北运河粪源微生物分布特征及健康风险评价
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摘要
河流微生物污染研究对流域水环境保护和公共卫生管理至关重要.本研究以海河流域北运河水系典型河流断面为研究对象,系统评估了北运河水系微生物污染特征及其健康风险.结果表明,北运河水系丰水期的粪源微生物污染严重,大部分断面菌群量超过105MPN·L~(-1),平水期和枯水期粪源微生物菌群量约为103～105MPN·L~(-1),变化不显著;流域内的农业河段粪源微生物最为严重,呈劣五类水体概率超60%,城市河段降雨前后粪源微生物含量变化更明显,部分河流断面的粪源微生物菌群量从103MPN·L~(-1)增长为106MPN·L~(-1); 2017年丰水期,北运河水系粪大肠菌群的单次暴露风险主要在0. 015～0. 035之间,莲花河、马草河、清河下、温榆河下为人体健康风险的关键敏感断面,需重点关注.
Microorganism pollution in rivers is of great importance to the protection of watershed water quality and public health management. As a typical watershed of the Haihe River watershed,the Beiyun River was chosen as the study area,and the characteristics and health risk of microorganism pollution were assessed from a comprehensive perspective. The results showed that the microbial contamination of the fecal sources was serious during the wet season,and the microbial amount at most river sections was more than 105 MPN·L~(-1). During the normal season and dry season,the microbial amount was approximately 103-105 MPN·L~(-1).Therefore,no obvious change could be observed. The fecal pollution in the agricultural river sections was the most severe,and the water quality of over 60% of these river sections was below the state Grade V level. The fecal microbial biomass of some urban river sections increased from 103 MPN·L~(-1) to 106 MPN·L~(-1) after the rainfall event,indicating an obvious change of fecal microbial pollution during the rainfall process. For the Beiyun River,the exposure risk of the fecal microbial biomass was mainly between 0. 015-0. 035,while the Lianhua River,Macao River,lower reaches of Qinghe River,and lower reaches of Wenyu River were hotspots for contamination. Greater attention should be paid to these areas.
Microorganism pollution in rivers is of great importance to the protection of watershed water quality and public health management. As a typical watershed of the Haihe River watershed,the Beiyun River was chosen as the study area,and the characteristics and health risk of microorganism pollution were assessed from a comprehensive perspective. The results showed that the microbial contamination of the fecal sources was serious during the wet season,and the microbial amount at most river sections was more than 105 MPN·L~(-1). During the normal season and dry season,the microbial amount was approximately 103-105 MPN·L~(-1).Therefore,no obvious change could be observed. The fecal pollution in the agricultural river sections was the most severe,and the water quality of over 60% of these river sections was below the state Grade V level. The fecal microbial biomass of some urban river sections increased from 103 MPN·L~(-1) to 106 MPN·L~(-1) after the rainfall event,indicating an obvious change of fecal microbial pollution during the rainfall process. For the Beiyun River,the exposure risk of the fecal microbial biomass was mainly between 0. 015-0. 035,while the Lianhua River,Macao River,lower reaches of Qinghe River,and lower reaches of Wenyu River were hotspots for contamination. Greater attention should be paid to these areas.
引文
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[25] Jovanovic D, Hathaway J, Coleman R, et al. Conceptual modelling of E. coli in urban stormwater drains,creeks and rivers[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2017,555:129-140.
[2]刘建福,陈敬雄,辜时有.城市黑臭水体空气微生物污染及健康风险[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1264-1271.Liu J F,Chen J X,Gu S Y. Air microbial pollution and health risk of urban black odorous water[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1264-1271.
[3] Ogilvie L A,Nzakizwanayo J,Guppy F M,et al. Resolution of habitat-associated ecogenomic signatures in bacteriophage genomes and application to microbial source tracking[J]. The ISME Journal,2017,12(4):942-958.
[4] Cho K H,Pachepsky Y A,Kim M,et al. Modeling seasonal variability of fecal coliform in natural surface waters using the modified SWAT[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2016,535:377-385.
[5] Mc Carthy D T,Deletic A,Mitchell V G,et al. Development and testing of a model for micro-organism prediction in urban stormwater(MOPUS)[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2011,409(1-2):236-247.
[6] Milledge D G,Gurjar S K,Bunce J T,et al. Population density controls on microbial pollution across the Ganga catchment[J].Water Research,2018,128:82-91.
[7] Wang Y W,Chen Y N,Zheng X,et al. Spatio-temporal distribution of fecal indicators in three rivers of the Haihe River Basin, China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,24(10):9036-9047.
[8]荆红卫,张志刚,郭婧.北京北运河水系水质污染特征及污染来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(2):319-327.Jing H W,Zhang Z G,Guo J. Water pollution characteristics and pollution sources of Bei Canal river system in Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(2):319-327.
[9] Zhi X S,Chen L,Shen Z Y. Impacts of urbanization on regional nonpoint source pollution:case study for Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(10):9849-9860.
[10]陈晨,王曼娜,王江权,等.基于指示菌的温榆河微生物健康风险评估[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(8):3177-3184.Chen C,Wang M N,Wang J Q,et al. Health risk assessment based on indicator microorganisms in Wenyu River[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(8):3177-3184.
[11] Soller J A, Schoen M, Steele J A, et al. Incidence of gastrointestinal illness following wet weather recreational exposures:Harmonization of quantitative microbial risk assessment with an epidemiologic investigation of surfers[J].Water Research,2017,121:280-289.
[12]王阳,徐明芳,耿梦梦,等.基于Monte Carlo模拟法对水源水体中微囊藻毒素的健康风险评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(5):1842-1851.Wang Y,Xu M F,Geng M M,et al. Health risk assessment of microcystins from drinking water source by Monte Carlo simulation method[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(5):1842-1851.
[13]张雅洁,李珂,朱浩然,等.北海湖微生物群落结构随季节变化特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(8):3319-3329.Zhang Y J,Li K,Zhu H R,et al. Community structure of microorganisms and its seasonal variation in Beihai Lake[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(8):3319-3329.
[14]张振兴,王江权,郑祥.水体病原微生物定量风险评价:历史、现状与发展趋势[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(1):2-15.Zhang Z X,Wang J Q,Zheng X. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of waterborne pathogens:history and progress[J].Journal of Environmental Science,2016,36(1):2-15.
[15] Lapen D R,Schmidt P J,Thomas J L,et al. Towards a more accurate quantitative assessment of seasonal Cryptosporidium infection risks in surface waters using species and genotype information[J]. Water Research,2016,105:625-637.
[16]孙傅,沙婧,张一帆,等.城市景观娱乐水体微生物风险评价[J].环境科学,2013,34(3):933-942.Sun F,Sha J,Zhang Y F,et al. Microbial risk assessment of urban water bodies for aesthetical and recreational uses[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(3):933-942.
[17] Passerat J,Ouattara N K,Mouchel J M,et al. Impact of an intense combined sewer overflow event on the microbiological water quality of the Seine River[J]. Water Research,2011,45(2):893-903.
[18] Chen L,Zhi X S,Shen Z Y,et al. Comparison between snowmelt-runoff and rainfall-runoff nonpoint source pollution in a typical urban catchment in Beijing,China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(3):2377-2388.
[19] Nowicka-Krawczyk P, Z·elazna-Wieczorek J. Dynamics in cyanobacterial communities from a relatively stable environment in an urbanised area(ambient springs in Central Poland)[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,579:420-429.
[20]杨勇,魏源送,郑祥,等.北京温榆河流域微生物污染调查研究[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(1):9-18.Yang Y,Wei Y S,Zheng X,et al. Investigation of microbial contamination in Wenyu River of Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(1):9-18.
[21] Kirschner A K T, Reischer G H, Jakwerth S, et al.Multiparametric monitoring of microbial faecal pollution reveals the dominance of human contamination along the whole Danube River[J]. Water Research,2017,124:543-555.
[22]易鑫,李娟,黄京,等.北京市4种不同污水处理系统中病原菌变化研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(6):1759-1767.Yi X,Li J,Huang J,et al. The varity regulation of pathogens in the different process of four wastewater treatment plants in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(6):1759-1767.
[23] Cha Y,Park M H,Lee S H,et al. Modeling spatiotemporal bacterial variability with meteorological and watershed land-use characteristics[J]. Water Research,2016,100:306-315.
[24] Porter K D H,Reaney S M,Quilliam R S,et al. Predicting diffuse microbial pollution risk across catchments:The performance of SCIMAP and recommendations for future development[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:456-465.
[25] Jovanovic D, Hathaway J, Coleman R, et al. Conceptual modelling of E. coli in urban stormwater drains,creeks and rivers[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2017,555:129-140.