation increased tomato yield and soil greenhouse gas emissions, but decreased IWUE. Therefore, W_(0.8) was the best mode of irrigation management when synthetically considering tomato yield, IWUE, and greenhouse effect.
引文
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[6] Wang YY,Hu CS,Ming H,et al.Concentration profiles of CH4,CO2 and N2O in soils of a wheat-maize rotation ecosystem in North China Plain,measured weekly over a whole year.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2013,164:260-272
[7] Yang S,Xu J,Liu X,et al.Variations of carbon dioxi-de exchange in paddy field ecosystem under water-saving irrigation in Southeast China.Agricultural Water Mana-gement,2016,166:42-52
[8] Yu Y-X (俞永祥),Zhao C-Y (赵成义),Jia H-T (贾宏涛),et al.Effects of plastic film mulching on soil CO2 efflux and CO2 concentration in an oasis cotton field.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(1):155-160 (in Chinese)
[9] Scheer C,Grace PR,Rowlings DW,et al.Soil N2O and CO2 emissions from cotton in Australia under varying irrigation management.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2013,95:43-56
[10] Yang Y (杨岩),Sun Q-P (孙钦平),Zou G-Y (邹国元),et al.Effects of reducing irrigation and organic fertilization on N2O emissions from celery field in facilities.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology (中国农业气象),2016,37(3):281-288 (in Chinese)
[11] Yi Q (易琼),Huang X (黄旭),Zhang M (张木),et al.Effects of nitrogen application rate and sources on yield of lettuce and nitrous oxide emission in vegetable soil.Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报),2016,35(10):2019-2025 (in Chinese)
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[13] Meng M (孟梦),Lyu C-W (吕成文),Li Y-E (李玉娥),et al.Effect of biochar on CH4 and N2O emissions from early rice field in South China.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology (中国农业气象),2013,34(4):396-402 (in Chinese)
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[15] Reth S,Gockede M,Falge E.CO2 efflux from agricultural soils in Eastern Germany:Comparison of a closed chamber system with eddy covariance measurements.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2005,80:105-120
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[19] Hou H-J (侯会静),Chen H (陈慧),Yang S-H (杨士红),et al.Effects of controlled irrigation of paddy fields on N2O emissions from rice-winter wheat rotation systems.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报),2015,31(12):125-131 (in Chinese)
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[21] Mcculley RL,Boutton TW,Archer SR.Soil respiration in a subtropical savanna parkland:Response to water additions.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2007,71:820-828
[22] Zheng J,Huang G,Jia D,et al.Responses of drip irrigated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) yield,quality and water productivity to various soil matric potential thresholds in an arid region of Northwest China.Agricultural Water Management,2013,129:181-193
[23] Qi G-P (齐广平),Zhang E-H (张恩和).Effect of drip irrigation quota on root distribution and yield of tomato under film mulch.Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠),2009,29(3):463-467 (in Chinese)
[24] Chen H (陈慧),Hou H-J (侯会静),Cai H-J (蔡焕杰),et al.Effects of aerated irrigation on CO2 emissions from soils of tomato fields.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2016,49(17):3380-3390 (in Chinese)
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[26] Mosier A,Schimel D,Valentine D,et al.Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in native,fertilized and cultivated grasslands.Nature,1991,350:330-332
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