三江源地区可持续发展的生态足迹
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摘要
三江源的生态问题对全国生态和经济具有十分重要的影响,研究其环境与社会经济发展的可持续性具有重要意义。本研究利用生态足迹模型对三江源2000–2012年的生态足迹、生态承载力和生态盈余进行计算分析。结果表明,2000–2012年三江源人均生态足迹呈上升趋势,各土地利用类型分配不均,其中耕地供给率最大,其后依次为林地、水域、草地、化石燃料用地和建筑用地。人均生态承载力呈下降趋势,按降幅由多到少依次为建筑用地40%、草地29.95%、耕地20%、林地14.81%、水域2%。另外,草地对生态承载力的贡献最大,年均贡献率达41%,其次为林地,为38%。三江源整体呈生态盈余,但盈余有下降趋势,且不同土地类型生态盈亏也存在差异,其中草地和林地为生态盈余,耕地和化石燃料用地为生态赤字,水域和建筑用地开始由生态盈余转为生态赤字。
The ecological problems of Sanjiangyuan Region have a very important impact on the national ecology and economy.It is of great significance to study the sustainability of its environmental and socioeconomic development.The study used the ecological footprint model to calculate and analyze the ecological footprint,ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus of Sanjiangyuan from 2000 to 2012 year.The research results showed that the per capita ecological footprint of Sanjiangyuan was on an upward trend from 2000 to 2012,and the land use types were unevenly distributed.Among the above 6 land use types,the supply rate of crop land was the largest,followed by forest land,water land,grassland,and the supply rate of fossil fuel land and built-up land.Per capita ecological carrying capacity showed a downward trend.The order of decline was 40% for built-up land,29.95% for grassland,20% for crop land,14.81% for woodland,and 2% for water.In addition,the grassland contributed the most to the ecological carrying capacity,with an annual average contribution rate of 41%,followed by 38% for forest land;Sanjiangyuan Region had an overall ecological surplus,but the surplus had a downward trend.There were also differences in the ecological gains and losses of different land types.Among them,grass land and forest land were ecological surpluses,and the crop land and fossil fuel land were ecological deficits.Water land and built-up land began to shift from ecological surpluses to ecological deficits.
The ecological problems of Sanjiangyuan Region have a very important impact on the national ecology and economy.It is of great significance to study the sustainability of its environmental and socioeconomic development.The study used the ecological footprint model to calculate and analyze the ecological footprint,ecological carrying capacity and ecological surplus of Sanjiangyuan from 2000 to 2012 year.The research results showed that the per capita ecological footprint of Sanjiangyuan was on an upward trend from 2000 to 2012,and the land use types were unevenly distributed.Among the above 6 land use types,the supply rate of crop land was the largest,followed by forest land,water land,grassland,and the supply rate of fossil fuel land and built-up land.Per capita ecological carrying capacity showed a downward trend.The order of decline was 40% for built-up land,29.95% for grassland,20% for crop land,14.81% for woodland,and 2% for water.In addition,the grassland contributed the most to the ecological carrying capacity,with an annual average contribution rate of 41%,followed by 38% for forest land;Sanjiangyuan Region had an overall ecological surplus,but the surplus had a downward trend.There were also differences in the ecological gains and losses of different land types.Among them,grass land and forest land were ecological surpluses,and the crop land and fossil fuel land were ecological deficits.Water land and built-up land began to shift from ecological surpluses to ecological deficits.
引文
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[12]陈成忠,林振山.生态足迹模型的争论与发展.生态学报,2008,28(12):6252-6263.ChHEN C Z,LIN Z S.Debate and development of ecological footprint model during the last 10 years.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):6252-6263.
[13]周静,管卫华.基于生态足迹方法的南京可持续发展研究.生态学报,2012,32(20):6471-6480.ZHOU J,GUAN W H.Study on sustainable development in nanjing based on ecological footprint model.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(20):6471-6480.
[14]向秀容,潘韬,吴绍洪,刘卫东,马丽,王晓峰,尹云鹤,李静.基于生态足迹的天山北坡经济带生态承载力评价与预测.地理研究,2016,35(5):875-884.XIANG X R,PAN T,WU S H,LIU W D,MA L,WANG X F,YIN Y H,LI J.Assessment and prediction of ecological carrying capacity for the Northern Slope Economic Belt of Tianshan Mountains.Geographical Research,2016,35(5):875-884.
[15]李昭华,李璇.中欧双边货物贸易自然资本的生态足迹分析:基于产品用地系数矩阵(PLUM)方法.国际贸易问题,2013(3):59-72.LI S H,LI X.A footprint analysis on the natural capital embodied in the goods of China-EU bilateral trade:Based on product land use Matrix(PLUM)approach.Journal of International Trade,2013(3):59-72.
[16]史利洁,吴普特,王玉宝,孙世坤,刘静.基于作物生产水足迹的陕西省水资源压力评价.中国生态农业学报,2015,23(5):650-658.SHI L J,WU P T,WANG Y B,SUN S K,LIU J.Assessment of water stress in Shaanxi Province based on crop water footprint.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(5):650-658.
[17]赵冠伟,杨木壮,陈健飞.1990-2007年中国能源足迹时空差异分析.地理与地理信息科学,2011,27(2):65-69.ZHAO G W,YANG M Z,CHEN J F.Analysis on the temporal and spatial difference of energy ecological footprint in China from1990 to 2007.Geography and Geo-Information Science,2011,27(2):65-69.
[18]晓兰,王丹丹.生态足迹应用研究进展.赤峰学院学报(自然科学版),2013,29(1):20-26.XIAO L,WANG D D.Research progress of application of ecological footprint.Journal of Chifeng University(Natural Science Edition),2013,29(1):20-26.
[19]蒋冲,王德旺,罗上华,李岱青,张林波,高艳妮.三江源区生态系统状况变化及其成因.环境科学研究,2017,30(1):10-19.JIANG C,WANG D W,LUO S H,LI D Q,ZHANG L B,GAO Y N.Ecosystem status changes and attribution in the Three-River headwaters region.Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(1):10-19.
[20]Wackernagel M.National footprint and biocapacity accounts 2005:The underlying calculation method.http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.485.874
[21]徐中民,张志强,程国栋,陈东景.中国1999年生态足迹计算与发展能力分析.应用生报,2003,14(2):280-285.XU Z M,ZHANG Z Q,CHENG G D,CHEN D J.Ecological footprint calculation and development capacity analysis of China in1999.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):280-285.
[22]安宝晟,程国栋.西藏生态足迹与承载力动态分析.生态学报,2014,34(4):1002-1009.AN B S,CHENG G D.Dynamic analysis of the ecological footprint and carrying capacity of tibet.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(4):1002-1009.
[23]张良侠,樊江文,邵全琴,唐风沛,张海燕,李愈哲.生态工程前后三江源草地产草量与载畜压力的变化分析.草业学报,2014,23(5):116-123.ZHANG L X,FAN J W,SHAO Q Q,TANG F P,ZHANG H Y,LI Y Z.Changes in grassland yield and grazing pressure in the Three Rivers headwater region before and after the implementation of the eco-restoration project.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(5):116-123.
[24]赵串串,杨晓阳,张凤臣,杨兴中.三江源区森林植被对气候变化响应的研究分析.干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(2):47-50.ZHAO C C,YANG X Y,ZHANG F C,YANG X Z.Response of forest vegetation to climate change in Sanjiangyuan region.Journal of Arid Land Resources&Environment,2009,23(2):47-50.
[25]李勇,邰彬,戴鹏,刘亚州,南卷文,姚丹凤.青海城镇化中人口与资源环境承载能力研究.攀登,2013,32(2):101-110.LI Y,XING B,DAI P,LIU Y Z,NAN J W,YAO D F.Study on population and resources carrying capacity in urbanization of Qinghai.New Heights,2013,32(2):101-110.
[26]李积谦,尕玛旺扎,春雨.三江源种植业现状及可持续发展对策.中国园艺文摘,2009,25(6):3-6.LI J Q,Gamawangzha,CHUN Y.Current situation of planting industry in Sanjiangyuan and countermeasures for sustainable development.China Horticultural Abstracts,2009,25(6):3-6.
[27]张源,张忠孝,王健,曲波,赵海荣,马青,石鹏娟.基于生态足迹的青海省生态可持续发展测度与评价.新疆农垦经济,2011(11):87-89.ZHANG Y,ZHANG Z X,WANG J,QU B,ZHAO H R,MA Q,SHI P J.Measurement and evaluation of ecological sustainable development in Qinghai Province based on ecological footprint.Xinjiang Farming Economy,2011(11):87-89.
[28]马晓东.水资源风险与政府责任;以三江源区为例.学术论坛,2012,35(10):116-119.MA X D.Water resources risk and government responsibility:Taking the source region of sanjiangyuan region as an example.Academic Forum,2012,35(10):116-119.
[29]陈海辉.浅谈青海水产养殖业对水体环境的影响.青海农林科技,2016(2):100-101.CHEN H H.The brief talk of the effects on aquatic environment from aquaculture industry in Qinghai province.Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2016(2):100-101.
[30]周华坤,赵新全,张超远,邢小方,朱宝文,杜发春.三江源区生态移民的困境与可持续发展策略.中国人口·资源与环,2010,20(S1):185-188.ZHOU H K,ZHAO X Q,ZHANG C,XING X F,ZHU B W,DU F C.The predicament of ecological migrants and sustainable development strategy in the source area of Three Rivers.China Population Resources&Environment,2010,20(S1):185-188.
[31]任群罗.地球生态系统的负荷分析与可持续发展:基于生态足迹法的分析.中国农村经济,2009(10):86-93.REN Q L.Earth ecosystem load analysis and sustainable development:Analysis based on the ecological footprint method.Chinese Rural Economy,2009(10):86-93.
[2]徐新良,王靓,李静,蔡红艳.三江源生态工程实施以来草地恢复态势及现状分析.地球信息科学学报,2017,19(1):50-58.XU X L,WANG L,LI J,CAI H Y.Analysis of the grassland restoration trend and degradation situation in the“Three-River Headwaters”region since the implementation of the ecological project.Journal of Geo-Information Science,2017,19(1):50-58.
[3]张爱儒.青海藏区重要生态功能区生态环境承载力研究:以三江源生态功能区为例.兰州大学学报(社会科学版),2015,43(3):62-71.ZHANG A R.The eco-environmental carrying capacity of the Tibetan Regions in Qinghai Province:Taking the ecological function of Sanjiangyuan region as an example.Journal of Lanzhou University(Social Science Edition),2015,43(3):62-71.
[4]王鹏,况福民,邓育武,田亚平,许碧娟.湘南红壤丘陵区土地生态安全测度评价:以永兴县为例.国土与自然资源研究,2013(5):55-57.WANG P,KUANG F M,DENG Y W,TIAN Y P,XU B J.Analysis of land eco-security in red soil hilly region in southern Hunan:Taking Yongxing County as an example.Territory&Natural Resources Study,2013(5):55-57.
[5]VUUREN D P V,SMEETS E M W.Ecological footprints of Benin,Bhutan,Costa Rica and the Netherlands.Ecological Economics,2000,34(1):115-130.
[6]AALL C,NORLAND I T.The use of the ecological footprint in local politics and administration:Results and implications from Norway.Local Environment,2005,10(2):159-172.
[7]REES W E.Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity:What urban economics leaves out.Focus,1992,6(2):121-130.
[8]CUADRA M,BJ?RKLUND J.Assessment of economic and ecological carrying capacity of agricultural crops in Nicaragua.Ecological Indicators,2007,7(1):133-149.
[9]HOLDEN E,H?YER K G.The ecological footprints of fuels.Transportation Research Part D,2005,10(5):395-403.
[10]HUNTER C,SHAW J.The ecological footprint as a key indicator of sustainable tourism.Tourism Management,2007,28(1):46-57.
[11]BASTIANONI S,NICCOLUCCI V,PULSELLI R M,MARCHETTINI N.Indicator and indicandum:“Sustainable way”vs,“prevailing conditions”in the Ecological Footprint.Ecological Indicators,2012,16:47-50.
[12]陈成忠,林振山.生态足迹模型的争论与发展.生态学报,2008,28(12):6252-6263.ChHEN C Z,LIN Z S.Debate and development of ecological footprint model during the last 10 years.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):6252-6263.
[13]周静,管卫华.基于生态足迹方法的南京可持续发展研究.生态学报,2012,32(20):6471-6480.ZHOU J,GUAN W H.Study on sustainable development in nanjing based on ecological footprint model.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(20):6471-6480.
[14]向秀容,潘韬,吴绍洪,刘卫东,马丽,王晓峰,尹云鹤,李静.基于生态足迹的天山北坡经济带生态承载力评价与预测.地理研究,2016,35(5):875-884.XIANG X R,PAN T,WU S H,LIU W D,MA L,WANG X F,YIN Y H,LI J.Assessment and prediction of ecological carrying capacity for the Northern Slope Economic Belt of Tianshan Mountains.Geographical Research,2016,35(5):875-884.
[15]李昭华,李璇.中欧双边货物贸易自然资本的生态足迹分析:基于产品用地系数矩阵(PLUM)方法.国际贸易问题,2013(3):59-72.LI S H,LI X.A footprint analysis on the natural capital embodied in the goods of China-EU bilateral trade:Based on product land use Matrix(PLUM)approach.Journal of International Trade,2013(3):59-72.
[16]史利洁,吴普特,王玉宝,孙世坤,刘静.基于作物生产水足迹的陕西省水资源压力评价.中国生态农业学报,2015,23(5):650-658.SHI L J,WU P T,WANG Y B,SUN S K,LIU J.Assessment of water stress in Shaanxi Province based on crop water footprint.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(5):650-658.
[17]赵冠伟,杨木壮,陈健飞.1990-2007年中国能源足迹时空差异分析.地理与地理信息科学,2011,27(2):65-69.ZHAO G W,YANG M Z,CHEN J F.Analysis on the temporal and spatial difference of energy ecological footprint in China from1990 to 2007.Geography and Geo-Information Science,2011,27(2):65-69.
[18]晓兰,王丹丹.生态足迹应用研究进展.赤峰学院学报(自然科学版),2013,29(1):20-26.XIAO L,WANG D D.Research progress of application of ecological footprint.Journal of Chifeng University(Natural Science Edition),2013,29(1):20-26.
[19]蒋冲,王德旺,罗上华,李岱青,张林波,高艳妮.三江源区生态系统状况变化及其成因.环境科学研究,2017,30(1):10-19.JIANG C,WANG D W,LUO S H,LI D Q,ZHANG L B,GAO Y N.Ecosystem status changes and attribution in the Three-River headwaters region.Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(1):10-19.
[20]Wackernagel M.National footprint and biocapacity accounts 2005:The underlying calculation method.http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.485.874
[21]徐中民,张志强,程国栋,陈东景.中国1999年生态足迹计算与发展能力分析.应用生报,2003,14(2):280-285.XU Z M,ZHANG Z Q,CHENG G D,CHEN D J.Ecological footprint calculation and development capacity analysis of China in1999.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):280-285.
[22]安宝晟,程国栋.西藏生态足迹与承载力动态分析.生态学报,2014,34(4):1002-1009.AN B S,CHENG G D.Dynamic analysis of the ecological footprint and carrying capacity of tibet.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(4):1002-1009.
[23]张良侠,樊江文,邵全琴,唐风沛,张海燕,李愈哲.生态工程前后三江源草地产草量与载畜压力的变化分析.草业学报,2014,23(5):116-123.ZHANG L X,FAN J W,SHAO Q Q,TANG F P,ZHANG H Y,LI Y Z.Changes in grassland yield and grazing pressure in the Three Rivers headwater region before and after the implementation of the eco-restoration project.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(5):116-123.
[24]赵串串,杨晓阳,张凤臣,杨兴中.三江源区森林植被对气候变化响应的研究分析.干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(2):47-50.ZHAO C C,YANG X Y,ZHANG F C,YANG X Z.Response of forest vegetation to climate change in Sanjiangyuan region.Journal of Arid Land Resources&Environment,2009,23(2):47-50.
[25]李勇,邰彬,戴鹏,刘亚州,南卷文,姚丹凤.青海城镇化中人口与资源环境承载能力研究.攀登,2013,32(2):101-110.LI Y,XING B,DAI P,LIU Y Z,NAN J W,YAO D F.Study on population and resources carrying capacity in urbanization of Qinghai.New Heights,2013,32(2):101-110.
[26]李积谦,尕玛旺扎,春雨.三江源种植业现状及可持续发展对策.中国园艺文摘,2009,25(6):3-6.LI J Q,Gamawangzha,CHUN Y.Current situation of planting industry in Sanjiangyuan and countermeasures for sustainable development.China Horticultural Abstracts,2009,25(6):3-6.
[27]张源,张忠孝,王健,曲波,赵海荣,马青,石鹏娟.基于生态足迹的青海省生态可持续发展测度与评价.新疆农垦经济,2011(11):87-89.ZHANG Y,ZHANG Z X,WANG J,QU B,ZHAO H R,MA Q,SHI P J.Measurement and evaluation of ecological sustainable development in Qinghai Province based on ecological footprint.Xinjiang Farming Economy,2011(11):87-89.
[28]马晓东.水资源风险与政府责任;以三江源区为例.学术论坛,2012,35(10):116-119.MA X D.Water resources risk and government responsibility:Taking the source region of sanjiangyuan region as an example.Academic Forum,2012,35(10):116-119.
[29]陈海辉.浅谈青海水产养殖业对水体环境的影响.青海农林科技,2016(2):100-101.CHEN H H.The brief talk of the effects on aquatic environment from aquaculture industry in Qinghai province.Qinghai Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2016(2):100-101.
[30]周华坤,赵新全,张超远,邢小方,朱宝文,杜发春.三江源区生态移民的困境与可持续发展策略.中国人口·资源与环,2010,20(S1):185-188.ZHOU H K,ZHAO X Q,ZHANG C,XING X F,ZHU B W,DU F C.The predicament of ecological migrants and sustainable development strategy in the source area of Three Rivers.China Population Resources&Environment,2010,20(S1):185-188.
[31]任群罗.地球生态系统的负荷分析与可持续发展:基于生态足迹法的分析.中国农村经济,2009(10):86-93.REN Q L.Earth ecosystem load analysis and sustainable development:Analysis based on the ecological footprint method.Chinese Rural Economy,2009(10):86-93.