不同退化程度草地土壤碳、氮对人工湖的时空响应
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摘要
在不同退化草地上建造人工湖泊,可能会改善毗邻退化草地的生态环境,影响退化草地土壤中养分的流动,加快退化草地的修复。本研究分析了建造人工湖泊后3年内(2014–2016年)湖泊毗邻的不同退化程度草地土壤含水量及碳、氮含量在不同湖距(10、60、100、150、250和600 m)上的动态变化。结果表明,在建湖3年这个短时期内,不同退化草地土壤含水量和土壤养分(有机碳、全氮)形成了近湖效应,即近湖区土壤含水量和养分含量高。轻度、重度退化草地土壤含水量在建湖3年后差异性被削弱。上层土壤(0–10 cm)含水量、有机碳和全氮含量高于下层土壤(10–20 cm),重度退化草地养分低于轻度退化草地。2016年,距湖150 m处土壤全氮含量表现为重度退化草地(2.03 g·kg–1)小于轻度退化草地(2.78 g·kg–1)。2016年重度退化草地土壤距湖10、60、150和250 m处的有机碳含量分别增加了10%、44%、48%和54%;轻度退化草地土壤有机碳仅在距湖10 m处随年际的推移而增加了53%。综上,人工湖影响毗邻退化草地土壤中养分流动,尤其在距离上有显著的影响,并表现出一定的规律性。
The construction of artificial lakes in different degraded grasslands may improve the ecological environment of adjacent degraded grasslands,positively affect the nutrient flux in degraded grassland soil,and accelerate the restoration of degraded grasslands.In this study,the dynamics of soil nutrients at six different distances(10 m,60 m,100 m,150 m,250 m,and 600 m) from the artificial lake and differences among three years(2014 –2016) were analyzed.The results were as follows:soil moisture and soil nutrients(organic carbon SOC,total nitrogen TN) in different degraded grasslands showed the "near-lake effect" in the short 3-year period after the lake was built,and soil moisture and soil nutrient content near the lake was higher.The soil moisture,organic carbon,and total nitrogen in the upper soil(0–10 cm) were higher than those in the lower soil(10–20 cm),the soil nutrients in the heavily degraded grassland(HG) were lower than those in the lightly degraded grassland(LG).In 2016,the TN at 150 m from the lake was ordered HG(2.03 g·kg–1)
The construction of artificial lakes in different degraded grasslands may improve the ecological environment of adjacent degraded grasslands,positively affect the nutrient flux in degraded grassland soil,and accelerate the restoration of degraded grasslands.In this study,the dynamics of soil nutrients at six different distances(10 m,60 m,100 m,150 m,250 m,and 600 m) from the artificial lake and differences among three years(2014 –2016) were analyzed.The results were as follows:soil moisture and soil nutrients(organic carbon SOC,total nitrogen TN) in different degraded grasslands showed the "near-lake effect" in the short 3-year period after the lake was built,and soil moisture and soil nutrient content near the lake was higher.The soil moisture,organic carbon,and total nitrogen in the upper soil(0–10 cm) were higher than those in the lower soil(10–20 cm),the soil nutrients in the heavily degraded grassland(HG) were lower than those in the lightly degraded grassland(LG).In 2016,the TN at 150 m from the lake was ordered HG(2.03 g·kg–1)
引文
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[9]ZMIHORSKI M,PART T,GUSTAFSON T,BERG A.Effects of water level and grassland management on alpha and beta diversity of birds in restored wetlands.Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,53(2):587-595.
[10]刘文静,张平究,董国政,孔令柱,郑真,司红君.不同退耕年限下菜子湖湿地土壤磷素组分特征变化.生态学报,2014,34(10):2654-2662.LIU W J,ZHANG P J,DONG G Z,KONG L Z,ZHENG Z,SI H J.Characteristics of soil phosphorus fractions in wetlands with various restoration age in Caizi Lake,Anhui Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(10):2654-2662.
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[13]DUCEY T F,MILLER J O,LANG M W,SZOGI A A,HUNT P G,FENSTERMACHER D E,RABENHORST M C,MCCARITYG W.Soil physicochemical conditions,denitrification rates,and nosZ abundance in North Carolina Coastal Plain Restored Wetlands.Journal of Environmental Quality,2015,44(3):1011-1022.
[14]程杰.黄土高原草地植被分布与气候响应特征.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2011:178.CHENG J.Response of grassland vegetation distribution to climate change in Loess Plateau.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2011:178.
[15]BEDISON J E,SCATENA F N,MEAD J V.Influences on the spatial pattern of soil carbon and nitrogen in forested and nonforested riparian zones in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Delaware River Basin.Forest Ecology and Management,2013,302:200-209.
[16]康清,张小静,马晓林,王文颖,张萍,王榛,刘攀,赵明德.高寒沼泽湿地土壤碳氮沿水分梯度的分布特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2015,51(5):608-612.KANG Q,ZHANG X J,MA X L,WANG W Y,ZHANG P,WANG Z,LIU P,ZHAO M D.Distribution characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen along the moisture gradient in Alpine Swamp Wetland.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2015,51(5):608-612.
[17]PANAYIOTOU E,DIMOU M,MONOKROUSOS N.The effects of grazing intensity on soil processes in a Mediterranean protected area.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2017,189:441.
[18]LI Y,DONG S,WEN L,WANG X,WU Y.Soil carbon and nitrogen pools and their relationship to plant and soil dynamics of degraded and artificially restored grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Geoderma,2014,213:178-184.
[19]黄蓉,王辉,马维伟,李德钰,石小伟.尕海洪泛湿地退化过程中土壤理化性质的变化特征.水土保持学报,2014,28(5):221-227.HUANG R,WANG H,MA W W,LI D Y,SHI X W.Soil physicochemical properties characteristics during degradation process of the flooding wetland in Gahai.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(5):221-227.
[20]陈静,李玉霖,冯静,苏娜,赵学勇.温度和水分对科尔沁沙质草地土壤氮矿化的影响.中国沙漠,2016,36(1):103-110.CHEN J,LI Y L,FENG J,SU N,ZHAO X Y.Links of temperature and moisture with soil nitrogen mineralization in the Horqin Sandy Grassland.Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(1):103-110.
[21]柳维扬,高艳红,王家强,彭杰,吕双庆.水分因素对绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤氮矿化的影响.水土保持学报,2015,29(5):89-94.LIU W Y,GAO Y H,WANG J Q,PENG J,LUY S Q.Effects of moisture factor on soil nitrogen mineralization in Oasis-desert Ecotone.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(5):89-94.
[22]王若水,康跃虎,万书勤,孙甲霞.水分调控对盐碱地土壤盐分与养分含量及分布的影响.农业工程学报,2014,30(14):96-104.WANG R S,KANG Y H,WAN S Q,SUN J X.Effects of water regulation methods on soil salt,nutrient content and its distribution in overlying Saline Wasteland.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(14):96-104.
[23]苟小林,涂卫国,李玲,罗雪梅,席欢,樊华,李森.川西北地区沙化草地特征研究.草地学报,2016,24(4):768-775.GOU X L,TU W G,LI L,LUO X M,XI H,FAN H,LI S.Characteristics of sandy grassland in northwestern Sichuan.Journal of grassland,2016,24(4):768-775.
[24]刘萍萍,高原,吕卢凯,王焕月.红碱淖流域不同土地覆盖类型土壤理化性质特征.环境科学与技术,2015,38(9):7-12.LIU P P,GAO Y,LUY L K,WANG H Y.Characteristics of soil properties to land use/cover change in Hongjiannao Watershed.Environmental Science&Technology,2015,38(9):7-12.
[25]张风承,史印涛,李洪影,王明君,崔国文.放牧强度对土壤物理性状和速效养分的影响.草原与草坪,2013,33(1):5-10.ZHANG F C,SHI Y T,LI H Y,WANG M J,CUI G W.Effects of grazing intensity on soil physical properties and available nutrients.Grassland and Turf,2013,33(1):5-10.
[26]AN S,DARBOUX F,CHENG M.Revegetation as an efficient means of increasing soil aggregate stability on the Loess Plateau(China).Geoderma,2013,209:75-85.
[2]WATERS C M,ORGILL S E,MELVILLE G J,TOOLE I D,SMITH W J.Management of grazing intensity in the semi-arid rangelands of Southern Australia:Effects on soil and biodiversity.Land Degradation&Development,2017,28(4):1363-1375.
[3]秦嘉海,张勇,赵芸晨,王治江,李彩霞,高海宁.祁连山黑河上游不同退化草地土壤理化性质及养分和酶活性的变化规律.冰川冻土,2014,36(2):335-346.QIN J H,ZHANG Y,ZHAO Y C,WANG Z J,LI C X,GAO H N.Soil physicochemical properties and variations of nutrients and enzyme activity in the degrading grasslands in the upper reaches of the Heihe River,Qilian Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):335-346.
[4]伍星,李辉霞,傅伯杰,靳甜甜,刘国华.三江源地区高寒草地不同退化程度土壤特征研究.中国草地学报,2013,35(3):77-84.WU X,LI H X,FU B J,JIN T T,LIU G H.Study on soil characteristics of alpine grassland with different degradation degree in Three Head Water Source Regions.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2013,35(3):77-84.
[5]MAO P,MU H,CAO B,QIN Y,SHAO H,WANG S,TAI X.Dynamic characteristics of soil properties in a Robinia pseudoacacia vegetation and coastal eco-restoration.Ecological Engineering,2016,92:132-137.
[6]张蕴薇,韩建国,韩永伟,牛忠联.不同放牧强度下人工草地土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量.草地学报,2003,11(4):343-345.ZHANGY W,HAN J G,HAN Y W,NIU Z L.Contents of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in artificial grassland under different grazing intensities.Journal of Grassland,2003,11(4):343-345.
[7]高英志,韩兴国,汪诗平.放牧对草原土壤的影响.生态学报,2004,24(4):790-797.GAO Y Z,HAN X G,WANG S P.Effects of grazing on grassland soil.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(4):790-797.
[8]赵磊,杨光维,刘程才.退化草地土壤理化性质的研究简述.青海草业,2015,24(1):31-34.ZHAO L,YANG G W,LIU C C.Research advance on the soil physical-chemical property of degraded grassland.Qinghai Prataculture,2015,24(1):31-34.
[9]ZMIHORSKI M,PART T,GUSTAFSON T,BERG A.Effects of water level and grassland management on alpha and beta diversity of birds in restored wetlands.Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,53(2):587-595.
[10]刘文静,张平究,董国政,孔令柱,郑真,司红君.不同退耕年限下菜子湖湿地土壤磷素组分特征变化.生态学报,2014,34(10):2654-2662.LIU W J,ZHANG P J,DONG G Z,KONG L Z,ZHENG Z,SI H J.Characteristics of soil phosphorus fractions in wetlands with various restoration age in Caizi Lake,Anhui Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(10):2654-2662.
[11]马文.黄土丘陵区典型人工林土壤水分补给与消耗特征研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2017:64.MA W.Soil moisture replenishment and consumption characteristics of artificial forest lands in Loess Hilly region.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2017:64.
[12]DONG S K,WEN L,LI Y Y,WANG X X,ZHU L.Soil-quality effects of grassland degradation and restoration on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(6):2256-2264.
[13]DUCEY T F,MILLER J O,LANG M W,SZOGI A A,HUNT P G,FENSTERMACHER D E,RABENHORST M C,MCCARITYG W.Soil physicochemical conditions,denitrification rates,and nosZ abundance in North Carolina Coastal Plain Restored Wetlands.Journal of Environmental Quality,2015,44(3):1011-1022.
[14]程杰.黄土高原草地植被分布与气候响应特征.杨凌:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2011:178.CHENG J.Response of grassland vegetation distribution to climate change in Loess Plateau.PhD Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2011:178.
[15]BEDISON J E,SCATENA F N,MEAD J V.Influences on the spatial pattern of soil carbon and nitrogen in forested and nonforested riparian zones in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Delaware River Basin.Forest Ecology and Management,2013,302:200-209.
[16]康清,张小静,马晓林,王文颖,张萍,王榛,刘攀,赵明德.高寒沼泽湿地土壤碳氮沿水分梯度的分布特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2015,51(5):608-612.KANG Q,ZHANG X J,MA X L,WANG W Y,ZHANG P,WANG Z,LIU P,ZHAO M D.Distribution characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen along the moisture gradient in Alpine Swamp Wetland.Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2015,51(5):608-612.
[17]PANAYIOTOU E,DIMOU M,MONOKROUSOS N.The effects of grazing intensity on soil processes in a Mediterranean protected area.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2017,189:441.
[18]LI Y,DONG S,WEN L,WANG X,WU Y.Soil carbon and nitrogen pools and their relationship to plant and soil dynamics of degraded and artificially restored grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Geoderma,2014,213:178-184.
[19]黄蓉,王辉,马维伟,李德钰,石小伟.尕海洪泛湿地退化过程中土壤理化性质的变化特征.水土保持学报,2014,28(5):221-227.HUANG R,WANG H,MA W W,LI D Y,SHI X W.Soil physicochemical properties characteristics during degradation process of the flooding wetland in Gahai.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(5):221-227.
[20]陈静,李玉霖,冯静,苏娜,赵学勇.温度和水分对科尔沁沙质草地土壤氮矿化的影响.中国沙漠,2016,36(1):103-110.CHEN J,LI Y L,FENG J,SU N,ZHAO X Y.Links of temperature and moisture with soil nitrogen mineralization in the Horqin Sandy Grassland.Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(1):103-110.
[21]柳维扬,高艳红,王家强,彭杰,吕双庆.水分因素对绿洲荒漠过渡带土壤氮矿化的影响.水土保持学报,2015,29(5):89-94.LIU W Y,GAO Y H,WANG J Q,PENG J,LUY S Q.Effects of moisture factor on soil nitrogen mineralization in Oasis-desert Ecotone.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(5):89-94.
[22]王若水,康跃虎,万书勤,孙甲霞.水分调控对盐碱地土壤盐分与养分含量及分布的影响.农业工程学报,2014,30(14):96-104.WANG R S,KANG Y H,WAN S Q,SUN J X.Effects of water regulation methods on soil salt,nutrient content and its distribution in overlying Saline Wasteland.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(14):96-104.
[23]苟小林,涂卫国,李玲,罗雪梅,席欢,樊华,李森.川西北地区沙化草地特征研究.草地学报,2016,24(4):768-775.GOU X L,TU W G,LI L,LUO X M,XI H,FAN H,LI S.Characteristics of sandy grassland in northwestern Sichuan.Journal of grassland,2016,24(4):768-775.
[24]刘萍萍,高原,吕卢凯,王焕月.红碱淖流域不同土地覆盖类型土壤理化性质特征.环境科学与技术,2015,38(9):7-12.LIU P P,GAO Y,LUY L K,WANG H Y.Characteristics of soil properties to land use/cover change in Hongjiannao Watershed.Environmental Science&Technology,2015,38(9):7-12.
[25]张风承,史印涛,李洪影,王明君,崔国文.放牧强度对土壤物理性状和速效养分的影响.草原与草坪,2013,33(1):5-10.ZHANG F C,SHI Y T,LI H Y,WANG M J,CUI G W.Effects of grazing intensity on soil physical properties and available nutrients.Grassland and Turf,2013,33(1):5-10.
[26]AN S,DARBOUX F,CHENG M.Revegetation as an efficient means of increasing soil aggregate stability on the Loess Plateau(China).Geoderma,2013,209:75-85.