黄土高原大理河流域水沙耦合模型应用研究
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摘要
水沙模型是定量描述水沙关系及水沙规律的重要工具,现阶段国内外对于水沙模型的研究大都为基于某个典型流域的经验统计模型或基于流域大量基础资料的物理模型,极大限制了其使用范围及模拟精度.本文建立了结构与参数均具有物理意义的流域水沙耦合物理概念模型,其优点是物理概念清楚,模拟精度高,实用性强,易于深入研究泥沙基本规律.该模型将概念性水文模型和泥沙模型耦合,提出水流挟沙能力和土壤抗侵蚀能力概念,用对数曲线近似描述流域土壤抗侵蚀能力的空间变异性,在拜格诺河道水流悬移质泥沙公式基础上建立概念性沟蚀产沙公式,参照水流汇集相似性建立泥沙汇集演算公式.选取黄河中游大理河流域4个不同流域尺度的实际流域对模型进行应用检验,模拟结果表明,该模型的水流泥沙两部分均有很高的模拟精度,可以很好地模拟黄河中游地区不同流域尺度和年际尺度上的洪水过程和泥沙产生及输移过程,充分证明了该模型结构、参数和计算方法的合理性,可用于定量分析流域内各项水保措施的减水减沙效益及水沙关系变化趋势,对该模型的推广应用可做进一步分析研究.
The flow-sedimentation coupled model is a crucial tool for quantitatively describing the relationship and the law of flow and sedimentation. Studies on flow-sedimentation model at home and abroad are almost empirical statistical models of a typical basin or physics-based model based on considerable description of the watershed at this stage,which greatly limits its usage and simulation accuracy. A conceptual flow-sedimentation coupled simulation model for basins,which combines the conceptual hydrological model with the sediment model,is presented with physical structures and parameters in this paper. Its clear physical concept,high simulation precision and strong practicability make it easy to study the basic law of sediment. We put forward the concept of hydraulic erosion capacity and soil erosion resistance capacity to estimate the sediment yields on the slopes and use logarithmic curve to approximately describe the spatial variability of watershed soil erosion resistance capacity. The calculus formula for sediment yield in gully and sediment concentration is respectively established based on the suspended sediment formula of the Bagnold's River channel and by referring to the similarity of flow. The proposed model is tested in four watersheds of different scales in the Dali River Basin and the results indicate that the model can provide a good simulation of runoff and sediment generation as well as transportation processes at both watershed scale and inter-annual time scale in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,and thus further confirm that the model is reasonable in structure,parameters and calculation methods. The model can be used to quantitatively analyze the benefits of flow and sediment reduction and how their relationship changed due to various water conservation measures implemented in the basin,and can be further analyzed and studied for its popularization and application.
The flow-sedimentation coupled model is a crucial tool for quantitatively describing the relationship and the law of flow and sedimentation. Studies on flow-sedimentation model at home and abroad are almost empirical statistical models of a typical basin or physics-based model based on considerable description of the watershed at this stage,which greatly limits its usage and simulation accuracy. A conceptual flow-sedimentation coupled simulation model for basins,which combines the conceptual hydrological model with the sediment model,is presented with physical structures and parameters in this paper. Its clear physical concept,high simulation precision and strong practicability make it easy to study the basic law of sediment. We put forward the concept of hydraulic erosion capacity and soil erosion resistance capacity to estimate the sediment yields on the slopes and use logarithmic curve to approximately describe the spatial variability of watershed soil erosion resistance capacity. The calculus formula for sediment yield in gully and sediment concentration is respectively established based on the suspended sediment formula of the Bagnold's River channel and by referring to the similarity of flow. The proposed model is tested in four watersheds of different scales in the Dali River Basin and the results indicate that the model can provide a good simulation of runoff and sediment generation as well as transportation processes at both watershed scale and inter-annual time scale in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,and thus further confirm that the model is reasonable in structure,parameters and calculation methods. The model can be used to quantitatively analyze the benefits of flow and sediment reduction and how their relationship changed due to various water conservation measures implemented in the basin,and can be further analyzed and studied for its popularization and application.
引文
[1] Yao WY,Gao YJ,An CH et al. Analysis of trend of runoff and sediment load in upper and middle reaches of Yellow River at century scale. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2015,35(5):112-120.[姚文艺,高亚军,安催花等.百年尺度黄河上中游水沙变化趋势分析.水利水电科技进展,2015,35(5):112-120.]
[2] Liu C,He Y,Liu A. Key drivers of changes in sediment loads of rivers. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2017,37(1):1-7.[刘成,何耘,刘桉.河流输沙量变化的主要驱动因素.水利水电科技进展,2017,37(1):1-7.]
[3] Yao W,Xiao P,Shen Z et al. Analysis of the contribution of multiple factors to the recent decrease in discharge and sediment yield in the Yellow River Basin,China. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(9):1289-1304. DOI:10.1007/s11442-016-1227-7
[4] Shi FC,Zhang R. Cause analysis and recognitions on the recent sharp decreasing of the Yellow River water and sediment amount. Yellow River,2013,35(7):1-3.[史辅成,张冉.近期黄河水沙量锐减的原因分析及认识.人民黄河,2013,35(7):1-3.]
[5] Beven KJ,Kirkby MJ. A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Science Bulletin,1979,24(1):43-69.
[6] Wigmosta MS,Vail LW,Lettenmaier DP. A distributed hydrology vegetation model for complex terrain. Water Resources Research,1994,30(6):1665-1679. DOI:10.1029/94WR00436.
[7] Si W,Bao WM,Jiang P et al. A semi-physical sediment yield model for estimation of suspended sediment in Loess Region.International Journal of Sediment Research,2017,32(1):12-19. DOI:10.1016/j.ijsrc.2015.10.002.
[8] Li WJ,Wang XK,Li DX et al. A physically-based distributed watershed water erosion prediction model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(3):264-274.[李文杰,王兴奎,李丹勋等.基于物理过程的分布式流域水沙预报模型.水利学报,2012,43(3):264-274.]
[9] Wischmeier WH,Smith DD. Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning. Agic Handbook,1978:537.
[10] De Roo APJ,Jetten VG. Calibrating and validating the LISEM model for two data sets from the Netherlands and South Africa. Catena,1999,37(3/4):477-493.
[11] Laflen JM,Lane LJ,Foster GR. WEPP:A new generation of erosion prediction technology. Journal of Soil&Water Conservation,1991,46(1):34-38.
[12] Wan YY,Jin ZW,Huang RY. Outlook and prospect on sedimentation model study. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2006,4(1):48-51.[万远扬,金中武,黄仁勇.泥沙模型研究述评与前景展望.南水北调与水利科技,2006,4(1):48-51.]
[13] Bao WM. A conceptual flow-sedimentation coupled simulation model for small basins. Geographical Research,1995,14(2):27-34.[包为民.小流域水沙耦合模拟概念模型.地理研究,1995,14(2):27-34.]
[14] Bao WM,Chen YT. A conceptual flow-sedimentation coupled simulation model for large basins. Advances in Water Science,1994,5(4):287-292.[包为民,陈耀庭.中大流域水沙耦合模拟物理概念模型.水科学进展,1994,5(4):287-292.]
[15] Bao WM,Zhang XQ,Zhao LP. Parameter estimation method based on parameter function surface. Science China Technological Sciences,2013,56(6):1485-1498. DOI:10.1007/s11431-013-5224-3.
[16] Tang LQ,Chen GX. Application of physical conceptual model in evaluating the benefits of water and soil conservation.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1998,29(9):62-65.[汤立群,陈国祥.物理概念模型在水保效益评价中的应用.水利学报,1998,29(9):62-65.]
[17] Bao WM. A conceptual modelling study for small basin sediment yields in Loess regions. Advances in Water Science,1993,4(1):44-50.[包为民.黄土地区小流域产沙概念性模拟研究.水科学进展,1993,4(1):44-50.]
[18] Bao WM. A tentative study of conceptual sedimentation routing model. Journal of Hohai University,1990,18(6):24-29.[包为民.概念性汇沙模型初探.河海大学学报,1990,18(6):24-29.]
[19] Bao WM. Improvement and application of the Green-Ampt infiltration curve. Yellow River,1993,(9):1-3.[包为民.格林———安普特下渗曲线的改进应用.人民黄河,1993,(9):1-3.]
[20] Zhao RJ ed. Hydrological simulation of watershed. Beijing:Water Resources and Electric Power Press,1984:55-105.[赵人俊.流域水文模拟.北京:水利电力出版社,1984:55-105.]
[21] Chen JQ. Application of Muskingum methods in flood forecasting. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2005,(5):33-35.[陈金庆.马斯京根流量演算法在洪水预报中的应用.中国农村水利水电,2005,(5):33-35.]
[22] Gao HD,Li ZB,Li P et al. Concept and calculation methods of erosion control degree:A case study of the Wangmaogou Watershed. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(1):17-24.[高海东,李占斌,李鹏等.流域侵蚀控制度的概念与计算方法———以王茂沟流域为例.中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):17-24.]
[23] Wang D,Li ZB,Li P et al. Evaluation of overall distribution of check dam system in the Jiuyuangou Watershed. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(5):49-55.[王丹,李占斌,李鹏等.韭园沟流域淤地坝坝系布局评价.水土保持研究,2016,23(5):49-55.]
[24] Qi JY,Cai QG,Cai L et al. Scale effect of runoff and sediment reduction effects of soil and water conservation measures in Chabagou,Dalihe and Wudinghe Basins. Progress in Geography,2011,30(1):95-102. DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.01.012.[綦俊谕,蔡强国,蔡乐等.岔巴沟、大理河与无定河水土保持减水减沙作用的尺度效应.地理科学进展,2011,30(1):95-102.]
[25] Bao WM. Automatic calibration of Xinan Jiang model parameters. Journal of Hohai University,1986,14(4):22-30.[包为民.新安江模型的参数自动率定.河海大学学报,1986,14(4):22-30.]
[2] Liu C,He Y,Liu A. Key drivers of changes in sediment loads of rivers. Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2017,37(1):1-7.[刘成,何耘,刘桉.河流输沙量变化的主要驱动因素.水利水电科技进展,2017,37(1):1-7.]
[3] Yao W,Xiao P,Shen Z et al. Analysis of the contribution of multiple factors to the recent decrease in discharge and sediment yield in the Yellow River Basin,China. Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(9):1289-1304. DOI:10.1007/s11442-016-1227-7
[4] Shi FC,Zhang R. Cause analysis and recognitions on the recent sharp decreasing of the Yellow River water and sediment amount. Yellow River,2013,35(7):1-3.[史辅成,张冉.近期黄河水沙量锐减的原因分析及认识.人民黄河,2013,35(7):1-3.]
[5] Beven KJ,Kirkby MJ. A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Science Bulletin,1979,24(1):43-69.
[6] Wigmosta MS,Vail LW,Lettenmaier DP. A distributed hydrology vegetation model for complex terrain. Water Resources Research,1994,30(6):1665-1679. DOI:10.1029/94WR00436.
[7] Si W,Bao WM,Jiang P et al. A semi-physical sediment yield model for estimation of suspended sediment in Loess Region.International Journal of Sediment Research,2017,32(1):12-19. DOI:10.1016/j.ijsrc.2015.10.002.
[8] Li WJ,Wang XK,Li DX et al. A physically-based distributed watershed water erosion prediction model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(3):264-274.[李文杰,王兴奎,李丹勋等.基于物理过程的分布式流域水沙预报模型.水利学报,2012,43(3):264-274.]
[9] Wischmeier WH,Smith DD. Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning. Agic Handbook,1978:537.
[10] De Roo APJ,Jetten VG. Calibrating and validating the LISEM model for two data sets from the Netherlands and South Africa. Catena,1999,37(3/4):477-493.
[11] Laflen JM,Lane LJ,Foster GR. WEPP:A new generation of erosion prediction technology. Journal of Soil&Water Conservation,1991,46(1):34-38.
[12] Wan YY,Jin ZW,Huang RY. Outlook and prospect on sedimentation model study. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2006,4(1):48-51.[万远扬,金中武,黄仁勇.泥沙模型研究述评与前景展望.南水北调与水利科技,2006,4(1):48-51.]
[13] Bao WM. A conceptual flow-sedimentation coupled simulation model for small basins. Geographical Research,1995,14(2):27-34.[包为民.小流域水沙耦合模拟概念模型.地理研究,1995,14(2):27-34.]
[14] Bao WM,Chen YT. A conceptual flow-sedimentation coupled simulation model for large basins. Advances in Water Science,1994,5(4):287-292.[包为民,陈耀庭.中大流域水沙耦合模拟物理概念模型.水科学进展,1994,5(4):287-292.]
[15] Bao WM,Zhang XQ,Zhao LP. Parameter estimation method based on parameter function surface. Science China Technological Sciences,2013,56(6):1485-1498. DOI:10.1007/s11431-013-5224-3.
[16] Tang LQ,Chen GX. Application of physical conceptual model in evaluating the benefits of water and soil conservation.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1998,29(9):62-65.[汤立群,陈国祥.物理概念模型在水保效益评价中的应用.水利学报,1998,29(9):62-65.]
[17] Bao WM. A conceptual modelling study for small basin sediment yields in Loess regions. Advances in Water Science,1993,4(1):44-50.[包为民.黄土地区小流域产沙概念性模拟研究.水科学进展,1993,4(1):44-50.]
[18] Bao WM. A tentative study of conceptual sedimentation routing model. Journal of Hohai University,1990,18(6):24-29.[包为民.概念性汇沙模型初探.河海大学学报,1990,18(6):24-29.]
[19] Bao WM. Improvement and application of the Green-Ampt infiltration curve. Yellow River,1993,(9):1-3.[包为民.格林———安普特下渗曲线的改进应用.人民黄河,1993,(9):1-3.]
[20] Zhao RJ ed. Hydrological simulation of watershed. Beijing:Water Resources and Electric Power Press,1984:55-105.[赵人俊.流域水文模拟.北京:水利电力出版社,1984:55-105.]
[21] Chen JQ. Application of Muskingum methods in flood forecasting. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2005,(5):33-35.[陈金庆.马斯京根流量演算法在洪水预报中的应用.中国农村水利水电,2005,(5):33-35.]
[22] Gao HD,Li ZB,Li P et al. Concept and calculation methods of erosion control degree:A case study of the Wangmaogou Watershed. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(1):17-24.[高海东,李占斌,李鹏等.流域侵蚀控制度的概念与计算方法———以王茂沟流域为例.中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):17-24.]
[23] Wang D,Li ZB,Li P et al. Evaluation of overall distribution of check dam system in the Jiuyuangou Watershed. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(5):49-55.[王丹,李占斌,李鹏等.韭园沟流域淤地坝坝系布局评价.水土保持研究,2016,23(5):49-55.]
[24] Qi JY,Cai QG,Cai L et al. Scale effect of runoff and sediment reduction effects of soil and water conservation measures in Chabagou,Dalihe and Wudinghe Basins. Progress in Geography,2011,30(1):95-102. DOI:10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.01.012.[綦俊谕,蔡强国,蔡乐等.岔巴沟、大理河与无定河水土保持减水减沙作用的尺度效应.地理科学进展,2011,30(1):95-102.]
[25] Bao WM. Automatic calibration of Xinan Jiang model parameters. Journal of Hohai University,1986,14(4):22-30.[包为民.新安江模型的参数自动率定.河海大学学报,1986,14(4):22-30.]
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