滴灌施肥下水氮供应对夏玉米产量、硝态氮和水氮利用效率的影响
|
摘要
【目的】寻找滴灌夏玉米最佳施氮量。【方法】本试验在测坑-防雨棚设施条件下进行,试验设置2个灌水定额,分别为50 mm(WH为充分灌溉)25 mm(WL为限水灌溉);4个氮肥水平,即0、90、180、270 kg/hm~2,分别以N0、N1、N2和N3表示。采用完全区组设计,共计8个处理,3次重复。研究了滴灌施肥条件下,灌水定额和氮肥互作对土壤水分消耗、NO3--N运移积累以及夏玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响。【结果】灌水、氮肥及其交互作用均显著影响夏玉米地上部干物质量、籽粒产量和水氮利用效率。限水灌溉条件下,玉米拔节期—灌浆初期发生中轻度水分亏缺,对后期产量形成产生显著影响,但限水灌溉显著提高了土壤贮水的消耗量和水分利用效率。在2种灌溉水平下,施氮量与产量均成抛物线关系,充分灌溉条件下施氮量264.3 kg/hm~2时为转折点,限水灌溉条件下施氮量176.9 kg/hm2为转折点。充分灌溉条件下,随着施氮量的增加氮肥农学利用率呈增加趋势;但在限水灌溉条件下,随着施氮量的增加氮肥农学利用率表现出降低的趋势。随着施氮量增加,各土层土壤硝态氮量显著增加,且60～100 cm土层硝态氮累积所占比例增加。与充分灌溉相比,限水灌溉作物吸氮量降低,各生育期土壤中硝态氮残留增加。【结论】玉米产量对氮素的响应与供水量相关,水分亏缺下,产生最大产量需要的氮素用量随之降低。因此,生产中应根据土壤含水率调整施氮量,以实现最高产量和水肥利用效率。
【Objective】The objective of this research is to find suitable N application of drip irrigation.【Method】A field experiment was carried out in the lysimeter and rain-proof shelter facility located at the North China Plain during the maize growing seasons in 2016. The experiment was carried out using a split plot design with irrigation level as the main plots and N level as the subplots. We set two irrigation rates: 50 mm sufficient irrigation(WH), and 25 mm limited irrigation(WL), and four N application rates: 0(N0), 90(N1), 180(N2) and 270(N3)kg/hm~2. the impact of variable irrigation levels, N fertilizer rates and their interaction on water consumption, NO_3~--N movement and accumulation, growth and N and water use efficiency of maize under drip-fertigation condition in the North China Plain was studied.【Result】Irrigation, nitrogen and their interaction significantly influenced maize above-ground biomass, grain yield as well as water and nitrogen use efficiency. Compared to sufficient irrigation, deficit irrigation increased soil water consumption and WUE, but decreased grain yield due to light water deficit during jointing-filling stages. The N application rate and grain yield were presented as quadratic curves under the two irrigation levels. The potential maximum grain yields were attained at 264.3 kg/hm~2 under sufficient irrigation and 176.9 kg/hm~2 under limited irrigation. Under sufficient irrigation, NAE increased with increase of N application rate. By contrast, NAE decreased with increase of N application rate under the deficit irrigation level.With the increase of N application rate, soil NO_3~--N content increased and the ratio of soil NO_3~--N accumulation in60～100 cm soil layer increased. Compared to sufficient irrigation, deficit irrigation decreased N uptake by the crop and increased NO_3~--N accumulation in the soil profile under the high N application rate.【Conclusion】The effect of N fertilizer on grain yield depends on the availability of soil water. Regulating N fertilizer rates to meet maize requirements based on the available soil water content not only increased yield but also prevented negative environmental impacts.
【Objective】The objective of this research is to find suitable N application of drip irrigation.【Method】A field experiment was carried out in the lysimeter and rain-proof shelter facility located at the North China Plain during the maize growing seasons in 2016. The experiment was carried out using a split plot design with irrigation level as the main plots and N level as the subplots. We set two irrigation rates: 50 mm sufficient irrigation(WH), and 25 mm limited irrigation(WL), and four N application rates: 0(N0), 90(N1), 180(N2) and 270(N3)kg/hm~2. the impact of variable irrigation levels, N fertilizer rates and their interaction on water consumption, NO_3~--N movement and accumulation, growth and N and water use efficiency of maize under drip-fertigation condition in the North China Plain was studied.【Result】Irrigation, nitrogen and their interaction significantly influenced maize above-ground biomass, grain yield as well as water and nitrogen use efficiency. Compared to sufficient irrigation, deficit irrigation increased soil water consumption and WUE, but decreased grain yield due to light water deficit during jointing-filling stages. The N application rate and grain yield were presented as quadratic curves under the two irrigation levels. The potential maximum grain yields were attained at 264.3 kg/hm~2 under sufficient irrigation and 176.9 kg/hm~2 under limited irrigation. Under sufficient irrigation, NAE increased with increase of N application rate. By contrast, NAE decreased with increase of N application rate under the deficit irrigation level.With the increase of N application rate, soil NO_3~--N content increased and the ratio of soil NO_3~--N accumulation in60～100 cm soil layer increased. Compared to sufficient irrigation, deficit irrigation decreased N uptake by the crop and increased NO_3~--N accumulation in the soil profile under the high N application rate.【Conclusion】The effect of N fertilizer on grain yield depends on the availability of soil water. Regulating N fertilizer rates to meet maize requirements based on the available soil water content not only increased yield but also prevented negative environmental impacts.
引文
[1] JU X T, XING G X,CHEN X P,et al. Reducing environmental risk by improving n management in intensive chinese agricultural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009, 106(9):3 041-3 046.
[2] GU B J, JU X T, CHANG J, GE Y, et al. Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015, 112:8 792-8 797.
[3] MENG Q F, YUE S C, HOU P, et al. Improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency simultaneously for maize and wheat in China, A review[J]. Pedosphere,2016, 26(2):137-147.
[4]朱兆良,金继运.保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013, 19(2):259-273.
[5]高亚军,李生秀,田霄鸿,等.不同供肥条件下水分分配对旱地玉米产量的影响[J].作物学报,2006, 30(3):415-422.
[6] PANDEY J-R-K, MARANVILLE P-J-W, CHETIMA M-M. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a sahelian environment:ii. shoot growth,nitrogen uptake and water extraction[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2000, 46:15-27
[7]郭丙玉,高慧,唐诚,等.水肥互作对滴灌玉米氮素吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015, 26(12):3 679-3 686.
[8] KUMAR M, RAJPUT T B S, KUMAR R et al. Water and nitrate dynamics in baby corn(Zea mays L.)under different fertigation frequencies and operating pressures in semi-arid region of India[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 163:263-274.
[9] FAN Z B, LIN S, ZHANG X M, et al. Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 144:11-19.
[10]尚文彬,张忠学,郑恩楠,等.水氮耦合对膜下滴灌玉米产量和水氮利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2019, 38(1):49-55.
[11]张富仓,严富来,范兴科,等.滴灌施肥水平对宁夏春玉米产量和水肥利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2018, 3(22):111-120.
[12]中国国家统计局. 2012年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2012.
[13]薛昌颖,张弘,刘荣花.黄淮海地区夏玉米生长季的干旱风险[J].应用生态学报,2016, 27(5):1 521-15 29.
[14] EL-HENDAWY S E, EL-LATTIEF E A A, AHMED M S, et al. Irrigation rate and plant density effects on yield and water use efficiency of drip-irrigated corn[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2008, 95(7):836-844.
[15] CAKIR R. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn[J]. Field Crop Research, 2004, 89:1-16
[16] MOSER S B, FEIL B, JAMPATONG S, et al. Effects of pre-anthesis drought, nitrogen fertilizer rate, and variety on grain yield, yield components, and harvest index of tropical maize[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 81(1):41-58.
[17] BADR M A, EL-TOHAMY W A, ZAGHLOUL A M. Yield and water use efficiency of potato grown under different irrigation and nitrogen levels in an arid region[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2012, 110:9-15.
[18]吕丽华,董志强,张经廷,等.水氮对冬小麦-夏玉米产量及氮利用效应研究[J].中国农业科学,2014, 47(19):3 839-3 849.
[19] KIANI M, GHEYSARI M, MOSTAFAZADEH-FARD B, et al. Effect of the interaction of water and nitrogen on sunflower under drip irrigation in an arid region[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 171:162-172.
[20] WANG Y, ZHANG X Y, CHEN J, et al. Reducing basal nitrogen rate to improve maize seedling growth, water and nitrogen use efficiencies under drought stress by optimizing root morphology and distribution[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2019, 212:328-337.
[21] CHILUNDO M, JOEL A, WESSTROM I, et al. Effects of reduced irrigation dose and slow release fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield in a semi-arid loamy sand[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 168:68-77.
[22] IBRAHIM M M, EI-BAROUDY A A, TAHA A M. Irrigation and fertigation scheduling under drip irrigation for maize crop in sandy soil[J]. International Agrophysics, 2016, 30(1):47-55.
[23] JIA X C, SHAO L J, LIU P, et al. Effect of different nitrogen and irrigation treatments on yield and nitrate leaching of summer maize(Zea mays L.)under lysimeter conditions[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 137:92-103.
[2] GU B J, JU X T, CHANG J, GE Y, et al. Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015, 112:8 792-8 797.
[3] MENG Q F, YUE S C, HOU P, et al. Improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency simultaneously for maize and wheat in China, A review[J]. Pedosphere,2016, 26(2):137-147.
[4]朱兆良,金继运.保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013, 19(2):259-273.
[5]高亚军,李生秀,田霄鸿,等.不同供肥条件下水分分配对旱地玉米产量的影响[J].作物学报,2006, 30(3):415-422.
[6] PANDEY J-R-K, MARANVILLE P-J-W, CHETIMA M-M. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a sahelian environment:ii. shoot growth,nitrogen uptake and water extraction[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2000, 46:15-27
[7]郭丙玉,高慧,唐诚,等.水肥互作对滴灌玉米氮素吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015, 26(12):3 679-3 686.
[8] KUMAR M, RAJPUT T B S, KUMAR R et al. Water and nitrate dynamics in baby corn(Zea mays L.)under different fertigation frequencies and operating pressures in semi-arid region of India[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 163:263-274.
[9] FAN Z B, LIN S, ZHANG X M, et al. Conventional flooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 144:11-19.
[10]尚文彬,张忠学,郑恩楠,等.水氮耦合对膜下滴灌玉米产量和水氮利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报, 2019, 38(1):49-55.
[11]张富仓,严富来,范兴科,等.滴灌施肥水平对宁夏春玉米产量和水肥利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2018, 3(22):111-120.
[12]中国国家统计局. 2012年中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2012.
[13]薛昌颖,张弘,刘荣花.黄淮海地区夏玉米生长季的干旱风险[J].应用生态学报,2016, 27(5):1 521-15 29.
[14] EL-HENDAWY S E, EL-LATTIEF E A A, AHMED M S, et al. Irrigation rate and plant density effects on yield and water use efficiency of drip-irrigated corn[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2008, 95(7):836-844.
[15] CAKIR R. Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn[J]. Field Crop Research, 2004, 89:1-16
[16] MOSER S B, FEIL B, JAMPATONG S, et al. Effects of pre-anthesis drought, nitrogen fertilizer rate, and variety on grain yield, yield components, and harvest index of tropical maize[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 81(1):41-58.
[17] BADR M A, EL-TOHAMY W A, ZAGHLOUL A M. Yield and water use efficiency of potato grown under different irrigation and nitrogen levels in an arid region[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2012, 110:9-15.
[18]吕丽华,董志强,张经廷,等.水氮对冬小麦-夏玉米产量及氮利用效应研究[J].中国农业科学,2014, 47(19):3 839-3 849.
[19] KIANI M, GHEYSARI M, MOSTAFAZADEH-FARD B, et al. Effect of the interaction of water and nitrogen on sunflower under drip irrigation in an arid region[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 171:162-172.
[20] WANG Y, ZHANG X Y, CHEN J, et al. Reducing basal nitrogen rate to improve maize seedling growth, water and nitrogen use efficiencies under drought stress by optimizing root morphology and distribution[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2019, 212:328-337.
[21] CHILUNDO M, JOEL A, WESSTROM I, et al. Effects of reduced irrigation dose and slow release fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield in a semi-arid loamy sand[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 168:68-77.
[22] IBRAHIM M M, EI-BAROUDY A A, TAHA A M. Irrigation and fertigation scheduling under drip irrigation for maize crop in sandy soil[J]. International Agrophysics, 2016, 30(1):47-55.
[23] JIA X C, SHAO L J, LIU P, et al. Effect of different nitrogen and irrigation treatments on yield and nitrate leaching of summer maize(Zea mays L.)under lysimeter conditions[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 137:92-103.