西南高镉地质背景区农田土壤与农作物的重金属富集特征
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摘要
为探明高地质背景区农田土壤与农作物系统中重金属富集与转运特征,通过对采自重庆黑色岩系高镉地质背景区的土壤和农作物样品进行分析,并与其他典型黑色页岩区域进行对比研究.发现研究区部分农田土壤pH极低; Cd、Cr、Ni和Zn显著富集.土壤样品Cd的超标率为100%,其次为Cr和Ni,91. 3%的土壤样品Cd污染级别为严重污染及以上.土壤Zn、Cu、Cr和Ni的残渣态占比为80%以上,Cd和Pb较低;弱酸提取态Cd占比27. 0%±6. 4%,Zn和Ni次之.黑色岩系母质风化导致研究区土壤重金属富集,Cd是区域内的特征污染元素,其生物有效性较高,并易于在农作物中富集. Cd的转运系数高于其他元素,农作物中Cd的富集和污染程度最高,特别是叶类蔬菜,平均Cd含量(干重)高达11. 5 mg·kg~(-1),不适于种植和食用;部分农作物Cr超标,存在一定风险.因此,有必要对研究区农田土壤进行污染等级划分,实行科学管控,并进行农作物种植结构调整,以保障当地人群健康.
In order to investigate the accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in agricultural soils and crops in an area with a high geochemical background of cadmium,soil and crop samples from a black shale outcropped area in Chongqing were collected and analyzed,and the results were then compared with those from other representative black shale outcropped areas. The results showed that some soil samples had a very low pH,and the metals Cd,Cr,Ni,and Zn were enriched. Cadmium concentrations in soil samples exceeded the safety limit,followed by Cr and Ni. Overall,91. 3% of soil samples were heavily to extremely polluted by Cd. The residual fractions accounted for more than 80% of the total metals,except for Cd and Pb. The weak acid soluble fraction of Cd accounted for 27. 0% ± 6. 4% of the total Cd,followed by Zn and Ni. The results demonstrate that weathering of black shales can result in elevated heavy metals in soils,and Cd is the primary contaminant in local soils. The high bioavailability of Cd and the high acidity of soils induced the enrichment of Cd in local crops. Cadmium has a higher transfer factor than other metals,and the crops were seriously polluted by Cd,particularly the leaf vegetables,which presented a high concentration of 11. 5 mg·kg~(-1) based on dry weight,and thus,these vegetables are not suitable for cultivating as food stuff. In addition,the risks from Cr should be of concern as well.Therefore,it is recommended that countermeasures be carried out to address the pollution situation,for example,by classifying the pollution levels of agricultural soils and adjusting the planting structures accordingly to reduce the health risks to local inhabitants.
In order to investigate the accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in agricultural soils and crops in an area with a high geochemical background of cadmium,soil and crop samples from a black shale outcropped area in Chongqing were collected and analyzed,and the results were then compared with those from other representative black shale outcropped areas. The results showed that some soil samples had a very low pH,and the metals Cd,Cr,Ni,and Zn were enriched. Cadmium concentrations in soil samples exceeded the safety limit,followed by Cr and Ni. Overall,91. 3% of soil samples were heavily to extremely polluted by Cd. The residual fractions accounted for more than 80% of the total metals,except for Cd and Pb. The weak acid soluble fraction of Cd accounted for 27. 0% ± 6. 4% of the total Cd,followed by Zn and Ni. The results demonstrate that weathering of black shales can result in elevated heavy metals in soils,and Cd is the primary contaminant in local soils. The high bioavailability of Cd and the high acidity of soils induced the enrichment of Cd in local crops. Cadmium has a higher transfer factor than other metals,and the crops were seriously polluted by Cd,particularly the leaf vegetables,which presented a high concentration of 11. 5 mg·kg~(-1) based on dry weight,and thus,these vegetables are not suitable for cultivating as food stuff. In addition,the risks from Cr should be of concern as well.Therefore,it is recommended that countermeasures be carried out to address the pollution situation,for example,by classifying the pollution levels of agricultural soils and adjusting the planting structures accordingly to reduce the health risks to local inhabitants.
引文
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[9]emberyováM,BartekováJ,HagarováI. The utilization of modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the fractionation of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in soil reference materials of different origins[J]. Talanta,2006,70(5):973-978.
[10] Müller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J]. Geojournal,1969,2(3):108-118.
[11] Wei B G,Yang L S. A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils,urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China[J]. Microchemical Journal,2010,94(2):99-107.
[12] HJ/T 166-2004,土壤环境监测技术规范[S].
[13] Strawn D G,Bohn H L,O'Connor G A. Soil chemistry(4th ed.)[M]. New York:Wiley Blackwell,2015.
[14]赵万伏,宋垠先,管冬兴,等.典型黑色岩系分布区土壤重金属污染与生物有效性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(7):1332-1341.Zhao W F,Song Y X,Guan D X,et al. Pollution status and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils of a typical black shale area[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(7):1332-1341.
[15] Park M,Chon H T,Marton L. Mobility and accumulation of selenium and its relationship with other heavy metals in the system rocks/soils-crops in areas covered by black shale in Korea[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2010,107(2):161-168.
[16] Kabata-Pendias A. Soil-plant transfer of trace elements—an environmental issue[J]. Geoderma,2004,122(2-4):143-149.
[17] Zhang J R,Li H Z,Zhou Y Z,et al. Bioavailability and soil-tocrop transfer of heavy metals in farmland soils:A case study in the Pearl River Delta, South China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018,235:710-719.
[18]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1991,12(4):12-19.Wei F S,Chen J S,Wu Y Y,et al. Study on the background contents on 61 elements of soils in China[J]. Environmental Science,1991,12(4):12-19.
[19]唐将,钟远平,王力.三峡库区土壤重金属背景值研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(4):848-852.Tang J,Zhong Y P,Wang L. Background value of soil heavy metal in the Three Gorges reservoir district[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2008,16(4):848-852.
[20] GB 15618-2018,土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].
[21] Loganathan P,Vigneswaran S,Kandasamy J,et al. Cadmium sorption and desorption in soils:A review[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2012,42(5):489-533.
[22]宋明义.浙西地区下寒武统黑色岩系中硒与重金属的表生地球化学及环境效应[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2009.
[23] Lund L J,Betty E E,Page A L,et al. Occurrence of naturally high cadmium levels in soils and its accumulation by vegetation[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,1981,10(4):551-556.
[24] Quezada-Hinojosa R P,Matera V,Adatte T,et al. Cadmium distribution in soils covering Jurassic oolitic limestone with high Cd contents in the Swiss Jura[J]. Geoderma,2009,150(3-4):287-301.
[25] Liu G N,Wang J,Liu X,et al. Partitioning and geochemical fractions of heavy metals from geogenic and anthropogenic sources in various soil particle size fractions[J]. Geoderma,2018,312:104-113.
[26] Lee J S,Chon H T,Kim K W. Migration and dispersion of trace elements in the rock-soil-plant system in areas underlain by black shales and slates of the Okchon Zone,Korea[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,1998,65(1):61-78.
[27] Zhong X L,Zhou S L,Zhu Q,et al. Fraction distribution and bioavailability of soil heavy metals in the Yangtze River Delta—A case study of Kunshan City in Jiangsu Province,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,198:13-21.
[28] Yang S L,Zhou D Q,Yu H Y,et al. Distribution and speciation of metals(Cu,Zn,Cd,and Pb)in agricultural and nonagricultural soils near a stream upriver from the Pearl River,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2013,177:64-70.
[29] Khan M U,Malik R N,Muhammad S. Human health risk from heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in Pakistan[J]. Chemosphere,2013,93(10):2230-2238.
[30] GB 2762-2017,食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量[S].
[31] Luo C L,Liu C P,Wang Y,et al. Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site,south China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186(1):481-490.
[32] Rizwan M,Ali S,Adrees M,et al. A critical review on effects,tolerance mechanisms and management of cadmium in vegetables[J]. Chemosphere,2017,182:90-105.
[33] Li X H,Zhou Q X,Sun X Y,et al. Effects of cadmium on uptake and translocation of nutrient elements in different welsh onion(Allium fistulosum L.)cultivars[J]. Food chemistry,2016,194:101-110.
[34] Yang Q W,Xu Y,Liu S J,et al. 2011. Concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in market vegetables in Chongqing,China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2011,74(6):1664-1669.
[35] Wang G,Su M Y,Chen Y H,et al. Transfer characteristics of cadmium and lead from soil to the edible parts of six vegetable species in southeastern China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2006,144(1):127-135.
[36] Chang C Y,Yu H Y,Chen J J,et al. Accumulation of heavy metals in leaf vegetables from agricultural soils and associated potential health risks in the Pearl River Delta,South China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(3):1547-1560.
[37] Yang X E,Long X X,Ye H B,et al. Cadmium tolerance and hyperaccumulation in a new Zn-hyperaccumulating plant species(Sedum alfredii Hance)[J]. Plant and Soil,2004,259(1-2):181-189.
[38] Mc Kenna I M,Chaney R L,Williams F M. The effects of cadmium and zinc interactions on the accumulation and tissue distribution of zinc and cadmium in lettuce and spinach[J].Environmental Pollution,1993,79(2):113-120.
[39] Jia Y L,Xiao T F,Zhou G Z,et al. Thallium at the interface of soil and green cabbage(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.):Soil-plant transfer and influencing factors[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2013,450-451:140-147.
[40] Salt D E,Prince R C,Pickering I J,et al. Mechanisms of cadmium mobility and accumulation in Indian Mustard[J]. Plant Physiology,1995,109(4):1427-1433.
[2]徐建明,孟俊,刘杏梅,等.我国农田土壤重金属污染防治与粮食安全保障[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):153-159.Xu J M,Meng J,Liu X M,et al. Control of heavy metal pollution in farmland of China in terms of food security[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(2):153-159.
[3]环境保护部,国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报[EB/OL]. http://www. gov. cn/foot/2014-04/17/content_2661768. htm,2014-04-17.
[4]赵其国,黄国勤,钱海燕.生态农业与食品安全[J].土壤学报,2007,44(6):1127-1134.Zhao Q G,Huang G Q,Qian H Y. Ecological agriculture and food safety[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(6):1127-1134.
[5]骆永明,滕应.我国土壤污染的区域差异与分区治理修复策略[J].中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):145-152.Luo Y M,Teng Y. Regional difference in soil pollution and strategy of soil zonal governance and remediation in China[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(2):145-152.
[6] Liu Y Z,Xiao T F,Perkins R B,et al. Geogenic cadmium pollution and potential health risks,with emphasis on black shale[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2017,176:42-49.
[7] Liu Y Z, Xiao T F, Ning Z P, et al. High cadmium concentration in soil in the Three Gorges region:Geogenic source and potential bioavailability[J]. Applied Geochemistry,2013,37:149-156.
[8]刘意章,肖唐付,宁增平,等.三峡库区巫山建坪地区土壤镉等重金属分布特征及来源研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(6):2390-2398.Liu Y Z,Xiao T F,Ning Z P,et al. Cadmium and selected heavy metals in soils of Jianping area in Wushan County,the Three Gorges Region:Distribution and source recognition[J].Evironmental Science,2013,34(6):2390-2398.
[9]emberyováM,BartekováJ,HagarováI. The utilization of modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the fractionation of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in soil reference materials of different origins[J]. Talanta,2006,70(5):973-978.
[10] Müller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J]. Geojournal,1969,2(3):108-118.
[11] Wei B G,Yang L S. A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils,urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China[J]. Microchemical Journal,2010,94(2):99-107.
[12] HJ/T 166-2004,土壤环境监测技术规范[S].
[13] Strawn D G,Bohn H L,O'Connor G A. Soil chemistry(4th ed.)[M]. New York:Wiley Blackwell,2015.
[14]赵万伏,宋垠先,管冬兴,等.典型黑色岩系分布区土壤重金属污染与生物有效性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(7):1332-1341.Zhao W F,Song Y X,Guan D X,et al. Pollution status and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils of a typical black shale area[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(7):1332-1341.
[15] Park M,Chon H T,Marton L. Mobility and accumulation of selenium and its relationship with other heavy metals in the system rocks/soils-crops in areas covered by black shale in Korea[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2010,107(2):161-168.
[16] Kabata-Pendias A. Soil-plant transfer of trace elements—an environmental issue[J]. Geoderma,2004,122(2-4):143-149.
[17] Zhang J R,Li H Z,Zhou Y Z,et al. Bioavailability and soil-tocrop transfer of heavy metals in farmland soils:A case study in the Pearl River Delta, South China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018,235:710-719.
[18]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1991,12(4):12-19.Wei F S,Chen J S,Wu Y Y,et al. Study on the background contents on 61 elements of soils in China[J]. Environmental Science,1991,12(4):12-19.
[19]唐将,钟远平,王力.三峡库区土壤重金属背景值研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16(4):848-852.Tang J,Zhong Y P,Wang L. Background value of soil heavy metal in the Three Gorges reservoir district[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2008,16(4):848-852.
[20] GB 15618-2018,土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].
[21] Loganathan P,Vigneswaran S,Kandasamy J,et al. Cadmium sorption and desorption in soils:A review[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2012,42(5):489-533.
[22]宋明义.浙西地区下寒武统黑色岩系中硒与重金属的表生地球化学及环境效应[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2009.
[23] Lund L J,Betty E E,Page A L,et al. Occurrence of naturally high cadmium levels in soils and its accumulation by vegetation[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,1981,10(4):551-556.
[24] Quezada-Hinojosa R P,Matera V,Adatte T,et al. Cadmium distribution in soils covering Jurassic oolitic limestone with high Cd contents in the Swiss Jura[J]. Geoderma,2009,150(3-4):287-301.
[25] Liu G N,Wang J,Liu X,et al. Partitioning and geochemical fractions of heavy metals from geogenic and anthropogenic sources in various soil particle size fractions[J]. Geoderma,2018,312:104-113.
[26] Lee J S,Chon H T,Kim K W. Migration and dispersion of trace elements in the rock-soil-plant system in areas underlain by black shales and slates of the Okchon Zone,Korea[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,1998,65(1):61-78.
[27] Zhong X L,Zhou S L,Zhu Q,et al. Fraction distribution and bioavailability of soil heavy metals in the Yangtze River Delta—A case study of Kunshan City in Jiangsu Province,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,198:13-21.
[28] Yang S L,Zhou D Q,Yu H Y,et al. Distribution and speciation of metals(Cu,Zn,Cd,and Pb)in agricultural and nonagricultural soils near a stream upriver from the Pearl River,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2013,177:64-70.
[29] Khan M U,Malik R N,Muhammad S. Human health risk from heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in Pakistan[J]. Chemosphere,2013,93(10):2230-2238.
[30] GB 2762-2017,食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量[S].
[31] Luo C L,Liu C P,Wang Y,et al. Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site,south China[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186(1):481-490.
[32] Rizwan M,Ali S,Adrees M,et al. A critical review on effects,tolerance mechanisms and management of cadmium in vegetables[J]. Chemosphere,2017,182:90-105.
[33] Li X H,Zhou Q X,Sun X Y,et al. Effects of cadmium on uptake and translocation of nutrient elements in different welsh onion(Allium fistulosum L.)cultivars[J]. Food chemistry,2016,194:101-110.
[34] Yang Q W,Xu Y,Liu S J,et al. 2011. Concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in market vegetables in Chongqing,China[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2011,74(6):1664-1669.
[35] Wang G,Su M Y,Chen Y H,et al. Transfer characteristics of cadmium and lead from soil to the edible parts of six vegetable species in southeastern China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2006,144(1):127-135.
[36] Chang C Y,Yu H Y,Chen J J,et al. Accumulation of heavy metals in leaf vegetables from agricultural soils and associated potential health risks in the Pearl River Delta,South China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(3):1547-1560.
[37] Yang X E,Long X X,Ye H B,et al. Cadmium tolerance and hyperaccumulation in a new Zn-hyperaccumulating plant species(Sedum alfredii Hance)[J]. Plant and Soil,2004,259(1-2):181-189.
[38] Mc Kenna I M,Chaney R L,Williams F M. The effects of cadmium and zinc interactions on the accumulation and tissue distribution of zinc and cadmium in lettuce and spinach[J].Environmental Pollution,1993,79(2):113-120.
[39] Jia Y L,Xiao T F,Zhou G Z,et al. Thallium at the interface of soil and green cabbage(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.):Soil-plant transfer and influencing factors[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2013,450-451:140-147.
[40] Salt D E,Prince R C,Pickering I J,et al. Mechanisms of cadmium mobility and accumulation in Indian Mustard[J]. Plant Physiology,1995,109(4):1427-1433.
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