小流域不同土地利用类型氮素平衡特征
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摘要
以土地利用类型为研究单元,在实际调查的基础上,对蛇鱼川小流域氮素收支进行估算,分析各土地利用单元中氮素的来源与去向,并对比不同土地利用单元中氮素的输入、输出及盈余强度。结果表明,养殖区氮素输入、输出强度最高,生态林最低,经济林氮素输入强度约是耕地的3倍。经济林和耕地的主要氮素输入源均为肥料输入,其中,经济林农家肥氮素输入占比达83.32%,耕地则以化肥输入为主(占56.44%),主要的输出源也为肥料施用损失;生态林主要输入源为固氮输入,占比高达70.05%,输出源主要为天然输出;居民区和养殖区主要氮素输入源分别为食品和饲料输入。流域内各土地利用类型均呈氮素盈余状态,而不同土地利用类型氮素盈余强度差异明显,其中,养殖区和经济林盈余强度较高,分别为4 795.15和493.72 kg·hm~(-2),耕地次之(139.13 kg·hm~(-2)),生态林和居民区较低,分别为77.17和68.52 kg·hm~(-2)。人类活动是影响小流域氮素平衡的重要因素,减少施肥量,控制肥料损失,加强畜禽养殖系统内氮素管理是该流域氮素管理的重点。
Taking land use as the research unit, nitrogen budget of different land use in Sheyuchuan small catchment was studied on the basis of actual survey. Input, output and surplus of nitrogen in different land use were estimated to discuss the sources and route of nitrogen cycle in this small catchment. Results show that, the breeding area had the highest intensity of nitrogen input and output, and the ecological forest had the lowest; the input intensity of economic forest was three times that of cultivated land. Fertilizer was the main nitrogen input in economic forest and cultivated land, which organic fertilizer in economic forest accounting for 83.32%, while chemical fertilizer was the main input in cultivated land accounting for 56.44%, which resulted in fertilizer application loss as the main output source. The main input source of ecological forest was nitrogen fixation accounting for 70.05%, and the output was mainly natural. Nitrogen in residential and breeding areas were mainly based on food and feed inputs. Nitrogen in all land use types in the catchment was surplus, while the difference in surplus intensity of different land use types was obvious. Among them, the breeding area(4 795.15 kg·hm~(-2)) and economic forest(493.72 kg·hm~(-2)) have the highest surplus intensity, followed by cultivated land(139.13 kg·hm~(-2)). Ecological forest(77.17 kg·hm~(-2)) and residential area(68.52 kg·hm~(-2)) have the lowest surplus intensity. The results imply that reducing fertilization, controlling fertilizer loss and strengthening nitrogen management in livestock and poultry systems are the focuses of nitrogen management in this catchment.
Taking land use as the research unit, nitrogen budget of different land use in Sheyuchuan small catchment was studied on the basis of actual survey. Input, output and surplus of nitrogen in different land use were estimated to discuss the sources and route of nitrogen cycle in this small catchment. Results show that, the breeding area had the highest intensity of nitrogen input and output, and the ecological forest had the lowest; the input intensity of economic forest was three times that of cultivated land. Fertilizer was the main nitrogen input in economic forest and cultivated land, which organic fertilizer in economic forest accounting for 83.32%, while chemical fertilizer was the main input in cultivated land accounting for 56.44%, which resulted in fertilizer application loss as the main output source. The main input source of ecological forest was nitrogen fixation accounting for 70.05%, and the output was mainly natural. Nitrogen in residential and breeding areas were mainly based on food and feed inputs. Nitrogen in all land use types in the catchment was surplus, while the difference in surplus intensity of different land use types was obvious. Among them, the breeding area(4 795.15 kg·hm~(-2)) and economic forest(493.72 kg·hm~(-2)) have the highest surplus intensity, followed by cultivated land(139.13 kg·hm~(-2)). Ecological forest(77.17 kg·hm~(-2)) and residential area(68.52 kg·hm~(-2)) have the lowest surplus intensity. The results imply that reducing fertilization, controlling fertilizer loss and strengthening nitrogen management in livestock and poultry systems are the focuses of nitrogen management in this catchment.
引文
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[20] 王晓燕,张雅帆,欧洋.北京密云水库上游太师屯镇非点源污染损失估算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2009,25(4):37-41.[WANG Xiao-yan,ZHANG Ya-fan,OU Yang.Economic Loss Caused by Non-Point Source Pollution:A Case Study of Taishitun Town,Upper Catchment of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2009,25(4):37-41.]
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[24] 郗金标,张福锁,有祥亮.中国森林生态系统N平衡现状[J].生态学报,2007,27(8):3257-3267.[XI Jin-biao,ZHANG Fu-suo,YOU Xiang-liang.Nitrogen Balance of Natural Forest Ecosystem in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(8):3257-3267.]
[25] 张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.[ZHANG Fu-suo,WANG Ji-qing,ZHANG Wei-feng,et al.Nutrient Use Efficiencies of Major Cereal Crops in China and Measures for Improvement[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):915-924.]
[26] 耿润哲,王晓燕,焦帅,等.密云水库流域非点源污染负荷估算及特征分析[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(5):1484-1492.[GENG Run-zhe,WANG Xiao-yan,JIAO Shuai,et al.Application of Improved Export Coefficient Model in Estimating Non-Point Source Nutrient Load From Miyun Reservoir Watersheds[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(5):1484-1492.]
[27] 姜甜甜,高如泰,夏训峰,等.北京市农田生态系统氮素养分平衡与负荷研究:以密云县和房山区为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(11):2428-2436.[JIANG Tian-tian,GAO Ru-tai,XIA Xun-feng,et al.Nitrogen Nutrient Balance and Load in Agro-Ecosystem of Miyun Fangshan County in Beijing[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(11):2428-2436.]
[28] FAULKNER W B,SHAW B W.Review of Ammonia Emission Factors for United States Animal Agriculture[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(27):6567-6574.
[29] 刘波,童仪,李安,等.长江三角洲地区畜禽养殖业氨排放清单研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(11):1042-1049.[LIU Bo,TONG Yi,LI An,et al.Study on Ammonia Emission Inventory of Livestock Over Yangtze River Delta[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(11):1042-1049.]
[30] ZEBARTH B J,PAUL J W,VAN K R.The Effect of Nitrogen Management in Agricultural Production on Waterand Air Quality:Evaluation on a Regional Scale[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,1999,72(1):35-52.
[2] BOUWMAN A F,VAN DRECHT G,VAN DER HOEK K W.Surface N Balances and Reactive N Loss to the Environment From Global Intensive Agricultural Production Systems for the Period 1970-2030[J].Science in China:Series C:Life Sciences,2005,48(Suppl.2):767-779.
[3] 杜伟,遆超普,姜小三,等.长三角地区典型稻作农业小流域氮素平衡及其污染潜势[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(1):9-14.[DU Wei,TI Chao-pu,JIANG Xiao-san,et al.Balance and Pollution Potential of Nitrogen in a Typical Rice-Based Agricultural Watershed of Yangtze River Delta Region[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(1):9-14.]
[4] 韩增,王美慧,周脚根,等.亚热带丘陵小流域氮平衡及调控对策[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(4):743-752.[HAN Zeng,WANG Mei-hui,ZHOU Jiao-gen,et al.N Balance Analysis and Adjusting Countermeasures of Small Watershed in Subtropical Hilly Area[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(4):743-752.]
[5] 林杉,冯明磊,胡荣桂,等.三峡库区小流域农户氮循环和排放特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(3):632-638.[LIN Shan,FENG Ming-lei,HU Rong-gui,et al.Characteristics of Nitrogen Cycling in Farm Systems in a Small Watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(3):632-638.]
[6] 卞建民,李育松,胡昱欣,等.吉林西部农田生态系统氮平衡及其水环境影响研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(7):1862-1868.[BIAN Jian-min,LI Yu-song,HU Yu-xin,et al.Nitrogen Balance of Farmland Ecosystem in the Western Jilin Province and Its Effect on Water Environment[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(7):1862-1868.]
[7] 张欢,李恒鹏,李新艳,等.太湖流域典型农业区氮平衡时间变化特征及驱动因素[J].土壤通报,2014,45(5):1119-1129.[ZHANG Huan,LI Heng-peng,LI Xin-yan,et al.Temporal Changes of Nitrogen Balance and Their Driving Factors in Typical Agricultural Area of Lake Tai Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(5):1119-1129.]
[8] 闫瑞,郭青霞,闫胜军,等.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区岔口小流域氮素平衡及其环境影响[J].环境工程,2014,32(6):43-47.[YAN Rui,GUO Qing-xia,YAN Sheng-jun,et al.Balance and Environmental Impact of Nitrogen in Chakou Watershed in Hilly-Gully Region of Loess Plateau[J].Environmental Engineering,2014,32(6):43-47.]
[9] 遆超普.不同空间尺度区域氮素收支[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.[TI Chao-pu.Regional Nitrogen Budget at Different Spatial Scale[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2011.]
[10] PAN Y P,WANG Y S,TANG G Q,et al.Wet and Dry Deposition of Atmospheric Nitrogen at Ten Sites in Northern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2012,12(1):753-785.
[11] 朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.[ZHU Zhao-liang.Research on Soil Nitrogen in China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):778-783.]
[12] 韩玉国,李叙勇,南哲,等.北京地区2003—2007年人类活动氮累积状况研究[J].环境科学,2011,32(6):1537-1545.[HAN Yu-guo,LI Xu-yong,NAN Zhe,et al.Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Accumulation in the Beijing Metropolitan Region in 2003 to 2007[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(6):1537-1545.]
[13] TI C P,PAN J J,XIA Y Q,et al.A Nitrogen Budget of Mainland China With Spatial and Temporal Variation[J].Biogeochemistry,2012,108(1/2/3):381-394.
[14] YAN X Y,CAI Z C,YANG R,et al.Nitrogen Budget and Riverine Nitrogen Output in a Rice Paddy Dominated Agricultural Watershed in Eastern China[J].Biogeochemistry,2011,106(3):489-501.
[15] 北京市统计局,国家统计局北京调查总队.北京统计年鉴 2010[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2010:35-122.
[16] 杨月欣,王光亚,潘兴昌.中国食物成分表:第一册[M].2版.北京:北京大学医学出版社,2009:77-115.[YANG Yue-xin,WANG Guang-ya,PAN Xing-chang.China Food Composition:Book 1[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Peking University Medical Press,2009:77-115.]
[17] 杨凤.动物营养学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993:11-53.
[18] 郑玉涛,王晓燕,尹洁,等.水源保护区不同类型村庄生活垃圾产生特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1450-1454.[ZHENG Yu-tao,WANG Xiao-yan,YIN Jie,et al.Feature of Rural Solid Waste From Various Types Villages in Sources Water Protection Area[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(4):1450-1454.]
[19] HAN Y G,FAN Y T,YANG P L,et al.Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inputs (NANI) Index Application in Mainland China[J].Geoderma,2014,213:87-94.
[20] 王晓燕,张雅帆,欧洋.北京密云水库上游太师屯镇非点源污染损失估算[J].生态与农村环境学报,2009,25(4):37-41.[WANG Xiao-yan,ZHANG Ya-fan,OU Yang.Economic Loss Caused by Non-Point Source Pollution:A Case Study of Taishitun Town,Upper Catchment of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2009,25(4):37-41.]
[21] 吴敬东.北京蛇鱼川生态清洁小流域水环境承载力研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.[WU Jing-dong.Study on Water Environment Carrying Capacity in Ecological and Clean Small-Watersheds in Sheyuchuan,Beijing[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2010.]
[22] 陈敏鹏,陈吉宁.中国种养系统的氮流动及其环境影响[J].环境科学,2007,28(10):2342-2349.[CHEN Min-peng,CHEN Ji-ning.Nitrogen Flow in Farming-Feeding System and Its Environmental Impact in China[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(10):2342-2349.]
[23] HOUGHTON J T.IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2007,3(1):52-57.
[24] 郗金标,张福锁,有祥亮.中国森林生态系统N平衡现状[J].生态学报,2007,27(8):3257-3267.[XI Jin-biao,ZHANG Fu-suo,YOU Xiang-liang.Nitrogen Balance of Natural Forest Ecosystem in China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(8):3257-3267.]
[25] 张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.[ZHANG Fu-suo,WANG Ji-qing,ZHANG Wei-feng,et al.Nutrient Use Efficiencies of Major Cereal Crops in China and Measures for Improvement[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):915-924.]
[26] 耿润哲,王晓燕,焦帅,等.密云水库流域非点源污染负荷估算及特征分析[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(5):1484-1492.[GENG Run-zhe,WANG Xiao-yan,JIAO Shuai,et al.Application of Improved Export Coefficient Model in Estimating Non-Point Source Nutrient Load From Miyun Reservoir Watersheds[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(5):1484-1492.]
[27] 姜甜甜,高如泰,夏训峰,等.北京市农田生态系统氮素养分平衡与负荷研究:以密云县和房山区为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(11):2428-2436.[JIANG Tian-tian,GAO Ru-tai,XIA Xun-feng,et al.Nitrogen Nutrient Balance and Load in Agro-Ecosystem of Miyun Fangshan County in Beijing[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(11):2428-2436.]
[28] FAULKNER W B,SHAW B W.Review of Ammonia Emission Factors for United States Animal Agriculture[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(27):6567-6574.
[29] 刘波,童仪,李安,等.长江三角洲地区畜禽养殖业氨排放清单研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(11):1042-1049.[LIU Bo,TONG Yi,LI An,et al.Study on Ammonia Emission Inventory of Livestock Over Yangtze River Delta[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(11):1042-1049.]
[30] ZEBARTH B J,PAUL J W,VAN K R.The Effect of Nitrogen Management in Agricultural Production on Waterand Air Quality:Evaluation on a Regional Scale[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,1999,72(1):35-52.
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