基于地貌演化的黄土滑坡敏感性分析
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摘要
甘肃天水麦积区位于陇西黄土高原,受强降雨和历史地震的影响,地表沟壑纵横,滑坡分布广泛。如何判断不同成因滑坡的敏感性与地貌演化阶段的对应关系是值得深入研究的问题。通过详细的野外调查,总结滑坡的形态特征,将区内滑坡分为降雨诱发型和地震诱发型。基于地貌演化理论,利用面积-高程曲线参数HI值和K值判断各小流域发育阶段与侵蚀程度,开展研究区滑坡敏感性分区。结合野外实地调查获得的滑坡分布数据,计算各个不同敏感区的地震滑坡和降雨滑坡面积比例,探讨不同成因形成的滑坡的分布趋势与地貌演化阶段的对应关系,并对敏感性分区结果进行验证。分析结果表明:高敏感区(壮年期)HI值为0.35～0.6,占全区总面积的67.87%;中敏感区(幼年期)HI值为0.6～1,占全区总面积的21.33%;低敏感(老年期)区HI值为0～0.35,占全区总面积的10.8%。K值与HI值整体呈正相关关系。各敏感性分区内地震与降雨滑坡的面积与分区面积的比值随敏感性的增加而增加,降雨滑坡在中敏感(幼年期)区中分布比例最高,多为黄土浅表层滑坡,地震诱发滑坡在高敏感区(壮年期)中分布比例最高。
Maiji District of the Tianshui city in Gansu Province is located in the Longxi Loess Plateau,northwest China.,The landslides are widely distributed on broken ground due to heavy rainfall and historical earthquakes.How to estimate the relationship between the sensitivity of landslides with different causes and the geomorphic evolution stage of ground is of great interests.This paper summarized the morphological features of landslides through detailed field investigation,and divided them into rainfall induced or earthquake induced.The parameters HI and K in the area-altitude curve of the geomorphologic evolution theory were calculated to assess evolution stages and erosion extent of each catchments.Regional landslide susceptibility zoning was mapped.Combining with actual landslide distribution data,the ratio of seismic landslide and rainfall landslide in each sensitive zone were estimated.Furthermore,the correspondence between landslide distribution with different causes and geomorphologic evolution stage was discussed to verify the sensitivity zoning.Three conclusions were drawn:1)The high sensitivity partition with parameters of HI 0.35 to 0.6 accounted for 67.87% of the region;The moderate sensitivity partition with HI from0.6 to 1 accounted for 21.33% of the region;and the low sensitivity partition with HI from 0 to 0.35 accounted for 10.8% of the region.2)The parameters HI and K were positively correlated.3)The ratio of the two type landslides areas to their sensitive area increased with sensitivity.The rainfall landslide mainly occurred in the moderate sensitivity partition and showed shallow landslide.The seismic landslide mainly occurred in the high sensitivity partition.
Maiji District of the Tianshui city in Gansu Province is located in the Longxi Loess Plateau,northwest China.,The landslides are widely distributed on broken ground due to heavy rainfall and historical earthquakes.How to estimate the relationship between the sensitivity of landslides with different causes and the geomorphic evolution stage of ground is of great interests.This paper summarized the morphological features of landslides through detailed field investigation,and divided them into rainfall induced or earthquake induced.The parameters HI and K in the area-altitude curve of the geomorphologic evolution theory were calculated to assess evolution stages and erosion extent of each catchments.Regional landslide susceptibility zoning was mapped.Combining with actual landslide distribution data,the ratio of seismic landslide and rainfall landslide in each sensitive zone were estimated.Furthermore,the correspondence between landslide distribution with different causes and geomorphologic evolution stage was discussed to verify the sensitivity zoning.Three conclusions were drawn:1)The high sensitivity partition with parameters of HI 0.35 to 0.6 accounted for 67.87% of the region;The moderate sensitivity partition with HI from0.6 to 1 accounted for 21.33% of the region;and the low sensitivity partition with HI from 0 to 0.35 accounted for 10.8% of the region.2)The parameters HI and K were positively correlated.3)The ratio of the two type landslides areas to their sensitive area increased with sensitivity.The rainfall landslide mainly occurred in the moderate sensitivity partition and showed shallow landslide.The seismic landslide mainly occurred in the high sensitivity partition.
引文
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[2]陶舒,胡德勇,赵文吉,等.基于信息量与逻辑回归的次生滑坡灾害敏感性分析—以汶川县北部为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(9):1594-1605.(TAO S,HU D Y,ZHAO W J.Susceptibility assessment of secondary landslides triggered by earthquakes:A case study of northern Wenchuan[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(9):1594-1605.(in Chinese))DOI:10.11821/yj2010090006.
[3]许冲,戴福初,姚鑫,等.基于GIS与确定性系数分析方法的汶川地震滑坡易发性评价[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(1):15-25.(XU C,DAI F C,YAO X,et al.Gis platform and certainty factor analysis method based wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility evaluation[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(1):15-25.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9665.2010.01.003.
[4]WU X L,REN F,NIU R Q.Landslide susceptibility assessment using object mapping units,decision tree,and support vector machine models in the Three Gorges of China[J].Environ Earth Sci,2014,71(11):4275-4783.DOI:10.1007/s12665-013-2863-4.
[5] CHOI J,OH,H J,WON J S,et al.Validation of an artificial neural network model for landslide susceptibility mapping[J].Environ Earth Sci,2010,60(3):473-483.DOI:10.1007/s12665-009-0188-0
[6] DIEU T B,BISWAJEET P,OWE L,et al.Spatial prediction of landslide hazards in Hoa Binh province(Vietnam):A comparative assessment of the efficacy of evidential belief functions and fuzzy logic models[J].Catena,2012,96:28-40.DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2012.04.001.
[7] AKGUN A,SEZER E A,NEFESLIOGLU H A,et al.An easy-to-use MATLAB program(MamLand)for the assessment of landslide susceptibility using a Mamdani fuzzy algorithm.[J].Computers&Geosciences,2012,38(1):23-34.DOI:10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.012.
[8] HE S W,PAN P,DAI L,et al.Application of kernelbased Fisher discriminant analysis to map landslide susceptibility in the Qinggan River delta,Three Gorges,China[J].Geomorphology,2012,171-172:30-41.DOI:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.04.024.
[9]谭龙,陈冠,王思源,等.逻辑回归与支持向量机模型在滑坡敏感性评价中的应用[J].工程地质学报,2014,22(1):56-63.(TAN L,CHEN G,WANG S Y,et al.Landslide susceptibility mapping based on logistic regression and support vector machine[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2014,22(1):56-63.(in Chinese))DOI:j.issn.1004-9665.2014.01.008.
[10]王志恒,胡卓玮,赵文吉,等.基于确定性系数概率模型的降雨型滑坡孕灾环境因子敏感性分析—以四川省低山丘陵区为例[J].灾害学,2014,29(2):109-115.(WANG Z H,HU Z W,ZHAO W J,et a1.Susceptibility Analysis of Precipitation—induced Landslide Disaster—pregnant Environmental Factors Based on the Certainty Factor Probability M0del-Taking the Hilly Area in Sichuan as Example[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2014,29(2):109-115.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2014.02.022.
[11] STRAHLER A N.Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology[J].Transactions American Geophysical Union,1957,38:913-920.DOI:10.1029/TR038i006p00913.
[12]赵洪壮,李有利,杨景春,等.天山北麓流域面积高度积分特征及其构造意义[J].山地学报,2009,27(3):285-292.(ZHAO H Z,LI Y L,YANG J C,et al.Geomorphology characteristic and tectonic response of the northern Tianshan represented by hypsometric integral[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2009,27(3):285-292.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2009.03.005.
[13]祝士杰,汤国安,李发源,等.基于DEM的黄土高原面积高程积分研究[J].地理学报,2013,68(7):921-932.(ZHU S J,TANG G A,LI F Y,et al.Spatial variation of hypsometric integral in the Loess Plateau based on DEM[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(7):921-932.(in Chinese))DOI:
[14] WALCOTT R C,SUMMERFIELD M A.Scale dependence of hypsometric integrals:An analysis of southeast African basins[J].Geomorphology,2008,96(1-2):174-186.DOI:org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.001.
[15]陈彦杰,郑光佑,宋国城.面积尺度与空间分布对流域面积高度积分及其地质意义的影响[J].地理学报(中国台湾),2005,39:53-69.(CHEN Y J,ZHENG G Y,SONG G C[J].Influence of area and space dependence forhypsometric integral and its geological implications[J].Journal of Geographical Science(Taiwan,China),2005,39:53-69.(in Chinese))
[16]常直杨,王建,白世彪,等.面积高程积分值计算方法的比较[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(3):000171-175.(CHANG Z Y,WANG J,BAI S B,et al.Comparison of hypsometric integral methods[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(3):171-175.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13448/j.cnki.jalre.2015.100.
[17]艾南山.侵蚀流域系统的信息熵[J].水土保持学报,1988,1(2):1-7.(AI N S.Comentropy in erosionaldrainage-system[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1988,1(2):1-7.(in Chinese))
[18]艾南山,岳天祥.再论流域系统的信息熵[J].水土保持学报,1988,2(4):1-9.(AI N S,YUE T X.Second discussion of the comentropy of drainage-system[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1988,2(4):1-9.(in Chinese))
[19]李泳,陈晓清,胡凯衡,等.流域特征曲线与泥石流活动[J].山地学报,2006,24(3):320-326.(LI Y,CHEN X Q,HU K H,et al.Characteristic curves and debris flow activity of a valley[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(3):1-9.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2006.03.009.
[20]雷中生,袁道阳,葛伟鹏,等.734年天水7级地震考证与发震构造分析[J].地震地质,2007,29(1):51-62.(LEI Z S,YUAN D Y,GE W P,et al.Textual research on the Tianshu im 7earthquake in 734ad and analysisof its causative structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(1):51-62.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2007.01.004.
[21]刘白云.甘东南地区两次8级历史疑难地震发震构造与发震机制研究[D].兰州:中国地震局兰州地震研究所,2012.(LIU B Y.Study on the occurrence and occurrence mechanism of two Ms 8.0-magnitude historical disturbed earthquake in southeast of Gansu province[D].Lanzhou:China Earthquake Administration Lanzhou Earthquake Research Institute,2012.(in Chinese))
[22]田尤,杨为民,黄晓,等.天水市麦积区幅黄土滑坡发育分布特征及其孕灾因素分析[J].地质力学学报,2016,22(1):25-38.(TIAN Y YANG W M,HUANG X,et al.Distribution characteristics and inducing factors of loess landslide in maiji mappable unit,tianshui[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2016,22(1):25-38.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2016.01.003.
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