鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪设备夏季干燥性能研究
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摘要
鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪是指利用鸡舍换气时排出废气的余热来除去鸡粪中水分的热力干燥方法,该方法的主要特点为工艺简单、能耗低。该文主要对鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪的原理进行了阐述,探讨了鸡粪干燥过程中各种热量的计算方法,并针对中国的气候特点,结合鸡舍换气余热干燥鸡粪设备设计改造了一种可在夏季利用环境空气对鸡粪进行干燥的通风方式,最后对湖北应城的一套鸡粪干燥设备(manure drying system,MDS)进行了夏季应用效果的测试。结果表明:夏季不同天气条件下干燥设备的干燥速率差异较大;晴天天气下由于外界环境空气的混入,鸡粪含水率从初始含水量降至28%(湿基)耗时只需28 h左右,比阴雨天气下缩短约20 h;夏季阴雨天气下鸡舍换气余热可满足48 h内把鸡粪含水率降至30%以下的热量需求,但阴雨天气会降低鸡粪的干燥速率。晴天天气下由于湿帘的影响,鸡舍所排废气湿度过大,此时可结合环境热空气对鸡粪进行干燥,提高鸡粪干燥速率。研究结果可为优化鸡粪干燥工艺,探索节能环保的干燥方法提供理论参考。
A large amount of poultry manure is produced yearly in China, which has become a tremendous pressure on the environment when it cannot be utilized as resources. Improper or untimely handling method of manure can result in massive discharge of ammonia, which is a major source of air pollution. Manure can also serve as a breeding ground for pathogenic microorganisms as well as a medium for disease transmission among birds. It is necessary to subject poultry manure to suitable treatments including storage and handling in order to minimize the risk of disease transmission and environmental pollution. The environmental problems can be eliminated by decreasing the moisture ratio of poultry manure to minimize its decomposition rate and the dried poultry manure can be utilized as a raw material to produce organic fertilizer. Thermal convective drying has been proven to be an effective method to remove moisture from poultry manure. Using waste heat of poultry house to dry poultry manure refered to the thermal drying method of removing water in poultry manure, which was mainly characterized by low energy consumption. This drying method could be a proper method to deal with poultry manure in China. This paper mainly expounded the working principle of heat recovery of exhaust air from poultry house. Based on the principle of heat balance in poultry house, this paper explored heat calculation methods in the process of poultry manure drying, and ventilation methods for drying poultry manure in summer were designed. In the end, the application effect of the poultry manure drying system installed in Yingcheng was tested. The results showed that the drying efficiency of drying equipment varied greatly under different weather conditions in summer. Under the rainy weather, the waste heat of poultry house can meet the heat demand of reducing the water content of poultry manure to below 30% within 48 hours. In sunny weather, when the waste air from poultry house mixed with ambient air, it took about 28 hours to reduce the water of poultry manure, the end water content was decreased to 28%, which was 20 hours shorter than under rainy weather. In sunny weather, the enthalpy of ambient air decreased after it is discharged from the poultry house because of the wet curtain, at this time, if the ambient air can be used to dry poultry manure directly, and the drying rate will be improved. The sunny days in southern China are more abundant solar radiation in summer, hot ambient air is a suitable heat sources to dry poultry manure. Using hot ambient air can also solve the problem of excessive humidity in exhaust air from poultry house. Finally, according to the test results, the control scheme of reasonable utilization of exhaust air from poultry house and ambient air was proposed. The results provide an analytical reference to improve poultry manure drying efficiency and explore the ways of energy saving drying, as well as provide a reference to design the poultry manure drying process system.
A large amount of poultry manure is produced yearly in China, which has become a tremendous pressure on the environment when it cannot be utilized as resources. Improper or untimely handling method of manure can result in massive discharge of ammonia, which is a major source of air pollution. Manure can also serve as a breeding ground for pathogenic microorganisms as well as a medium for disease transmission among birds. It is necessary to subject poultry manure to suitable treatments including storage and handling in order to minimize the risk of disease transmission and environmental pollution. The environmental problems can be eliminated by decreasing the moisture ratio of poultry manure to minimize its decomposition rate and the dried poultry manure can be utilized as a raw material to produce organic fertilizer. Thermal convective drying has been proven to be an effective method to remove moisture from poultry manure. Using waste heat of poultry house to dry poultry manure refered to the thermal drying method of removing water in poultry manure, which was mainly characterized by low energy consumption. This drying method could be a proper method to deal with poultry manure in China. This paper mainly expounded the working principle of heat recovery of exhaust air from poultry house. Based on the principle of heat balance in poultry house, this paper explored heat calculation methods in the process of poultry manure drying, and ventilation methods for drying poultry manure in summer were designed. In the end, the application effect of the poultry manure drying system installed in Yingcheng was tested. The results showed that the drying efficiency of drying equipment varied greatly under different weather conditions in summer. Under the rainy weather, the waste heat of poultry house can meet the heat demand of reducing the water content of poultry manure to below 30% within 48 hours. In sunny weather, when the waste air from poultry house mixed with ambient air, it took about 28 hours to reduce the water of poultry manure, the end water content was decreased to 28%, which was 20 hours shorter than under rainy weather. In sunny weather, the enthalpy of ambient air decreased after it is discharged from the poultry house because of the wet curtain, at this time, if the ambient air can be used to dry poultry manure directly, and the drying rate will be improved. The sunny days in southern China are more abundant solar radiation in summer, hot ambient air is a suitable heat sources to dry poultry manure. Using hot ambient air can also solve the problem of excessive humidity in exhaust air from poultry house. Finally, according to the test results, the control scheme of reasonable utilization of exhaust air from poultry house and ambient air was proposed. The results provide an analytical reference to improve poultry manure drying efficiency and explore the ways of energy saving drying, as well as provide a reference to design the poultry manure drying process system.
引文
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[6]李绚阳,李保明,郑炜超,等.鸡粪中低温干燥动力学特性与参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(10):194-199.Li Xuanyang,Li Baoming,Zheng Weichao,et al.Middle-low temperature drying dynamic characteristics for poultry manure and its parameter optimization[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(10):194-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[12]Cambralópez M,Hermosilla T,Lai H T,et al.Particulate matter emitted from poultry and pig houses:Source identification and quantification[J].Transactions of the Asabe,2011,54(2):629-642.
[13]袁小艳,李保明,俞宏军.用热管换热器回收密闭式鸡舍冬季换气中的余热[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(1):91-93.Yuan Xiaoyan,Li Baoming,Yu Hongjun.Application of thermal pipe heat-exchangers to wasteheat recycling in closed hen house[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2001,17(1):91-93.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[15]马兴灶,方壮东,李长友.基于(?)分析法的食逆流干燥系统能效评价与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):285-291.Ma Xingzao,Fang Zhuangdong,Li Changyou.Energy efficiency evaluation and experiment on grain counter-flow drying system based on exergy analysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(22):285-291.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]马兴灶.粮食干燥水分在线解析与能效评价研究[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.Ma Xingzao.Moisture Online Analysis and Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Grain Drying[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Keiichi M,Masayuki H,Takuya K.Increased total nitrogen content of poultry manure by decreasing water content through composting processes[J].Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,2011,57(5):705-709.
[18]费辉盈,常志州,王世梅,等.畜禽粪便水分特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,13(9):599-603.Fei Huiying,Chang Zhizhou,Wang Shimei,et al.Characterization of moisture in three livestock manures[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,13(9):599-603.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]黄慧,牛冬杰,潘朝智.畜禽粪便脱水干燥技术的研究进展[J].能源与节能,2010,10(4):48-52.Huang Hui,Niu Dongjie,Pan Chaozhi.Status and outlook of livestock manure dewatering technology[J].Energy and Energy Conservation,2010,10(4):48-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]廖新俤,吴银宝,李有建.我国蛋鸡粪处理主要工艺分析[J].中国家禽,2010,32(21):37-39.Liao Xindi,Wu Yinbao,Li Youjian.The main technologic analysis of poultry manure treatment in our country[J].China Poultry,2010,32(21):37-39.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]车立军,毛文智,石春军,等.浅谈鸡粪干燥的必要性与可行性[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2012(10):22-23.Che Lijun,Mao Wenzhi,Shi Chunjun,et al.Introduction to the necessity and feasibility of poultry manure drying[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2012(10):22-23.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Rothrock M J,Cook K L,Lovanh N,et al.Development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to target a novel group of ammonia-producing bacteria found in poultry litter[J].Poultry Sci,2008,87(6):1058-1067.
[5]Ghaly.Drying poultry manure for pollution potential reduction and production of organic fertilizer[J].American Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,9(2):88-102.
[6]李绚阳,李保明,郑炜超,等.鸡粪中低温干燥动力学特性与参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(10):194-199.Li Xuanyang,Li Baoming,Zheng Weichao,et al.Middle-low temperature drying dynamic characteristics for poultry manure and its parameter optimization[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(10):194-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Kühlmann J.Method for operating a feces conveyor device:U.S.Patent 7,614,365[P].2009.
[8]Winkel A,Losada J,Ellen H,et al.Dust filtering properties and ammonia emission of on-farm drying systems for poultry manure[J].Quarterly Journal of Medicine,2012,25(98):527-539.
[9]Winkel A,Mosquera J,Aarnink A J,et al.Evaluation of manure drying tunnels to serve as dust filters in the exhaust of laying hen houses:Emissions of particulate matter,ammonia,and odour[J].Biosystems Engineering,2017,162:81-98.
[10]Winkel A,Mosquera J,Koerkamp P W,et al.Emissions of particulate matter from animal houses in the Netherlands[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,111:202-212.
[11]Zhao Y,Aarnink A J,Jong M C,et al.Airborne microorganisms from livestock production systems and their relation to dust[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science&Technology,2014,44(10):1071-1128.
[12]Cambralópez M,Hermosilla T,Lai H T,et al.Particulate matter emitted from poultry and pig houses:Source identification and quantification[J].Transactions of the Asabe,2011,54(2):629-642.
[13]袁小艳,李保明,俞宏军.用热管换热器回收密闭式鸡舍冬季换气中的余热[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(1):91-93.Yuan Xiaoyan,Li Baoming,Yu Hongjun.Application of thermal pipe heat-exchangers to wasteheat recycling in closed hen house[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2001,17(1):91-93.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]鞠硕华,刘成钢,陶永纯.干燥过程热平衡计算分析解[J].应用能源技术,1994,1(1):13-14.
[15]马兴灶,方壮东,李长友.基于(?)分析法的食逆流干燥系统能效评价与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):285-291.Ma Xingzao,Fang Zhuangdong,Li Changyou.Energy efficiency evaluation and experiment on grain counter-flow drying system based on exergy analysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(22):285-291.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]马兴灶.粮食干燥水分在线解析与能效评价研究[D].广州:华南农业大学,2016.Ma Xingzao.Moisture Online Analysis and Energy Efficiency Evaluation of Grain Drying[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Keiichi M,Masayuki H,Takuya K.Increased total nitrogen content of poultry manure by decreasing water content through composting processes[J].Soil Science&Plant Nutrition,2011,57(5):705-709.
[18]费辉盈,常志州,王世梅,等.畜禽粪便水分特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,13(9):599-603.Fei Huiying,Chang Zhizhou,Wang Shimei,et al.Characterization of moisture in three livestock manures[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,13(9):599-603.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]黄慧,牛冬杰,潘朝智.畜禽粪便脱水干燥技术的研究进展[J].能源与节能,2010,10(4):48-52.Huang Hui,Niu Dongjie,Pan Chaozhi.Status and outlook of livestock manure dewatering technology[J].Energy and Energy Conservation,2010,10(4):48-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)