我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应特征与代价分析
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摘要
我国粮食产量逐年增长,但伴随形成的水土资源消耗和耕地环境负荷令人担忧。本文综述了近年来我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应基本情况,总体结论是化肥、农药、地膜等农业投入品过量使用所带来的环境负荷日趋严重。同时,对休耕模式和粮食主功能区调整这两项国家战略政策的资源消耗与环境效应进行了重点分析,建议逐步扩大在水资源超采区、重金属污染区、生态退化区等典型区域的休耕面积,积极谨慎地评估主功能区调整形成的潜在资源消耗缓解与环境效益提升作用。提出:改变以牺牲耕地资源环境为代价换取粮食持续增长、建立以资源环境效应评估为平衡点的粮食供需模式的时机已成熟,粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应,应纳入国家粮食战略安全保障整体计划中。
With the consecutive increase of grain production in China, consumption of soil and water resources, as well as environmental loading of arable lands are attracting more and more attention. With the incremental output of grains in recent years, current arable land situation and pollution triggered by excessive usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films are elaborated respectively in this review. Meanwhile, land fallow as well as delimitation of main functional zones, which are treated as national strategic policies, are demonstrated to be effective in potential resource consumption alleviation and environmental improvement. Therefore, it is advised that the proportion of land fallow requires a gradual expansion in water overexploitation zones, heavy metal contaminated zones and ecological degradation zones. Moreover, the adjustment of main functional zones requires cautiously assessment in China. In sum, it is the best time-point to change the current grain supply-demand mode that only focuses on continued grain growth at the expense of wasting too much arable lands and polluting too much arable soils. A balanced and sustainable consensus between grain provision and resource consumption need to be taken into consideration. The resource and environmental assessment of arable lands should be included in the overall plan for national grain security.
With the consecutive increase of grain production in China, consumption of soil and water resources, as well as environmental loading of arable lands are attracting more and more attention. With the incremental output of grains in recent years, current arable land situation and pollution triggered by excessive usage of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films are elaborated respectively in this review. Meanwhile, land fallow as well as delimitation of main functional zones, which are treated as national strategic policies, are demonstrated to be effective in potential resource consumption alleviation and environmental improvement. Therefore, it is advised that the proportion of land fallow requires a gradual expansion in water overexploitation zones, heavy metal contaminated zones and ecological degradation zones. Moreover, the adjustment of main functional zones requires cautiously assessment in China. In sum, it is the best time-point to change the current grain supply-demand mode that only focuses on continued grain growth at the expense of wasting too much arable lands and polluting too much arable soils. A balanced and sustainable consensus between grain provision and resource consumption need to be taken into consideration. The resource and environmental assessment of arable lands should be included in the overall plan for national grain security.
引文
[1]田旭,王善高.中国粮食生产环境效率及其影响因素分析[J].资源科学,2016, 38(11):2106-2116.
[2] HU Y A, CHENG H F, TAO S. The challenges and solutions for cadmium-contaminated rice in China:a critical review[J]. Environment international, 2016, 92-93:515-532.
[3]周艳,万金忠,林玉锁,等.浅谈我国土壤问题特征及国外土壤环境管理经验借鉴[J].中国环境管理, 2016, 8(3):95-100.
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[5]王歧丰,张璐.我国年化肥使用量相当于美国印度总和[EB/OL].(2015-03-10). http://news.china.com.cn/2015lianghui/2015-03/10/content_35004176.htm.
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[7]周亮,徐建刚,蔡北溟,等.淮河流域粮食生产与化肥消费时空变化及对水环境影响[J].自然资源学报, 2014, 29(6):1053-1064.
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[10]徐雄,李春梅,孙静,等.我国重点流域地表水中29种农药污染及其生态风险评价[J].生态毒理学报, 2016, 11(2):347-354.
[11]赵玲,滕应,骆永明.中国农田土壤农药污染现状和防控对策[J].土壤,2017, 49(3):417-427.
[12]陈宝玉,王洪君,王楠,等.吉林省农田生态环境问题及其对粮食生产的影响[J].农学学报, 2013, 3(8):32-37.
[13] DAI G H, LIU X H, LIANG G, et al. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake in North China[J].Journal of environmental sciences, 2011, 23(10):1640-1649.
[14]王卓玥,张忠潮.农地内源性污染管控制度问题及对策研究[J].中国环境管理干部学院学报, 2017, 27(4):12-15.
[15]严昌荣,刘恩科,舒帆,等.我国地膜覆盖和残留污染特点与防控技术[J].农业资源与环境学报, 2014, 31(2):95-102.
[16]汪军,杨杉,陈刚才,等.我国设施农业农膜使用的环境问题刍议[J].土壤, 2016, 48(5):863-867.
[17]何文清,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.我国地膜应用污染现状及其防治途径研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28(3):533-538.
[18]九三学社中央参政议政部.控制废旧农膜污染刻不容缓[EB/OL].(2015-06-02). http://www.93.gov.cn/html/93gov/lxzn/czyz/sqmy/150602092961670322.html.
[19]赵其国,滕应,黄国勤.中国探索实行耕地轮作休耕制度试点问题的战略思考[J].生态环境学报, 2017, 26(1):1-5.
[20]黄国勤,赵其国.轮作休耕问题探讨[J].生态环境学报, 2017, 26(2):357-362.
[21]钱晨晨,黄国勤,赵其国.中国轮作休耕制度的应用进展[J].农学学报,2017, 7(3):37-41.
[22]江娟丽,杨庆媛,阎建忠.耕地休耕的研究进展与现实借鉴[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 39(1):165-171.
[23] XIAO K C, HE T G, CHEN H, et al. Impacts of vegetation restoration strategies on soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a karst area, southwest China[J]. Ecological engineering, 2017, 101:247-254.
[24]寻舸,宋彦科,程星月.轮作休耕对我国粮食安全的影响及对策[J].农业现代化研究, 2017, 38(4):681-687.
[25]卓乐,曾福生.发达国家及中国台湾地区休耕制度对中国大陆实施休耕制度的启示[J].世界农业, 2016(6):80-85.
[26]田言亮,张光辉,王茜,等.黄淮海平原灌溉农业对地下水依赖程度与保障能力[J].地球学报, 2016, 37(3):257-265.
[27]张雪靓,孔祥斌.黄淮海平原地下水危机下的耕地资源可持续利用[J].中国土地科学, 2014, 28(5):90-96.
[28]耿直,刘心爱,王小军,等.我国粮食主产区地下水管理现状及保护措施研究[J].中国水利, 2009(15):37-38, 20-20.
[29]郭燕枝,王小虎,孙君茂.华北平原地下水漏斗区马铃薯替代小麦种植及由此节省的水资源量估算[J].中国农业科技导报, 2014, 16(6):159-163.
[30]白由路.国内外耕地培育的差异与思考[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(6):1381-1388.
[31]杨庆媛,信桂新,江娟丽,等.欧美及东亚地区耕地轮作休耕制度实践:对比与启示[J].中国土地科学, 2017, 31(4):71-79.
[32]耿仲钟,肖海峰.我国农用化肥施用强度的时空差异与区域收敛[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2017, 31(2):69-73.
[33]潘丹.中国化肥施用强度变动的因素分解分析[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2014, 13(2):24-31.
[2] HU Y A, CHENG H F, TAO S. The challenges and solutions for cadmium-contaminated rice in China:a critical review[J]. Environment international, 2016, 92-93:515-532.
[3]周艳,万金忠,林玉锁,等.浅谈我国土壤问题特征及国外土壤环境管理经验借鉴[J].中国环境管理, 2016, 8(3):95-100.
[4] NEUMANN K, VERBURG P H, STEHFEST E, et al. The yield gap of global grain production:a spatial analysis[J]. Agricultural systems,2010, 103(5):316-326.
[5]王歧丰,张璐.我国年化肥使用量相当于美国印度总和[EB/OL].(2015-03-10). http://news.china.com.cn/2015lianghui/2015-03/10/content_35004176.htm.
[6]赵志坚,胡小娟.我国粮食生产中化肥投入的环境成本研究[J].湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 27(6):52-56.
[7]周亮,徐建刚,蔡北溟,等.淮河流域粮食生产与化肥消费时空变化及对水环境影响[J].自然资源学报, 2014, 29(6):1053-1064.
[8]国家统计局.第一次全国污染源普查公报[EB/OL].(2010-02-06). http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/qttjgb/qgqttjgb/201002/t20100211_30641.html.
[9]李橙,赵阳,杨晶.农业污染对土壤的危害及防治措施[J].中国环境管理,2014, 6(3):22-25.
[10]徐雄,李春梅,孙静,等.我国重点流域地表水中29种农药污染及其生态风险评价[J].生态毒理学报, 2016, 11(2):347-354.
[11]赵玲,滕应,骆永明.中国农田土壤农药污染现状和防控对策[J].土壤,2017, 49(3):417-427.
[12]陈宝玉,王洪君,王楠,等.吉林省农田生态环境问题及其对粮食生产的影响[J].农学学报, 2013, 3(8):32-37.
[13] DAI G H, LIU X H, LIANG G, et al. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake in North China[J].Journal of environmental sciences, 2011, 23(10):1640-1649.
[14]王卓玥,张忠潮.农地内源性污染管控制度问题及对策研究[J].中国环境管理干部学院学报, 2017, 27(4):12-15.
[15]严昌荣,刘恩科,舒帆,等.我国地膜覆盖和残留污染特点与防控技术[J].农业资源与环境学报, 2014, 31(2):95-102.
[16]汪军,杨杉,陈刚才,等.我国设施农业农膜使用的环境问题刍议[J].土壤, 2016, 48(5):863-867.
[17]何文清,严昌荣,赵彩霞,等.我国地膜应用污染现状及其防治途径研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28(3):533-538.
[18]九三学社中央参政议政部.控制废旧农膜污染刻不容缓[EB/OL].(2015-06-02). http://www.93.gov.cn/html/93gov/lxzn/czyz/sqmy/150602092961670322.html.
[19]赵其国,滕应,黄国勤.中国探索实行耕地轮作休耕制度试点问题的战略思考[J].生态环境学报, 2017, 26(1):1-5.
[20]黄国勤,赵其国.轮作休耕问题探讨[J].生态环境学报, 2017, 26(2):357-362.
[21]钱晨晨,黄国勤,赵其国.中国轮作休耕制度的应用进展[J].农学学报,2017, 7(3):37-41.
[22]江娟丽,杨庆媛,阎建忠.耕地休耕的研究进展与现实借鉴[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 39(1):165-171.
[23] XIAO K C, HE T G, CHEN H, et al. Impacts of vegetation restoration strategies on soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a karst area, southwest China[J]. Ecological engineering, 2017, 101:247-254.
[24]寻舸,宋彦科,程星月.轮作休耕对我国粮食安全的影响及对策[J].农业现代化研究, 2017, 38(4):681-687.
[25]卓乐,曾福生.发达国家及中国台湾地区休耕制度对中国大陆实施休耕制度的启示[J].世界农业, 2016(6):80-85.
[26]田言亮,张光辉,王茜,等.黄淮海平原灌溉农业对地下水依赖程度与保障能力[J].地球学报, 2016, 37(3):257-265.
[27]张雪靓,孔祥斌.黄淮海平原地下水危机下的耕地资源可持续利用[J].中国土地科学, 2014, 28(5):90-96.
[28]耿直,刘心爱,王小军,等.我国粮食主产区地下水管理现状及保护措施研究[J].中国水利, 2009(15):37-38, 20-20.
[29]郭燕枝,王小虎,孙君茂.华北平原地下水漏斗区马铃薯替代小麦种植及由此节省的水资源量估算[J].中国农业科技导报, 2014, 16(6):159-163.
[30]白由路.国内外耕地培育的差异与思考[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015,21(6):1381-1388.
[31]杨庆媛,信桂新,江娟丽,等.欧美及东亚地区耕地轮作休耕制度实践:对比与启示[J].中国土地科学, 2017, 31(4):71-79.
[32]耿仲钟,肖海峰.我国农用化肥施用强度的时空差异与区域收敛[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2017, 31(2):69-73.
[33]潘丹.中国化肥施用强度变动的因素分解分析[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2014, 13(2):24-31.