彬长矿区不同地表沉陷类型下植物群落特征
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摘要
地表沉陷是煤炭开发过程对生态环境造成严重损害的形式之一,直接或间接地影响植物分布与群落结构。本研究以陕西彬长矿区不同地表沉陷类型下植物群落为对象,调查植物群落组成、生产力和多样性等变化特征,探讨不同沉陷类型植物群落特征的变化规律及其机理。结果表明:1)彬长矿区植被以菊科、禾本科、豆科植物为主,植物生长型构型以多年生草本为主,水分生态类型以中旱生植物为主;沉陷扰动造成了一年生草本、多年生草本和中旱生植物比例增加,中生植物比例显著下降,而灌木和乔木比例变化不明显。2)不同沉陷类型下塬面裂缝区植物群落结构变化不显著,塬面台阶状沉陷区、沟谷边缘裂缝区和台阶状沉陷区植物群落物种数、盖度、生物量、物种密度、物种多样性显著下降。3)依据植物群落损害程度,将彬长矿区不同沉陷类型分为3类:轻微损害区,包括塬面裂缝区;中等强度损害区,包括塬面台阶状下沉区和沟谷边缘裂缝区;强烈损害区,包括沟谷边缘台阶状下沉区。
Subsidence is one of the most serious forms of coal mining process on environment,which directly and indirectly affects plant species distribution and community structure. In this study,we investigated the characteristics of plant community in different types of coal mining subsidence in Bin-Chang mining area to understand the responses of plant community to coal mining subsidence and underlying mechanisms. The results showed that families in Bin-Chang mining area were mainly Compositae,Gramineae,and Legumes,the main plant growth forms were perennial herb,and the water ecological type was dominated by meso-xerophytes. Disturbance of mining subsidence increased proportions of annual grass,perennial herbs and meso-xerophytes,decreased the proportion of mesophytes,but had no effect on the proportion of shrubs and trees.The disturbance of surface crevasse in the tableland area did not cause significant change in plant community structure,but the number of species,coverage,biomass,species density and biodiversity index of plant community were significantly lower in stepped subsidence area and surface crevasse area at ravine edge. According to the damage of plant communities,the subsidences in Bin-Chang mining area could be divided into three types: slightly damaged area,including surface crevasse in tableland area; medium damage area,including stepped subsidence area in tableland area and surface crevasse area at ravine edge; strong damage area,including stepped subsidence area at ravine edge.
Subsidence is one of the most serious forms of coal mining process on environment,which directly and indirectly affects plant species distribution and community structure. In this study,we investigated the characteristics of plant community in different types of coal mining subsidence in Bin-Chang mining area to understand the responses of plant community to coal mining subsidence and underlying mechanisms. The results showed that families in Bin-Chang mining area were mainly Compositae,Gramineae,and Legumes,the main plant growth forms were perennial herb,and the water ecological type was dominated by meso-xerophytes. Disturbance of mining subsidence increased proportions of annual grass,perennial herbs and meso-xerophytes,decreased the proportion of mesophytes,but had no effect on the proportion of shrubs and trees.The disturbance of surface crevasse in the tableland area did not cause significant change in plant community structure,but the number of species,coverage,biomass,species density and biodiversity index of plant community were significantly lower in stepped subsidence area and surface crevasse area at ravine edge. According to the damage of plant communities,the subsidences in Bin-Chang mining area could be divided into three types: slightly damaged area,including surface crevasse in tableland area; medium damage area,including stepped subsidence area in tableland area and surface crevasse area at ravine edge; strong damage area,including stepped subsidence area at ravine edge.
引文
丁玉龙,雷少刚,卞正富,等.2013.开采沉陷区四合木根系抗变形能力分析.中国矿业大学学报,42(6):970-974.
郭友红,李树志,高均海.2009.采煤塌陷区景观演变特征研究.矿山测量,(2):72-75.
雷明德.1999.陕西植被.北京:科学出版社.
雷少刚,卞正富.2014.西部干旱区煤炭开采环境影响研究.生态学报,34(11):2837-2843.
李登武.2007.陕北黄土高原维管植物区系地理研究(博士学位论文).杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
孙岩,何明珠,王立.2018.降水控制对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响.生态学报,38(7):2425-2433.
王友生,吴鹏飞,侯晓龙,等.2015.稀土矿废弃地不同植被恢复模式对土壤肥力的影响.生态环境学报,24(11):1831-1836.
杨艳,吴攀,李学先,等.2018.贵州织金县贯城河上游煤矿区富硒高镉土壤重金属的分布特征及生态风险评价.生态学杂志,37(6):1797-1806.
杨泽元,王文科,黄金廷,等.2006.陕北风沙滩地区生态安全地下水位埋深研究.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,34(8):67-74.
叶瑶,全占军,肖能文,等.2015.采煤塌陷对地表植物群落特征的影响.环境科学研究,28(5):736-744.
余学义,张恩强.2006.开采损害学.北京:煤炭工业出版社.
袁剑刚,周先叶,陈彦,等.2005.采石场悬崖生态系统自然演替初期土壤和植被特征.生态学报,25(6):1517-1522.
张勇,王亚峰,赵晓光.2013.陕西省彬长矿区水土流失与地质灾害的关系初探.水土保持通报,33(5):305-308.
张金屯.2011.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社.
赵国平,李晖,李旭祥,等.2012.神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷地表环境动态变化综合评价.西安交通大学学报,46(5):137-142.
中国植被编辑委员会.1980.中国植被.北京:科学出版社.
周莹,贺晓,徐军,等.2009.半干旱区采煤沉陷对地表植被组成及多样性的影响.生态学报,29(8):4517-4525.
Catford JA,Daehler CC,Murphy HT,et al.2012.The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions:Implications for species richness and management.Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,14:231-241.
Guittar J,Goldberg D,Klanderud K,et al.2016.Can trait patterns along gradients predict plant community responses to climate change?Ecology,97:2791-2801.
He Y,He X,Liu Z,et al.2017.Coal mine subsidence has limited impact on plant assemblages in an arid and aemi-arid region of northwestern China.Ecoscience,24:1-13.
Howladar MF.2016.Environmental impacts of subsidence around the Barapukuria coal mining area in Bangladesh.Energy,Ecology and Environment,1:370-385.
Ishwar SG,Kumar D.2017.Application of DIn SAR in mine surface subsidence monitoring and prediction.Current Science,112:46-51.
Kim KD,Lee S,Oh HJ,et al.2006.Assessment of ground subsidence hazard near an abandoned underground coal mine using GIS.Environmental Geology,50:1183-1191.
Kleyer M,Bekker R,Knevel I,et al.2008.The LEDA Traitbase:A database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora.Journal of Ecology,96:1266-1274.
Martinez-Vilalta J,Loret F.2016.Drought-induced vegetation shifts in terrestrial ecosystems:The key role of regeneration dynamics.Global and Planetary Change,144:94-108.
Ross MR,Mcglynn BL,Bernhardt ES.2016.Deep impact:effects of mountaintop mining on surface topography,bedrock structure,and downstream waters.Environmental Science&Technology,50:2064-2074.
Schenk HJ,Jackson RB.2002.Rooting depths,lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems.Journal of Ecology,90:480-494.
Woo KS,Eberhardt E,Elmo D,et al.2013.Empirical investigation and characterization of surface subsidence related to block cave mining.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,61:31-42.
郭友红,李树志,高均海.2009.采煤塌陷区景观演变特征研究.矿山测量,(2):72-75.
雷明德.1999.陕西植被.北京:科学出版社.
雷少刚,卞正富.2014.西部干旱区煤炭开采环境影响研究.生态学报,34(11):2837-2843.
李登武.2007.陕北黄土高原维管植物区系地理研究(博士学位论文).杨凌:西北农林科技大学.
孙岩,何明珠,王立.2018.降水控制对荒漠植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响.生态学报,38(7):2425-2433.
王友生,吴鹏飞,侯晓龙,等.2015.稀土矿废弃地不同植被恢复模式对土壤肥力的影响.生态环境学报,24(11):1831-1836.
杨艳,吴攀,李学先,等.2018.贵州织金县贯城河上游煤矿区富硒高镉土壤重金属的分布特征及生态风险评价.生态学杂志,37(6):1797-1806.
杨泽元,王文科,黄金廷,等.2006.陕北风沙滩地区生态安全地下水位埋深研究.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,34(8):67-74.
叶瑶,全占军,肖能文,等.2015.采煤塌陷对地表植物群落特征的影响.环境科学研究,28(5):736-744.
余学义,张恩强.2006.开采损害学.北京:煤炭工业出版社.
袁剑刚,周先叶,陈彦,等.2005.采石场悬崖生态系统自然演替初期土壤和植被特征.生态学报,25(6):1517-1522.
张勇,王亚峰,赵晓光.2013.陕西省彬长矿区水土流失与地质灾害的关系初探.水土保持通报,33(5):305-308.
张金屯.2011.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社.
赵国平,李晖,李旭祥,等.2012.神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷地表环境动态变化综合评价.西安交通大学学报,46(5):137-142.
中国植被编辑委员会.1980.中国植被.北京:科学出版社.
周莹,贺晓,徐军,等.2009.半干旱区采煤沉陷对地表植被组成及多样性的影响.生态学报,29(8):4517-4525.
Catford JA,Daehler CC,Murphy HT,et al.2012.The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and plant invasions:Implications for species richness and management.Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,14:231-241.
Guittar J,Goldberg D,Klanderud K,et al.2016.Can trait patterns along gradients predict plant community responses to climate change?Ecology,97:2791-2801.
He Y,He X,Liu Z,et al.2017.Coal mine subsidence has limited impact on plant assemblages in an arid and aemi-arid region of northwestern China.Ecoscience,24:1-13.
Howladar MF.2016.Environmental impacts of subsidence around the Barapukuria coal mining area in Bangladesh.Energy,Ecology and Environment,1:370-385.
Ishwar SG,Kumar D.2017.Application of DIn SAR in mine surface subsidence monitoring and prediction.Current Science,112:46-51.
Kim KD,Lee S,Oh HJ,et al.2006.Assessment of ground subsidence hazard near an abandoned underground coal mine using GIS.Environmental Geology,50:1183-1191.
Kleyer M,Bekker R,Knevel I,et al.2008.The LEDA Traitbase:A database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora.Journal of Ecology,96:1266-1274.
Martinez-Vilalta J,Loret F.2016.Drought-induced vegetation shifts in terrestrial ecosystems:The key role of regeneration dynamics.Global and Planetary Change,144:94-108.
Ross MR,Mcglynn BL,Bernhardt ES.2016.Deep impact:effects of mountaintop mining on surface topography,bedrock structure,and downstream waters.Environmental Science&Technology,50:2064-2074.
Schenk HJ,Jackson RB.2002.Rooting depths,lateral root spreads and below-ground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems.Journal of Ecology,90:480-494.
Woo KS,Eberhardt E,Elmo D,et al.2013.Empirical investigation and characterization of surface subsidence related to block cave mining.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,61:31-42.