Effects of Network Closure on Cooperative Innovation: Evidence from Dongying's Petroleum Equipment Industry in China
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摘要
There are two opposing viewpoints on which kind of network configuration provides a more competitive advantage, namely,network closure or structural holes, with the latter occupying the dominant position in the literature. Using social network analysis and negative binomial regression methods, we graph the co-patent network of Dongying's petroleum equipment industry in China and explore its impact on enterprise innovation. The analysis is based on 17 face-to-face interviews, 31 enterprise questionnaires, and 354 co-patent records from the China State Intellectual Property Office identifying cooperative innovation for the years 1988–2013. We find that this network is closed, controlled by state-owned enterprises, and its closure has positive effects on enterprise innovation performance. This may be related to China's unique industrial development history, state system and policies, regional culture and circumstances, and enterprise characteristics. Therefore, for some industries in specific regions, the advantages usually attributed to structural holes and open innovation may not necessarily apply.
There are two opposing viewpoints on which kind of network configuration provides a more competitive advantage, namely,network closure or structural holes, with the latter occupying the dominant position in the literature. Using social network analysis and negative binomial regression methods, we graph the co-patent network of Dongying's petroleum equipment industry in China and explore its impact on enterprise innovation. The analysis is based on 17 face-to-face interviews, 31 enterprise questionnaires, and 354 co-patent records from the China State Intellectual Property Office identifying cooperative innovation for the years 1988–2013. We find that this network is closed, controlled by state-owned enterprises, and its closure has positive effects on enterprise innovation performance. This may be related to China's unique industrial development history, state system and policies, regional culture and circumstances, and enterprise characteristics. Therefore, for some industries in specific regions, the advantages usually attributed to structural holes and open innovation may not necessarily apply.
There are two opposing viewpoints on which kind of network configuration provides a more competitive advantage, namely,network closure or structural holes, with the latter occupying the dominant position in the literature. Using social network analysis and negative binomial regression methods, we graph the co-patent network of Dongying's petroleum equipment industry in China and explore its impact on enterprise innovation. The analysis is based on 17 face-to-face interviews, 31 enterprise questionnaires, and 354 co-patent records from the China State Intellectual Property Office identifying cooperative innovation for the years 1988–2013. We find that this network is closed, controlled by state-owned enterprises, and its closure has positive effects on enterprise innovation performance. This may be related to China's unique industrial development history, state system and policies, regional culture and circumstances, and enterprise characteristics. Therefore, for some industries in specific regions, the advantages usually attributed to structural holes and open innovation may not necessarily apply.
引文
Asheim B,Coenen L,Vang J,2007.Face-to-face,buzz,and knowledge bases:socio-spatial implications for learning,innovation,and innovation policy.Environment and Planning C:Politics and Space,25(5):655-670.doi:10.1068/c0648
Bathelt H,Glückler J,2003.Toward a relational economic geography.Journal of Economic Geography,3(2):117-144.doi:10.1093/jeg/3.2.117
Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P,2004.Clusters and knowledge:local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation.Progress in Human Geography,28(1):31-56.doi:10.1191/0309132504ph469oa
Bathelt H,Zeng G,2012.Strong growth in weakly-developed networks:producer-user interaction and knowledge brokers in the Greater Shanghai chemical industry.Applied Geography,32(1):158-170.doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.11.015
Bathelt H,Li P F,2014.Global cluster networks:foreign direct investment flows from Canada to China.Journal of Economic Geography,14(1):45-71.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbt005
Breschi S,Lissoni F,2004.Knowledge networks from patent data:methodological issues and research targets.In:Moed HF,Gl?nzel W,Schmoch U(eds).Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research:the Use of Publication and Patent Statistics in Studies of S&T Systems.Dordrecht:Springer,613-643.doi:10.1007/1-4020-2755-9_29
Burt R S,1992.Structural Holes:the Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Burt R S,1997.The contingent value of social capital.Administrative Science Quarterly,42(2):339-365.doi:10.2307/2393923
Burt R S,2000.The network structure of social capital.Research in Organizational Behavior,22:345-423.doi:10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22009-1
Burt R S,2002.Bridge decay.Social Networks,24(4):333-363.doi:10.1016/S0378-8733(02)00017-5
Burt R S,2005.Brokerage and Closure:An Introduction to Social Capital.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Coleman J,1990.Foundations of Social Theory.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Coleman J S,1988.Social capital in the creation of human capital.American Journal of Sociology,94(S1):S95-S120.doi:10.1086/228943
Cooke P,2013.Qualitative analysis and comparison of firm and system incumbents in the new ICT global innovation network.European Planning Studies,21(9):1323-1340.doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.755828
Crescenzi R,Rodríguez-Pose A,Storper M,2007.The territorial dynamics of innovation:a Europe-United States comparative analysis.Journal of Economic Geography,7(6):673-709.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm030
de Nooy W,Mrvar A,Batagelj V,2011.Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek.Cambridge,MA:Cambridge University Press.
Fan C C,Scott A J,2003.Industrial agglomeration and development:a survey of spatial economic issues in East Asia and a statistical analysis of Chinese regions.Economic Geography,79(3):295-319.
Gemünden H G,Ritter T,Heydebreck P,1996.Network configuration and innovation success:an empirical analysis in German high-tech industries.International Journal of Research in Marketing,13(5):449-462.doi:10.1016/S0167-8116(96)00026-2
Giuliani E,2011.Role of technological gatekeepers in the growth of industrial clusters:evidence from Chile.Regional Studies,45(10):1329-1348.doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.619973
Grabher G,1993.The weakness of strong ties:the lock-in of regional development in the Ruhr area.In:Grabher G(ed).The Embedded Firm:on Social-economics of Industrial Networks.London:Routledge,255-277.
Granovetter M,1973.The strength of weak ties.American Journal of Sociology,78:1360-1380.
Granovetter M,1985.Economic action and social structure:the problem of embeddedness.American Journal of Sociology,91(3):481-510.doi:10.1086/228311
He S W,Macneill S,Wang J M,2014.Assessing overall network structure in regional innovation policies:a case study of cluster policy in the west midlands in the UK.European Planning Studies,22(9):1940-1959.doi:10.1080/09654313.2013.812066
Huggins R,Johnston A,Thompson P,2012.Network capital,social capital and knowledge flow:how the nature of inter-organizational networks impacts on innovation.Industry and Innovation,19(3):203-232.doi:10.1080/13662716.2012.669615
Huggins R,Thompson P,2014.A network-based view of regional growth.Journal of Economic Geography,14(3):511-545.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbt012
Huggins R,Prokop D,2017.Network structure and regional innovation:a study of university-industry ties.Urban Studies,54(4):931-952.doi:10.1177/0042098016630521
Johansson M,Jacob M,Hellstr?m T,2005.The strength of strong ties:university spin-offs and the significance of historical relations.The Journal of Technology Transfer,30(3):271-286.doi:10.1007/s10961-005-0930-z
Lawson C,Lorenz E,1999.Collective learning,tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity.Regional Studies,33(4):305-317.doi:10.1080/713693555
Lin N,Ensel W M,Vaughn J C,1981.Social resources and strength of ties:structural factors in occupational status attainment.American Sociological Review,46(4):393-405.doi:10.2307/2095260
Lyu G Q,Liefner I,2018.The spatial configuration of innovation networks in China.GeoJournal,83(6):1393-1410.doi:10.1007/s10708-017-9844-1
Ma Shuang,Zeng Ggang,Lyu Guoqing,2014.The formation of the informal ties and its impact on the technological innovation:a case study of Dongying.Economic geography,34(10):104-110.(in Chinese)
Maggioni M A,Nosvelli M,Uberti T E,2007.Space versus networks in the geography of innovation:a European analysis.Papers in Regional Science,86(3):471-493.doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00130.x
Maskell P,Malmberg A,1999.Localised learning and industrial competitiveness.Cambridge Journal of Economics,23(2):167-185.doi:10.1093/cje/23.2.167
Maskell P,Malmberg A,2007.Myopia,knowledge development and cluster evolution.Journal of Economic Geography,7(5):603-618.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm020
Morrison A,2008.Gatekeepers of knowledge within industrial districts:who they are,how they interact.Regional Studies,42(6):817-835.doi:10.1080/00343400701654178
Mortara L,Minshall T,2011.How do large multinational companies implement open innovation?Technovation,31(10-11):586-597.doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2011.05.002
Ponds R,van Oort F,Frenken K,2010.Innovation,spillovers and university-industry collaboration:an extended knowledge production function approach.Journal of Economic Geography,10(2):231-255.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbp036
Reagans R,McEvily B,2003.Network structure and knowledge transfer:the effects of cohesion and range.Administrative Science Quarterly,48(2):240-267.doi:10.2307/3556658
Rost K,2011.The strength of strong ties in the creation of innovation.Research Policy,40(4):588-604.doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.12.001
Saviotti P P,1998.On the dynamics of appropriability,of tacit and of codified knowledge.Research Policy,26(7-8):843-856.doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00066-8
Sorenson O,Rivkin J W,Fleming L,2006.Complexity,networks and knowledge flow.Research Policy,35(7):994-1017.doi:10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.002
Storper M,1997.The Regional world.London:Guilford Press.
Storper M,Venables A J,2004.Buzz:face-to-face contact and the urban economy.Journal of Economic Geography,4(4):351-370.doi:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh027
Suarez F F,2005.Network effects revisited:the role of strong ties in technology selection.Academy of Management Journal,48(4):710-720.doi:10.5465/amj.2005.17843947
Tan J,Zhang H J,Wang L,2015.Network closure or structural hole?The conditioning effects of network-level social capital on innovation performance.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(5):1189-1212.doi:10.1111/etap.12102
Ter Wal A L J,Boschma R A,2009.Applying social network analysis in economic geography:framing some key analytic issues.The Annals of Regional Science,43(3):739-756.doi:10.1007/s00168-008-0258-3
Tortoriello M,Mcevily B,Krackhardt D,2015.Being a catalyst of innovation:the role of knowledge diversity and network closure.Organization Science,26(2):423-438.doi:10.1287/orsc.2014.0942
Uzzi B,1997.Social structure and competition in interfirm networks:the paradox of embeddedness.Administrative Science Quarterly,42(10):35-67.doi:10.2307/2393808
Vermeulen B,Pyka A,2018.The role of network topology and the spatial distribution and structure of knowledge in regional innovation policy:a calibrated agent-based model study.Computational Economics,52(3):773-808.doi:10.1007/s10614-017-9776-3
Wei Y D,Li W M,Wang C B,2007.Restructuring industrial districts,scaling up regional development:a study of the Wenzhou model,China.Economic Geography,83(4):421-444.doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2007.tb00381.x
West J,Salter A,Vanhaverbeke W et al.,2014.Open innovation:the next decade.Research Policy,43(5):805-811.doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.03.001
Whittington K B,Owen-Smith J,Powell W W,2009.Networks,propinquity,and innovation in knowledge-intensive industries.Administrative Science Quarterly,54(1):90-122.doi:10.2189/asqu.2009.54.1.90
Zeng G,Bathelt H,2011.Divergent growth trajectories in China’s chemical industry:the case of the newly developed industrial parks in Shanghai,Nanjing and Ningbo.Geojournal,76(6):675-698.doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9313-6
Bathelt H,Glückler J,2003.Toward a relational economic geography.Journal of Economic Geography,3(2):117-144.doi:10.1093/jeg/3.2.117
Bathelt H,Malmberg A,Maskell P,2004.Clusters and knowledge:local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation.Progress in Human Geography,28(1):31-56.doi:10.1191/0309132504ph469oa
Bathelt H,Zeng G,2012.Strong growth in weakly-developed networks:producer-user interaction and knowledge brokers in the Greater Shanghai chemical industry.Applied Geography,32(1):158-170.doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.11.015
Bathelt H,Li P F,2014.Global cluster networks:foreign direct investment flows from Canada to China.Journal of Economic Geography,14(1):45-71.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbt005
Breschi S,Lissoni F,2004.Knowledge networks from patent data:methodological issues and research targets.In:Moed HF,Gl?nzel W,Schmoch U(eds).Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research:the Use of Publication and Patent Statistics in Studies of S&T Systems.Dordrecht:Springer,613-643.doi:10.1007/1-4020-2755-9_29
Burt R S,1992.Structural Holes:the Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Burt R S,1997.The contingent value of social capital.Administrative Science Quarterly,42(2):339-365.doi:10.2307/2393923
Burt R S,2000.The network structure of social capital.Research in Organizational Behavior,22:345-423.doi:10.1016/S0191-3085(00)22009-1
Burt R S,2002.Bridge decay.Social Networks,24(4):333-363.doi:10.1016/S0378-8733(02)00017-5
Burt R S,2005.Brokerage and Closure:An Introduction to Social Capital.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Coleman J,1990.Foundations of Social Theory.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
Coleman J S,1988.Social capital in the creation of human capital.American Journal of Sociology,94(S1):S95-S120.doi:10.1086/228943
Cooke P,2013.Qualitative analysis and comparison of firm and system incumbents in the new ICT global innovation network.European Planning Studies,21(9):1323-1340.doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.755828
Crescenzi R,Rodríguez-Pose A,Storper M,2007.The territorial dynamics of innovation:a Europe-United States comparative analysis.Journal of Economic Geography,7(6):673-709.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm030
de Nooy W,Mrvar A,Batagelj V,2011.Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek.Cambridge,MA:Cambridge University Press.
Fan C C,Scott A J,2003.Industrial agglomeration and development:a survey of spatial economic issues in East Asia and a statistical analysis of Chinese regions.Economic Geography,79(3):295-319.
Gemünden H G,Ritter T,Heydebreck P,1996.Network configuration and innovation success:an empirical analysis in German high-tech industries.International Journal of Research in Marketing,13(5):449-462.doi:10.1016/S0167-8116(96)00026-2
Giuliani E,2011.Role of technological gatekeepers in the growth of industrial clusters:evidence from Chile.Regional Studies,45(10):1329-1348.doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.619973
Grabher G,1993.The weakness of strong ties:the lock-in of regional development in the Ruhr area.In:Grabher G(ed).The Embedded Firm:on Social-economics of Industrial Networks.London:Routledge,255-277.
Granovetter M,1973.The strength of weak ties.American Journal of Sociology,78:1360-1380.
Granovetter M,1985.Economic action and social structure:the problem of embeddedness.American Journal of Sociology,91(3):481-510.doi:10.1086/228311
He S W,Macneill S,Wang J M,2014.Assessing overall network structure in regional innovation policies:a case study of cluster policy in the west midlands in the UK.European Planning Studies,22(9):1940-1959.doi:10.1080/09654313.2013.812066
Huggins R,Johnston A,Thompson P,2012.Network capital,social capital and knowledge flow:how the nature of inter-organizational networks impacts on innovation.Industry and Innovation,19(3):203-232.doi:10.1080/13662716.2012.669615
Huggins R,Thompson P,2014.A network-based view of regional growth.Journal of Economic Geography,14(3):511-545.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbt012
Huggins R,Prokop D,2017.Network structure and regional innovation:a study of university-industry ties.Urban Studies,54(4):931-952.doi:10.1177/0042098016630521
Johansson M,Jacob M,Hellstr?m T,2005.The strength of strong ties:university spin-offs and the significance of historical relations.The Journal of Technology Transfer,30(3):271-286.doi:10.1007/s10961-005-0930-z
Lawson C,Lorenz E,1999.Collective learning,tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity.Regional Studies,33(4):305-317.doi:10.1080/713693555
Lin N,Ensel W M,Vaughn J C,1981.Social resources and strength of ties:structural factors in occupational status attainment.American Sociological Review,46(4):393-405.doi:10.2307/2095260
Lyu G Q,Liefner I,2018.The spatial configuration of innovation networks in China.GeoJournal,83(6):1393-1410.doi:10.1007/s10708-017-9844-1
Ma Shuang,Zeng Ggang,Lyu Guoqing,2014.The formation of the informal ties and its impact on the technological innovation:a case study of Dongying.Economic geography,34(10):104-110.(in Chinese)
Maggioni M A,Nosvelli M,Uberti T E,2007.Space versus networks in the geography of innovation:a European analysis.Papers in Regional Science,86(3):471-493.doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00130.x
Maskell P,Malmberg A,1999.Localised learning and industrial competitiveness.Cambridge Journal of Economics,23(2):167-185.doi:10.1093/cje/23.2.167
Maskell P,Malmberg A,2007.Myopia,knowledge development and cluster evolution.Journal of Economic Geography,7(5):603-618.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbm020
Morrison A,2008.Gatekeepers of knowledge within industrial districts:who they are,how they interact.Regional Studies,42(6):817-835.doi:10.1080/00343400701654178
Mortara L,Minshall T,2011.How do large multinational companies implement open innovation?Technovation,31(10-11):586-597.doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2011.05.002
Ponds R,van Oort F,Frenken K,2010.Innovation,spillovers and university-industry collaboration:an extended knowledge production function approach.Journal of Economic Geography,10(2):231-255.doi:10.1093/jeg/lbp036
Reagans R,McEvily B,2003.Network structure and knowledge transfer:the effects of cohesion and range.Administrative Science Quarterly,48(2):240-267.doi:10.2307/3556658
Rost K,2011.The strength of strong ties in the creation of innovation.Research Policy,40(4):588-604.doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.12.001
Saviotti P P,1998.On the dynamics of appropriability,of tacit and of codified knowledge.Research Policy,26(7-8):843-856.doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00066-8
Sorenson O,Rivkin J W,Fleming L,2006.Complexity,networks and knowledge flow.Research Policy,35(7):994-1017.doi:10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.002
Storper M,1997.The Regional world.London:Guilford Press.
Storper M,Venables A J,2004.Buzz:face-to-face contact and the urban economy.Journal of Economic Geography,4(4):351-370.doi:10.1093/jnlecg/lbh027
Suarez F F,2005.Network effects revisited:the role of strong ties in technology selection.Academy of Management Journal,48(4):710-720.doi:10.5465/amj.2005.17843947
Tan J,Zhang H J,Wang L,2015.Network closure or structural hole?The conditioning effects of network-level social capital on innovation performance.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(5):1189-1212.doi:10.1111/etap.12102
Ter Wal A L J,Boschma R A,2009.Applying social network analysis in economic geography:framing some key analytic issues.The Annals of Regional Science,43(3):739-756.doi:10.1007/s00168-008-0258-3
Tortoriello M,Mcevily B,Krackhardt D,2015.Being a catalyst of innovation:the role of knowledge diversity and network closure.Organization Science,26(2):423-438.doi:10.1287/orsc.2014.0942
Uzzi B,1997.Social structure and competition in interfirm networks:the paradox of embeddedness.Administrative Science Quarterly,42(10):35-67.doi:10.2307/2393808
Vermeulen B,Pyka A,2018.The role of network topology and the spatial distribution and structure of knowledge in regional innovation policy:a calibrated agent-based model study.Computational Economics,52(3):773-808.doi:10.1007/s10614-017-9776-3
Wei Y D,Li W M,Wang C B,2007.Restructuring industrial districts,scaling up regional development:a study of the Wenzhou model,China.Economic Geography,83(4):421-444.doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2007.tb00381.x
West J,Salter A,Vanhaverbeke W et al.,2014.Open innovation:the next decade.Research Policy,43(5):805-811.doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.03.001
Whittington K B,Owen-Smith J,Powell W W,2009.Networks,propinquity,and innovation in knowledge-intensive industries.Administrative Science Quarterly,54(1):90-122.doi:10.2189/asqu.2009.54.1.90
Zeng G,Bathelt H,2011.Divergent growth trajectories in China’s chemical industry:the case of the newly developed industrial parks in Shanghai,Nanjing and Ningbo.Geojournal,76(6):675-698.doi:10.1007/s10708-009-9313-6