煤矿废弃地生态修复的土壤有机碳效应
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摘要
采煤使得植被和土壤遭到损毁破坏,导致原生态系统碳汇功能的急剧退化甚至完全丧失。采煤堆积的煤矸石可发生氧化自燃,是巨大的CO_2排放源。生态修复对减少矿区碳排放及减缓大气温室效应具有重要意义。分析了国内外煤矿废弃地生态修复后的土壤有机碳动态特征,修复模式、修复时间和修复措施对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响,总结了土壤固碳的主要影响因子。研究结果表明,土壤有机碳在人工植被修复和有机物添加后增加显著,且与修复时间成正比。煤矿废弃地通过采取适宜的生态修复措施,有很大的土壤固碳潜力。未来应加强团聚体固碳等土壤固碳机理和土壤活性有机碳等科学问题的研究,以期为退化区生态修复进程中土壤固碳功能提升提供参考。
Coal mining has caused severe damage to vegetation and soil, leading to a sharp degradation or entire loss of the carbon sequestration function of the original ecosystems. Furthermore, accumulated coal-gangues are easily oxidized or combusted, which has resulted in huge emissions of CO_2. Ecological restoration in post-mining areas is of great significance to curb regional carbon emission, and to mitigate greenhouse effects. In this study, the effects of ecological restoration on changes in soil organic carbon were reviewed, including the effects of restoration type and time; restoration measures for soil organic carbon and its active fractions, and the main factors influencing carbon sequestration were also summarized. The results showed that soil organic carbon increased significantly through vegetation restoration and organic matter addition and was positively correlated with restoration time. The results suggested that degraded lands in post-mining areas have great potential for carbon sequestration by adopting suitable restoration measures. In the future, research on the mechanism of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates and the active fractions of soil carbon should be prioritized because such studies could provide references for the enhancement of carbon sequestration function in degraded areas during restoration processes.
Coal mining has caused severe damage to vegetation and soil, leading to a sharp degradation or entire loss of the carbon sequestration function of the original ecosystems. Furthermore, accumulated coal-gangues are easily oxidized or combusted, which has resulted in huge emissions of CO_2. Ecological restoration in post-mining areas is of great significance to curb regional carbon emission, and to mitigate greenhouse effects. In this study, the effects of ecological restoration on changes in soil organic carbon were reviewed, including the effects of restoration type and time; restoration measures for soil organic carbon and its active fractions, and the main factors influencing carbon sequestration were also summarized. The results showed that soil organic carbon increased significantly through vegetation restoration and organic matter addition and was positively correlated with restoration time. The results suggested that degraded lands in post-mining areas have great potential for carbon sequestration by adopting suitable restoration measures. In the future, research on the mechanism of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates and the active fractions of soil carbon should be prioritized because such studies could provide references for the enhancement of carbon sequestration function in degraded areas during restoration processes.
引文
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[2]方精云,于贵瑞,任小波,刘国华,赵新全.中国陆地生态系统固碳效应---中国科学院战略性先导科技专项“应对气候变化的碳收支认证及相关问题”之生态系统固碳任务群研究进展.中国科学院院刊,2015,30(6):848-857.
[3]Shrestha R K,Lal R.Ecosystem carbon budgeting and soil carbon sequestration in reclaimed mine soil.Environment International,2006,32(6):781-796.
[4]黄翌,汪云甲,田丰,侯飞.煤炭开采对植被-土壤系统扰动的碳效应研究.资源科学,2014,36(4):817-823.
[5]杨永均,张绍良,侯湖平,李效顺.煤炭开采的生态效应及其地域分异.中国土地科学,2015,29(1):55-62.
[6]Heneghan L,Miller S P,Baer S,Callaham M A Jr,Montgomery J,Pavao-Zuckerman M,Rhoades C C,Richardson S.Integrating soil ecological knowledge into restoration management.Restoration Ecology,2008,16(4):608-617.
[7]Yu H Y,Ding W X,Chen Z M,Zhang H J,Luo J F,Bolan N.Accumulation of organic C components in soil and aggregates.Scientific Reports,2015,5(1):13804.
[8]Six J,Paustian K.Aggregate-associated soil organic matter as an ecosystem property and a measurement tool.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,68:A4-A9.
[9]Bradford M A,Wieder W R,Bonan G B,Fierer N,Raymond P A,Crowther T W.Managing uncertainty in soil carbon feedbacks to climate change.Nature Climate Change,2016,6(8):751-758.
[10]Lal R.Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change.Geoderma,2004,123(1/2):1-22.
[11]Melillo J M,Frey S D,De Angelis K M,Werner W J,Bernard M J,Bowles F P,Pold G,Knorr M A,Grandy A S.Long-term pattern and magnitude of soil carbon feedback to the climate system in a warming world.Science,2017,358(6359):101-105.
[12]Yan M F,Guo N,Ren H R,Zhang X S,Zhou G S.Autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration of a poplar plantation chronosequence in northwest China.Forest Ecology and Management,2015,337:119-125.
[13]李俊超,党延辉,薛江,唐骏,郭胜利,靳静静.植被重建下露天煤矿排土场边坡土壤碳储量变化.土壤学报,2015,52(2):453-460.
[14]Silva L C R,Corrêa R S,Doane T A,Pereira E I P,Horwath W R.Unprecedented carbon accumulation in mined soils:the synergistic effect of resource input and plant species invasion.Ecological Applications,2013,23(6):1345-1356.
[15]Yuan Y,Zhao Z Q,Bai Z K,Wang H Q,Wang Y Z,Niu S Y.Reclamation patterns vary carbon sequestration by trees and soils in an opencast coal mine,China.CATENA,2016,147:404-410.
[16]Blanco-Canqui H,Lal R.Mechanisms of carbon sequestration in soil aggregates.Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2004,23(6):481-504.
[17]Crow S E,Lajtha K,Filley T R,Swanston C W,Bowden R D,Caldwell B A.Sources of plant-derived carbon and stability of organic matter in soil:implications for global change.Global Change Biology,2009,15(8):2003-2019.
[18]Paul E A.The nature and dynamics of soil organic matter:plant inputs,microbial transformations,and organic matter stabilization.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,98:109-126.
[19]Feng X M,Fu B J,Lu N,Zeng Y,Wu B F.How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services:an analysis of carbon sequestration in China’s Loess Plateau.Scientific Reports,2013,3:2846.
[20]Hu P L,Liu S J,Ye Y Y,Zhang W,Wang K L,Su Y R.Effects of environmental factors on soil organic carbon under natural or managed vegetation restoration.Land Degradation&Development,2018,29(3):387-397.
[21]Akala V A,Lal R.Soil organic carbon pools and sequestration rates in reclaimed minesoils in Ohio.Journal of Environmental Quality,2001,30(6):2098-2104.
[22]Akala V A,Lal R.Potential of mine land reclamation for soil organic carbon sequestration in Ohio.Land Degradation&Development,2000,11(3):289-297.
[23]Tripathi N,Singh R S.Mine spoil acts as a sink of carbon dioxide in Indian dry tropical environment.Science of the Total Environment,2014,468-469:1162-1171.
[24]Yuan Y,Zhao Z Q,Zhang P F,Chen L M,Hu T,Niu S Y,Bai Z K.Soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools in reclaimed mine soils under forest and cropland ecosystems in the Loess Plateau,China.Ecological Engineering,2017,102:137-144.
[25]Vogel W G,Berg W A.Grasses and legumes for cover on acid strip-mine spoils.Journal of Soil Water Conservation,1968,23:89-91.
[26]Insam H,Domsch K H.Relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass on chronosequences of reclamation sites.Microbial Ecology,1988,15(2):177-188.
[27]Ussiri D A N,Lal R.Carbon sequestration in reclaimed minesoils.Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2005,24(3):151-165.
[28]Das R,Maiti S K.Importance of carbon fractionation for the estimation of carbon sequestration in reclaimed coalmine soils-a case study from Jharia coalfields,Jharkhand,India.Ecological Engineering,2016,90:135-140.
[29]Quinkenstein A,Jochheim H.Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of poplar and black locust short rotation coppices on mine reclamation sites in eastern Germany-Model development and application.Journal of Environmental Management,2016,168:53-66.
[30]Ahirwal J,Maiti S K.Assessment of carbon sequestration potential of revegetated coal mine overburden dumps:a chronosequence study from dry tropical climate.Journal of Environmental Management,2017,201:369-377.
[31]王改玲,白中科.安太堡露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的主要限制因子及对策.水土保持研究,2002,9(1):38-40.
[32]郭逍宇,张金屯,宫辉力,张桂莲,董志.安太堡矿区复垦地植被恢复过程多样性变化.生态学报,2005,25(4):763-770.
[33]Guo D G,Zhao B Q,Shangguan T L,Bai Z K,Shao H B.Dynamic parameters of plant communities partially reflect the soil quality improvement in eco-reclamation area of an opencast coal mine.CLEAN:Soil Air Water,2013,41(10):1018-1026.
[34]Zhao Z Q,Shahrour I,Bai Z K,Fan W X,Feng L R,Li H F.Soils development in opencast coal mine spoils reclaimed for 1-13 years in the westnorthern Loess Plateau of China.European Journal of Soil Biology,2013,55:40-46.
[35]Pal D,Singh R S,Shome D.C-sequestration in revegetated mine spoils of Jharia coalfields(JCF)in Indian dry tropical ecosystem.BIOINFOEnvironment and Pollution,2014,4(2):72-78.
[36]Frouz J,Pi6l V,Cienciala E,Kalcˇík J.Carbon storage in post-mining forest soil,the role of tree biomass and soil bioturbation.Biogeochemistry,2009,94(2):111-121.
[37]唐骏,党廷辉,李俊超,薛江.黄土区煤矿排土场重建草地土壤剖面有机碳变化特征.草地学报,2015,23(4):718-725.
[38]Sperow M.Carbon sequestration potential in reclaimed mine sites in seven East-Central States.Journal of Environmental Quality,2006,35(4):1428-1438.
[39]Chatterjee A,Lal R,Shrestha R K,Ussiri D A N.Soil carbon pools of reclaimed minesoils under grass and forest landuses.Land Degradation&Development,2009,20(3):300-307.
[40]Mukhopadhyay S,Masto R E.Carbon storage in coal mine spoil by Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.Geoderma,2016,284:204-213.
[41]ourkováM,Frouz J,antr7)ucˇkováH.Accumulation of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus during soil formation on alder spoil heaps after brown-coal mining,near Sokolov(Czech Republic).Geoderma,2005,124(1/2):203-214.
[42]Haering K C,Daniels W L,Feagley S E.Reclaiming mined lands with biosolids,manures,and papermill sludges//Barnhisel R I,Daniels W L,Darmody R,eds.Reclamation of Drastically Disturbed Lands.Madison,Wisconsin:Agronomy,ASA,CSSA,SSSA,2000:615-644.
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