襄阳入江中小河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及其潜在的生态风险评价
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摘要
入江中小河流重金属污染状况对中小河流自身及其汇入的大江大河生态系统的健康发展均具有重要意义.通过采集襄阳入江6条河流的表层沉积物和上覆水,分析沉积物粒径、有机质、总氮、总磷及6种重金属含量.同时,采用沉积物质量基准系数和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染进行评价,并通过相关分析和冗余分析方法对沉积物中重金属来源进行解析.结果表明,襄阳入江中小河流水体中的重金属均处于较低水平,优于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅱ类水标准.表层沉积物中Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn和Cu的平均含量分别为0.23、1.75、48.4、135.8、173.2和44.7 mg·kg~(-1),除Cr外,其他5种重金属含量远超湖北省土壤元素背景值.6种重金属元素的平均含量均处于临界效应浓度和可能效应浓度之间,为中等污染水平.襄阳入江中小河流表层沉积物重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)的平均值为461.2,整体处于高风险水平,其中,小清河处于很高生态风险水平,其他河流处于高生态风险水平.冗余分析表明,随着沉积物OM、TN和TP含量的增加、粒径的降低,表层沉积物中的各重金属含量相应增加;Hg、Cd、Pb和Zn的富集系数大于1.5,表明在一定程度上受到了人为活动的影响;Hg、Cd和Pb的污染源可能来自于汽车及其相关产业,Cu和Zn的污染源可能来自于农业生产和养殖业.
Heavy metal pollution of sediments in small and medium rivers affects the healthy development of themselves and the mainstream which they flow into. Surface sediments and overlying water of six rivers in Xiangyang City were collected to analyze particle size, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and six types of heavy metal contents, and the risk of these heavy metals were assessed by Consensus Based Sediment Quality Guidelines(CBSQGs) and Hakanson potential ecological risk index method. The identification of heavy metals in sediments were analyzed with correlation and redundancy analysis. The results show that the heavy metals in overlying water were at a low level, and better than class-Ⅱof Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard(GB3838—2002). The average contents of Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cu were 0.23, 1.75, 48.4, 135.8, 173.2 and 44.7 mg·kg~(-1) respectively. Except for Cr, the other five types of heavy metals were far higher than those of background values in soil in Hubei Province. The average contents of six heavy metals were between threshold effect concentration(TEC) and probable effect concentration(PEC), which were at moderate pollution level. The average comprehensive potential ecological risk index of heavy metals in surface sediments was 461.2, which was at high risk. The ecological risk of Xiaoqing River was considerable, while the other 5 rivers were high. Redundancy analysis showed that the contents of heavy metals in surface sediments increased with the increase of organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, and with the decrease of sediment particle size, correspondingly. The enrichment coefficients of Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn were more than 1.5, indicating that they were influenced by human activities. The possible pollution sources of Hg, Cd and Pb might come from automobiles and related industries; while Cu and Zn might come from farming and aquaculture.
Heavy metal pollution of sediments in small and medium rivers affects the healthy development of themselves and the mainstream which they flow into. Surface sediments and overlying water of six rivers in Xiangyang City were collected to analyze particle size, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and six types of heavy metal contents, and the risk of these heavy metals were assessed by Consensus Based Sediment Quality Guidelines(CBSQGs) and Hakanson potential ecological risk index method. The identification of heavy metals in sediments were analyzed with correlation and redundancy analysis. The results show that the heavy metals in overlying water were at a low level, and better than class-Ⅱof Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard(GB3838—2002). The average contents of Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cu were 0.23, 1.75, 48.4, 135.8, 173.2 and 44.7 mg·kg~(-1) respectively. Except for Cr, the other five types of heavy metals were far higher than those of background values in soil in Hubei Province. The average contents of six heavy metals were between threshold effect concentration(TEC) and probable effect concentration(PEC), which were at moderate pollution level. The average comprehensive potential ecological risk index of heavy metals in surface sediments was 461.2, which was at high risk. The ecological risk of Xiaoqing River was considerable, while the other 5 rivers were high. Redundancy analysis showed that the contents of heavy metals in surface sediments increased with the increase of organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, and with the decrease of sediment particle size, correspondingly. The enrichment coefficients of Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn were more than 1.5, indicating that they were influenced by human activities. The possible pollution sources of Hg, Cd and Pb might come from automobiles and related industries; while Cu and Zn might come from farming and aquaculture.
引文
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柏慕琛,班璇,Panayiotis D,等.2017.丹江口水库蓄水后汉江中下游水文时空变化的定量评估及其生态影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,26(9):1476-1487
蔡道基,单正军,朱忠林,等.2001.铜制剂农药对生态环境影响研究[J].农药学学报,3(1):61-68
Elias M S,Ibrahim S,Samuding K,et al.2018.Multivariate analysis for source identification of pollution in sediment of Linggi River,Malaysia[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,190(4):257-261
付川,潘杰,牟新利,等.2007.长江(万州段)沉积物中重金属污染生态风险评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,16(2):236-236
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国家环境保护总局.2002.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社
Hakanson L.1980.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.A sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,14(8):975-1001
何江,王新伟,李朝生,等.2003.黄河包头段水-沉积物系统中重金属的污染特征[J].环境科学学报,23(1):53-57
Islam M S,Ahmed M K,Raknuzzaman M,et al.2015.Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country[J].Ecological Indicators,48(48):282-291
蒋疆,王果,方玲.2001.土壤水溶解态有机物质与重金属的络合作用[J].生态环境学报,10(1):67-71
雷沛,曾祉祥,张洪,等.2015.汉江襄阳段主要入江支流沉积物营养盐和重金属风险特征研究[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1374-1382
李兴虎.2005.汽车材料中有毒重金属及其对环境的危害[J].汽车技术,(3):36-38
刘德新,马建华,孙艳丽,等.2014.开封市城市土壤磁化率空间分布及对重金属污染的指示意义[J].土壤学报,51(6):1242-1250
刘振宇,唐洪武,肖洋,等.2018.淮河沉积物总磷和重金属沿程变化及污染评价[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),46(1):16-22
鲁如坤,时正元,熊礼明.1992.我国磷矿磷肥中镉的含量及其对生态环境影响的评价[J].土壤学报,29(2):150-157
陆继龙,刘奇志,王春珍,等.2018.二道松花江沉积物重金属特征及其潜在生态风险[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),48(2):566-573
罗斌,刘玲,张金良,等.2010.淮河干流沉积物中重金属含量及分布特征[J].环境与健康杂志,27(12):1122-1127
马群,赵庚星.2010.集约农区不同土地利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响[J].自然资源学报,25(11):1834-1844
Macdonald D,Ingersoll C G,Berger T A.2000.Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater systems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,39(1):20-31
牛红义,吴群河,陈新庚.2007.珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中的重金属污染调查与评价[J].环境监测管理与技术,19(2):23-25
潘晓洁,朱爱民,郑志伟,等.2014.汉江中下游春季浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,33(1):33-40
乔永民,黄长江.2009.汕头湾表层沉积物重金属元素含量和分布特征研究[J].海洋学报,31(1):106-116
沈敏,于红霞,邓西海.2006.长江下游沉积物中重金属污染现状与特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,18(5):15-18
孙阳昭,陈扬,蓝虹,等.2013.中国汞污染的来源、成因及控制技术路径分析[J].环境化学,32(6):937-942
Suresh G,Ramasamy V,Sundarrajan M,et al.2015.Spatial and vertical distributions of heavy metals and their potential toxicity levels in various beach sediments from high-background-radiation area,Kerala,India[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,91(1):389-400
王洪涛,张俊华,丁少峰,等.2016.开封城市河流表层沉积物重金属分布、污染来源及风险评估[J].环境科学学报,36(12):4520-4530
王岚,王亚平,许春雪,等.2012.长江水系表层沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险性评价[J].环境科学,33(8):2599-2606
王瑞霖,程先,孙然好.2014.海河流域中南部河流沉积物的重金属生态风险评价[J].环境科学,25(10):3740-3747
王胜强,孙津生,丁辉.2005.海河沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境工程,23(2):62-64
王旭,曹军骥,张宝成.2008.渭河干流(宝鸡段)表层沉积物Cu、Zn、Pb污染特征与评价[J].环境监测管理与技术,20(6):26-29
武江越,周俊丽,刘征涛,等.2014.辽河水系沉积物重金属的分布特征及污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,37(s1):268-273
襄阳国家高新技术产业开发区管委会.2015.襄阳高新区介绍[OL].2019-02-19.http://www.xygx.gov.cn/zsyz/tzhj/201612/t20161224_73081.shtml
谢文平,王少冰,朱新平,等.2012.珠江下游河段沉积物中重金属含量及污染评价[J].环境科学,33(6):1808-1815
徐军,郝立波,赵新运,等.2018.松花江上游表层沉积物中重金属元素时空分布特征[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),(3):33-40
徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.2008.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,31(2):112-115
于炎湖.2003.饲料安全性问题—(3)畜禽日粮中添加高铜、高锌导致的问题及其解决办法[J].养殖与饲料,(1):5-6
袁浩,王雨春,顾尚义,等.2008.黄河水系沉积物重金属赋存形态及污染特征[J].生态学杂志,27(11):1966-1971
曾祉祥,张洪,单保庆,等.2014.汉江中下游流域工业污染源解析[J].长江流域资源与环境,23(2):252-259
张婧,王淑秋,谢琰,等.2008.辽河水系表层沉积物中重金属分布及污染特征研究[J].环境科学,29(9):2413-2418
赵佐平.2014.汉江上游汉中段河流表层沉积物重金属污染风险评价[J].水土保持通报,34(5):158-161
钟震,王海燕,孔秀琴,等.2018.松花江表层沉积物重金属分布特征及风险评价[J].环境工程技术学报,8(1):28-38
朱青青,王中良.2012.中国主要水系沉积物中重金属分布特征及来源分析[J].地球与环境,40(3):305-313
柏慕琛,班璇,Panayiotis D,等.2017.丹江口水库蓄水后汉江中下游水文时空变化的定量评估及其生态影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,26(9):1476-1487
蔡道基,单正军,朱忠林,等.2001.铜制剂农药对生态环境影响研究[J].农药学学报,3(1):61-68
Elias M S,Ibrahim S,Samuding K,et al.2018.Multivariate analysis for source identification of pollution in sediment of Linggi River,Malaysia[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,190(4):257-261
付川,潘杰,牟新利,等.2007.长江(万州段)沉积物中重金属污染生态风险评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,16(2):236-236
高永年,高俊峰.2010.南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游流域生态环境影响的综合评价[J].地理科学进展,29(1):59-64
国家环境保护总局.2002.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社
Hakanson L.1980.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.A sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,14(8):975-1001
何江,王新伟,李朝生,等.2003.黄河包头段水-沉积物系统中重金属的污染特征[J].环境科学学报,23(1):53-57
Islam M S,Ahmed M K,Raknuzzaman M,et al.2015.Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment:A preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country[J].Ecological Indicators,48(48):282-291
蒋疆,王果,方玲.2001.土壤水溶解态有机物质与重金属的络合作用[J].生态环境学报,10(1):67-71
雷沛,曾祉祥,张洪,等.2015.汉江襄阳段主要入江支流沉积物营养盐和重金属风险特征研究[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1374-1382
李兴虎.2005.汽车材料中有毒重金属及其对环境的危害[J].汽车技术,(3):36-38
刘德新,马建华,孙艳丽,等.2014.开封市城市土壤磁化率空间分布及对重金属污染的指示意义[J].土壤学报,51(6):1242-1250
刘振宇,唐洪武,肖洋,等.2018.淮河沉积物总磷和重金属沿程变化及污染评价[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),46(1):16-22
鲁如坤,时正元,熊礼明.1992.我国磷矿磷肥中镉的含量及其对生态环境影响的评价[J].土壤学报,29(2):150-157
陆继龙,刘奇志,王春珍,等.2018.二道松花江沉积物重金属特征及其潜在生态风险[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),48(2):566-573
罗斌,刘玲,张金良,等.2010.淮河干流沉积物中重金属含量及分布特征[J].环境与健康杂志,27(12):1122-1127
马群,赵庚星.2010.集约农区不同土地利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响[J].自然资源学报,25(11):1834-1844
Macdonald D,Ingersoll C G,Berger T A.2000.Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater systems[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,39(1):20-31
牛红义,吴群河,陈新庚.2007.珠江(广州河段)表层沉积物中的重金属污染调查与评价[J].环境监测管理与技术,19(2):23-25
潘晓洁,朱爱民,郑志伟,等.2014.汉江中下游春季浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志,33(1):33-40
乔永民,黄长江.2009.汕头湾表层沉积物重金属元素含量和分布特征研究[J].海洋学报,31(1):106-116
沈敏,于红霞,邓西海.2006.长江下游沉积物中重金属污染现状与特征[J].环境监测管理与技术,18(5):15-18
孙阳昭,陈扬,蓝虹,等.2013.中国汞污染的来源、成因及控制技术路径分析[J].环境化学,32(6):937-942
Suresh G,Ramasamy V,Sundarrajan M,et al.2015.Spatial and vertical distributions of heavy metals and their potential toxicity levels in various beach sediments from high-background-radiation area,Kerala,India[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,91(1):389-400
王洪涛,张俊华,丁少峰,等.2016.开封城市河流表层沉积物重金属分布、污染来源及风险评估[J].环境科学学报,36(12):4520-4530
王岚,王亚平,许春雪,等.2012.长江水系表层沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险性评价[J].环境科学,33(8):2599-2606
王瑞霖,程先,孙然好.2014.海河流域中南部河流沉积物的重金属生态风险评价[J].环境科学,25(10):3740-3747
王胜强,孙津生,丁辉.2005.海河沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境工程,23(2):62-64
王旭,曹军骥,张宝成.2008.渭河干流(宝鸡段)表层沉积物Cu、Zn、Pb污染特征与评价[J].环境监测管理与技术,20(6):26-29
武江越,周俊丽,刘征涛,等.2014.辽河水系沉积物重金属的分布特征及污染评价[J].环境科学与技术,37(s1):268-273
襄阳国家高新技术产业开发区管委会.2015.襄阳高新区介绍[OL].2019-02-19.http://www.xygx.gov.cn/zsyz/tzhj/201612/t20161224_73081.shtml
谢文平,王少冰,朱新平,等.2012.珠江下游河段沉积物中重金属含量及污染评价[J].环境科学,33(6):1808-1815
徐军,郝立波,赵新运,等.2018.松花江上游表层沉积物中重金属元素时空分布特征[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),(3):33-40
徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.2008.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,31(2):112-115
于炎湖.2003.饲料安全性问题—(3)畜禽日粮中添加高铜、高锌导致的问题及其解决办法[J].养殖与饲料,(1):5-6
袁浩,王雨春,顾尚义,等.2008.黄河水系沉积物重金属赋存形态及污染特征[J].生态学杂志,27(11):1966-1971
曾祉祥,张洪,单保庆,等.2014.汉江中下游流域工业污染源解析[J].长江流域资源与环境,23(2):252-259
张婧,王淑秋,谢琰,等.2008.辽河水系表层沉积物中重金属分布及污染特征研究[J].环境科学,29(9):2413-2418
赵佐平.2014.汉江上游汉中段河流表层沉积物重金属污染风险评价[J].水土保持通报,34(5):158-161
钟震,王海燕,孔秀琴,等.2018.松花江表层沉积物重金属分布特征及风险评价[J].环境工程技术学报,8(1):28-38
朱青青,王中良.2012.中国主要水系沉积物中重金属分布特征及来源分析[J].地球与环境,40(3):305-313