冰封期乌梁素海沉积物-水界面氨氮的交换特征
|
摘要
为揭示冰封期氨氮(NH_4~+-N)在沉积物-水界面的迁移机制及内源性营养盐对全湖污染的贡献,于2018年2月初在乌梁素海湖区7个采样点采集了上覆水体与沉积物样品,得到了冰封期上覆水体与沉积物间隙水中的NH_4~+-N浓度,估算了沉积物-水界面NH_4~+-N的扩散通量.结果显示,上覆水体中NH_4~+-N浓度变化范围为0.55～1.60 mg/L,平均值为1.05mg/L,0～5 cm表层沉积物间隙水中NH_4~+-N浓度是上覆水体中的10倍以上,其变化范围为6.64～18.63 mg/L,平均值为11.92 mg/L.估算沉积物间隙水NH_4~+-N向上覆水体的扩散通量为1.282～4.269 mg/(m~2·d),表明在湖水冻结过程中,底泥沉积物接纳了大量的可溶性污染物成为内源污染源,会在冰封稳定期、融冰期和融冰后的一段时间内成为湖水的主要污染源.
Lake Ulansuhai is the largest lake in the Yellow River Basin with an area of 293 km~2. The average air temperature is 7.3℃ and the winter is about six months with a cumulative negative accumulated temperature about 610-800℃·day. The lake water usually starts freezing in the early November and melting in the end of March or in the early April of the following year. The lake is completely sealed by ice in terms of ice-sealing period for about 100-130 days with an ice thickness of 0.63 m in average. To get better understanding in the migration mechanism of ammonia nitrogen at the water sediment interface and the impact of endogenous nutrients on the lake environment during the ice-sealing period,the water and sediment samples were collected at seven sampling sites in early February of 2018 in Lake Ulansuhai. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen of the water samples were analyzed. The diffusion flux of ammonia nitrogen at the water sediment interface was estimated. The results showed that the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in the water ranged from 0.55 mg/L to 1.60 mg/L with an average of 1.05 mg/L. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in the pore water of 0-5 cm surface sediments were one order of magnitude greater than that in overlying water which ranged from 6.64 mg/L to 18.63 mg/L with an average of 11.92 mg/L. The diffusion flux of ammonia from the sediments to the water was 1.282-4.269 mg/( m~2·d). This indicated that a large number of soluble pollutants had been transported to the sediments during the process of freezing. It would be the one of the dominated source of water pollution to the lake environment in the period of ice stability,during the period of ice thawing,and in a period of time after ice thawing.
Lake Ulansuhai is the largest lake in the Yellow River Basin with an area of 293 km~2. The average air temperature is 7.3℃ and the winter is about six months with a cumulative negative accumulated temperature about 610-800℃·day. The lake water usually starts freezing in the early November and melting in the end of March or in the early April of the following year. The lake is completely sealed by ice in terms of ice-sealing period for about 100-130 days with an ice thickness of 0.63 m in average. To get better understanding in the migration mechanism of ammonia nitrogen at the water sediment interface and the impact of endogenous nutrients on the lake environment during the ice-sealing period,the water and sediment samples were collected at seven sampling sites in early February of 2018 in Lake Ulansuhai. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen of the water samples were analyzed. The diffusion flux of ammonia nitrogen at the water sediment interface was estimated. The results showed that the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in the water ranged from 0.55 mg/L to 1.60 mg/L with an average of 1.05 mg/L. The concentrations of ammonia nitrogen in the pore water of 0-5 cm surface sediments were one order of magnitude greater than that in overlying water which ranged from 6.64 mg/L to 18.63 mg/L with an average of 11.92 mg/L. The diffusion flux of ammonia from the sediments to the water was 1.282-4.269 mg/( m~2·d). This indicated that a large number of soluble pollutants had been transported to the sediments during the process of freezing. It would be the one of the dominated source of water pollution to the lake environment in the period of ice stability,during the period of ice thawing,and in a period of time after ice thawing.
引文
[1] Lu SY,Yuan Y,Jin XC et al. Distribution of nitrogen content along river sediments in Taihu Lake. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2012,33(5):1497-1502. DOI:10.13227/2012.05.023.[卢少勇,远野,金相灿等. 7条环太湖河流沉积物氮含量沿程分布规律.环境科学,2012,33(5):1497-1502.]
[2] Chen C,Zhong JC,Fan CX et al. Simulation of the effect of lake dredging methods on endogenous release. Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3872-3878. DOI:10.13227/2013.10.031.[陈超,钟继承,范成新等.湖泊疏浚方式对内源释放影响的模拟研究.环境科学,2013,34(10):3872-3878.]
[3] Wang SR ed. Sediment-water interface processes of lake:Nitrogen and phosphorus Biogeochemistry. Beijing:Science Press,2013:106.[王圣瑞.湖泊沉积物-水界面过程:氮磷生物地球化学.北京:科学出版社,2013:106.]
[4] Zhang L,Fan CX,Wang JJ et al. Comparison of physical and chemical characteristics of interstitial water in grass-algae lake area of Taihu Lake. China Environmental Science,2004,24:556-560.[张路,范成新,王建军等.太湖草藻型湖区间隙水理化特性比较.中国环境科学,2004,24:556-560.]
[5] Liu C,Kroeze C,Hoekstra AY et al. Past and future trends in grey water footprints of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to major world rivers. Ecological Indicators,2012,18:42-49.
[6] Bhatnagar A,Sillanp M. A review of emerging adsorbents for nitrate removal from water. Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,168:493-504.
[7] Chen JQ,Jia JB,Zhu JG. Study on maximum capacity of ammonia-nitrogen in Taihu Lake based on environmental criteria.Ecology and Environment,2017,26(1):89-94. DOI:10.16258/2017.01.014.[陈峻崎,贾剑波,朱建刚.基于环境基准的太湖氨氮最大容量研究.生态环境学报,2017,26(1):89-94.]
[8] Hu CH,Zhang P,Zeng SM et al. Temporal and spatial distribution of different forms of nitrogen in Poyang Lake. Journal of Jiangxi Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2012,36(2):213-217. DOI:10.16357/2012.02.014.[胡春华,张培,曾思苗等.鄱阳湖不同形态氮的时空分布特征.江西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(2):213-217.]
[9] Yang F. Study on the characteristics of ice cover in Ulansuhai and its impact on nutrient transfer process[Dissertation].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2016.[杨芳.乌梁素海覆冰特征及其对营养盐运移过程的影响研究[学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2016.]
[10] Guo J,Wei W,Yu YL et al. Research progress on eutrophication of Ulansuhai wetland. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(11):3244-3252. DOI:10.13292/20151023.023.[郭嘉,韦玮,于一雷等.乌梁素海湿地富营养化研究进展.生态学杂志,2015,34(11):3244-3252.]
[11] Wu Y. Study on pollution characteristics of the irrigated bodies and surface sediments of the Ulansuhai Sea and their migration and transformation patterns[Dissertation]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2011.[乌云.乌梁素海上覆水体与表层沉积物污染特征及其污染物迁移转换规律研究[学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.]
[12] Jiang ZJ,Fang JG,Mao YZ et al. Diffusion fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients at the sediment-water interface in the aquaculture waters of Nansha Harbor,Ningbo,China. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(12):2413-2419.[蒋增杰,方建光,毛玉泽等.宁波南沙港养殖水域沉积物-水界面氮磷营养盐的扩散通量.农业环境科学学报,2010,29(12):2413-2419.]
[13] Martinova MV. Nitrogen and phosphor compounds in bottom sediments:mechanisms of accumulation,transformation and release. Hydrobiologia,1993,252(1):1-22.
[14] Urban NR,Dinkel C,Wehrli B. Solute transfer across the sediment surface of a eutrophic lake:Ⅰ. Pore water profiles from dialysis samplers. Aquatic Sciences,1997,59(1):1-25.
[15] Borowski WS,Paull CK,Ussler WI. Marine pore-water sulfate profiles indicate in situ methane flux from underlying gas hydrate. Geology,1996,24(7):655-658.
[16] Li YH,Gregory S. Diffusion of ions in sea water and in deep-sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1974,38(5):703-714.
[17] Boynton W,Kemp W. Nutrient regeneration and oxygen consumption by sediments along an estuarine salinity gradient. Marine Ecology Progress,1985,23(1):45-55.
[18] Kemp WM,Sampou P,Caffrey J et al. Ammonium recycling versus denitrification in Chesapeake Bay sediments. Limnology&Oceanography,1990,35(7):1545-1563.
[19] Wu Y,Li CY,Zhang CF et al. Study on the method of dividing complex geomorphic watersheds in mountain areas and plain areas based on Arc GIS and SWAT. Journal of Arid Land Geography,2016,39(2):413-419. DOI:10.13826/2016.02.022.[吴用,李畅游,张成福等.基于Arc GIS和SWAT的山区、平原区复合地貌流域划分方法研究.干旱区地理,2016,39(2):413-419.]
[20] Liang W. Soil contamination characteristics,water environment effects and control of Ulansuhai[Dissertation]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2011.[梁文.乌梁素海沉积物污染特征、水环境效应及其控制研究[学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.]
[21] Zhao S,Shi X,Li C et al. Diffusion flux of phosphorus nutrients at the sediment-water interface of the Ulansuhai Lake in northern China. Water Science&Technology,2017,75(5/6):wst2017017.
[2] Chen C,Zhong JC,Fan CX et al. Simulation of the effect of lake dredging methods on endogenous release. Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3872-3878. DOI:10.13227/2013.10.031.[陈超,钟继承,范成新等.湖泊疏浚方式对内源释放影响的模拟研究.环境科学,2013,34(10):3872-3878.]
[3] Wang SR ed. Sediment-water interface processes of lake:Nitrogen and phosphorus Biogeochemistry. Beijing:Science Press,2013:106.[王圣瑞.湖泊沉积物-水界面过程:氮磷生物地球化学.北京:科学出版社,2013:106.]
[4] Zhang L,Fan CX,Wang JJ et al. Comparison of physical and chemical characteristics of interstitial water in grass-algae lake area of Taihu Lake. China Environmental Science,2004,24:556-560.[张路,范成新,王建军等.太湖草藻型湖区间隙水理化特性比较.中国环境科学,2004,24:556-560.]
[5] Liu C,Kroeze C,Hoekstra AY et al. Past and future trends in grey water footprints of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to major world rivers. Ecological Indicators,2012,18:42-49.
[6] Bhatnagar A,Sillanp M. A review of emerging adsorbents for nitrate removal from water. Chemical Engineering Journal,2011,168:493-504.
[7] Chen JQ,Jia JB,Zhu JG. Study on maximum capacity of ammonia-nitrogen in Taihu Lake based on environmental criteria.Ecology and Environment,2017,26(1):89-94. DOI:10.16258/2017.01.014.[陈峻崎,贾剑波,朱建刚.基于环境基准的太湖氨氮最大容量研究.生态环境学报,2017,26(1):89-94.]
[8] Hu CH,Zhang P,Zeng SM et al. Temporal and spatial distribution of different forms of nitrogen in Poyang Lake. Journal of Jiangxi Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2012,36(2):213-217. DOI:10.16357/2012.02.014.[胡春华,张培,曾思苗等.鄱阳湖不同形态氮的时空分布特征.江西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(2):213-217.]
[9] Yang F. Study on the characteristics of ice cover in Ulansuhai and its impact on nutrient transfer process[Dissertation].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2016.[杨芳.乌梁素海覆冰特征及其对营养盐运移过程的影响研究[学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2016.]
[10] Guo J,Wei W,Yu YL et al. Research progress on eutrophication of Ulansuhai wetland. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(11):3244-3252. DOI:10.13292/20151023.023.[郭嘉,韦玮,于一雷等.乌梁素海湿地富营养化研究进展.生态学杂志,2015,34(11):3244-3252.]
[11] Wu Y. Study on pollution characteristics of the irrigated bodies and surface sediments of the Ulansuhai Sea and their migration and transformation patterns[Dissertation]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2011.[乌云.乌梁素海上覆水体与表层沉积物污染特征及其污染物迁移转换规律研究[学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.]
[12] Jiang ZJ,Fang JG,Mao YZ et al. Diffusion fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients at the sediment-water interface in the aquaculture waters of Nansha Harbor,Ningbo,China. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(12):2413-2419.[蒋增杰,方建光,毛玉泽等.宁波南沙港养殖水域沉积物-水界面氮磷营养盐的扩散通量.农业环境科学学报,2010,29(12):2413-2419.]
[13] Martinova MV. Nitrogen and phosphor compounds in bottom sediments:mechanisms of accumulation,transformation and release. Hydrobiologia,1993,252(1):1-22.
[14] Urban NR,Dinkel C,Wehrli B. Solute transfer across the sediment surface of a eutrophic lake:Ⅰ. Pore water profiles from dialysis samplers. Aquatic Sciences,1997,59(1):1-25.
[15] Borowski WS,Paull CK,Ussler WI. Marine pore-water sulfate profiles indicate in situ methane flux from underlying gas hydrate. Geology,1996,24(7):655-658.
[16] Li YH,Gregory S. Diffusion of ions in sea water and in deep-sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,1974,38(5):703-714.
[17] Boynton W,Kemp W. Nutrient regeneration and oxygen consumption by sediments along an estuarine salinity gradient. Marine Ecology Progress,1985,23(1):45-55.
[18] Kemp WM,Sampou P,Caffrey J et al. Ammonium recycling versus denitrification in Chesapeake Bay sediments. Limnology&Oceanography,1990,35(7):1545-1563.
[19] Wu Y,Li CY,Zhang CF et al. Study on the method of dividing complex geomorphic watersheds in mountain areas and plain areas based on Arc GIS and SWAT. Journal of Arid Land Geography,2016,39(2):413-419. DOI:10.13826/2016.02.022.[吴用,李畅游,张成福等.基于Arc GIS和SWAT的山区、平原区复合地貌流域划分方法研究.干旱区地理,2016,39(2):413-419.]
[20] Liang W. Soil contamination characteristics,water environment effects and control of Ulansuhai[Dissertation]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2011.[梁文.乌梁素海沉积物污染特征、水环境效应及其控制研究[学位论文].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.]
[21] Zhao S,Shi X,Li C et al. Diffusion flux of phosphorus nutrients at the sediment-water interface of the Ulansuhai Lake in northern China. Water Science&Technology,2017,75(5/6):wst2017017.