沉水植物苦草对沉积物各形态磷时空分布的影响
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摘要
监测苦草生长过程中根系及沉积物中磷含量和形态的时空变化,探讨苦草根系在生长过程中对沉积物磷时空分布的影响。聚乙烯塑料桶中铺设沉积物为暴发水华水体的底泥,厚度10cm,干重4 821.00g,底泥铺设完毕后缓慢注入100L水(TP 0.02mg/L)。试验桶种植2g苦草休眠芽。沉积物样品磷形态分析采用国际通用的SMT法,在采集沉积物同时采集苦草样品,测定根系生长情况及根系在沉积物中的分布。结果表明:苦草在生长过程中能降低沉积物各层总磷(TP)、NaOH提取磷(NaOH-P)、HCl提取磷(HCl-P)、无机磷(IP)和有机磷(OP)的含量,沉积物各形态磷含量的下降速率为:NaOH-P>HCl-P>IP=OP;随着苦草根系的生长,在苦草根系分布区沉积物中各形态磷的含量明显低于非根系分布区。苦草根系通过对环境因子氧化还原电位和pH的改变从而影响根系周围沉积物磷的含量,沉积物中各形态磷含量随着苦草根系面积的增加而减小。
Aquatic plants can take up nutrients from the water column through submerged shoots,or from interstitial sediment water through roots.The rooted submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans absorbs nutrients from both sediment and water.In this study,we monitored plant and root growth,the phosphorus content of roots,sediment and water,and changes in different forms of sediment phosphorus.The experiment was carried out in a controlled laboratory setting and the objective was to explore the effect of the root system on the spatial-temporal distribution of sediment phosphorus.The test group and control(no V.natans)were both run in triplicate.Sediment collected from severely eutrophic water body was placed in polyethylene containers(10 cm thick,4 821.00 g dry weight),and 100 Lwater was slowly injected.A dormant bud(2 g)was planted in each of the test group containers.V.natans and sediment samples were collected at two month intervals to determine root growth and sediment phosphorus content and distribution.Phosphorus forms in the sediment were determined by standard methods.Results show that the roots and biomass of V.natans grew slowly from January to May.By May,the biomass(wet weight)of V.natans was 21 g in each container,and the average root length was 5 cm.From May to July,V.natans entered the rapid,warm season growth period and biomass and root length increased rapidly.By July,the biomass reached 80 g per container and the average root length was 9.8 cm.Nutrient uptake by V.natans decreased sediment total phosphorus(TP),NaOH extractable phosphorus(NaOH-P),HCl extractable phosphorus(HCl-P),inorganic phosphorus(IP)and organic phosphorus(OP);the removal rates of the different phosphorus fractions were ordered as IP>NaOH-P>HCl-P=OP.When the biomass of V.natans was low(0-500 g/m2),the content of TP in the root zone was significantly lower than that in the area without root distribution.At higher biomasses(500-600 g/m2),the vertical phosphorus distribution was more uniform because the roots were more evenly distributed through the sediment.The phosphorus content in water also decreased as V.natans grew,with TP decreasing from an initial concentration of0.10 mg/L to a final concentration of 0.04 mg/L.In summary,phosphorus content in the root zone was markedly lower than outside the zone and the content of the various forms of phosphorus decreased with increased root distribution.The form of phosphorus in the root zone of V.natans was affected by changes in redox potential and pH.
Aquatic plants can take up nutrients from the water column through submerged shoots,or from interstitial sediment water through roots.The rooted submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans absorbs nutrients from both sediment and water.In this study,we monitored plant and root growth,the phosphorus content of roots,sediment and water,and changes in different forms of sediment phosphorus.The experiment was carried out in a controlled laboratory setting and the objective was to explore the effect of the root system on the spatial-temporal distribution of sediment phosphorus.The test group and control(no V.natans)were both run in triplicate.Sediment collected from severely eutrophic water body was placed in polyethylene containers(10 cm thick,4 821.00 g dry weight),and 100 Lwater was slowly injected.A dormant bud(2 g)was planted in each of the test group containers.V.natans and sediment samples were collected at two month intervals to determine root growth and sediment phosphorus content and distribution.Phosphorus forms in the sediment were determined by standard methods.Results show that the roots and biomass of V.natans grew slowly from January to May.By May,the biomass(wet weight)of V.natans was 21 g in each container,and the average root length was 5 cm.From May to July,V.natans entered the rapid,warm season growth period and biomass and root length increased rapidly.By July,the biomass reached 80 g per container and the average root length was 9.8 cm.Nutrient uptake by V.natans decreased sediment total phosphorus(TP),NaOH extractable phosphorus(NaOH-P),HCl extractable phosphorus(HCl-P),inorganic phosphorus(IP)and organic phosphorus(OP);the removal rates of the different phosphorus fractions were ordered as IP>NaOH-P>HCl-P=OP.When the biomass of V.natans was low(0-500 g/m2),the content of TP in the root zone was significantly lower than that in the area without root distribution.At higher biomasses(500-600 g/m2),the vertical phosphorus distribution was more uniform because the roots were more evenly distributed through the sediment.The phosphorus content in water also decreased as V.natans grew,with TP decreasing from an initial concentration of0.10 mg/L to a final concentration of 0.04 mg/L.In summary,phosphorus content in the root zone was markedly lower than outside the zone and the content of the various forms of phosphorus decreased with increased root distribution.The form of phosphorus in the root zone of V.natans was affected by changes in redox potential and pH.
引文
葛绪广,王国祥,陈成忠,等,2014.苦草生长对沉积物中磷迁移转化的影响[J].生态学报,34(20):5802-5811.
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顾燕飞,王俊,王洁,等,2017.不同水深条件下沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)的形态响应和生长策略[J].湖泊科学,29(3):654-661.
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尚媛媛,关保华,郑建伟,等,2016.沉水植物苦草和轮叶黑藻对水环境的影响[J].中国农学通报,32(28):155-159.
王立志,王国祥,俞振飞,等,2011.苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长期对沉积物磷形态及迁移的影响[J].湖泊科学,23(5):753-760.
张嵘梅,马博馨,杨志杰,等,2016.沉水植物苦草属在水体环境修复中的研究进展和应用现状[J].中国农学通报,32(28):144-154.
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Gahoonia T S,Asmar F,Giese H,et al,2000.Root-released organic acids and phosphorus uptake of two barley cultivars in laboratory and field experiments[J].European Journal of Agronomy,12(3/4):281-289.
Jin X C,Wang S R,Pang Y,et al,2006.Phosphorus fractions and the effect of pH on the phosphorus release of the sediments from different trophic areas in Taihu Lake,China[J].Environmental Pollution,139(2):288-295.
Kabengi N J,Zurayk R A,Baalbak I R Z,et al,2003.Phosphorus dynamics and characterization under long-term rotation trial[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,34(3/4):375-392.
Liu S M,Zhang J,Li D J,2004.Phosphorus cycling in sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,59(2):209-218.
Rooney N,Kalff J,2000.Inter-annual variation in submerged macrophyte community biomass and distribution:the influence of temperature and lake morphometry[J].Aquatic Botany,68(4):321-335.
Ruban V,López-Sánchez J F,Pardo P,et al,2001.Harmonized protocol and certified reference material for the determination of extractable contents of phosphorus in freshwater sediments-A synthesis of recent works[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,370(2/3):224.
Sorrell B K,Dromgoole F I,1987.Oxygen transport in the submerged freshwater macrophyte Egeria densa planch.I.Oxygen production,storage and release[J].Aquatic Botany,28(1):63-80.
Turner B L,Cade-Menun B J,Condron L M,et al,2005.Extraction of soil organic phosphorus[J].Talanta,66(2):294-306.
Wang S G,Jin X C,Pang Y,et al,2005.Phosphorus fractions and phosphate sorption characteristics in relation to the sediment compositions of shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region,China[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,289(2):339-346.
Zhao Y J,Liu B,Zhang W G,et al,2010.Effects of plant and influent C:N:P ratio on microbial diversity in pilotscale constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,36(4):441-449.
Zhou W J,Wang K R,Zhang Y Z,et al,2006.Phosphorus Transfer and Distribution in a Soybean-Citrus Intercropping System[J].Pedosphere,16(4):435-443.
葛绪广,王国祥,陆贻超,2009.4种沉水植物断枝再生能力研究[J].水生态学杂志,30(4):23-28.
顾燕飞,王俊,王洁,等,2017.不同水深条件下沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)的形态响应和生长策略[J].湖泊科学,29(3):654-661.
刘鸿亮,1990.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.
尚媛媛,关保华,郑建伟,等,2016.沉水植物苦草和轮叶黑藻对水环境的影响[J].中国农学通报,32(28):155-159.
王立志,王国祥,俞振飞,等,2011.苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长期对沉积物磷形态及迁移的影响[J].湖泊科学,23(5):753-760.
张嵘梅,马博馨,杨志杰,等,2016.沉水植物苦草属在水体环境修复中的研究进展和应用现状[J].中国农学通报,32(28):144-154.
Barlow K,Nash D,Turral H,et al,2003.Phosphorus uptake and release in surface drains[J].Agricultural Water Management,63(2):109-123.
Gahoonia T S,Asmar F,Giese H,et al,2000.Root-released organic acids and phosphorus uptake of two barley cultivars in laboratory and field experiments[J].European Journal of Agronomy,12(3/4):281-289.
Jin X C,Wang S R,Pang Y,et al,2006.Phosphorus fractions and the effect of pH on the phosphorus release of the sediments from different trophic areas in Taihu Lake,China[J].Environmental Pollution,139(2):288-295.
Kabengi N J,Zurayk R A,Baalbak I R Z,et al,2003.Phosphorus dynamics and characterization under long-term rotation trial[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,34(3/4):375-392.
Liu S M,Zhang J,Li D J,2004.Phosphorus cycling in sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,59(2):209-218.
Rooney N,Kalff J,2000.Inter-annual variation in submerged macrophyte community biomass and distribution:the influence of temperature and lake morphometry[J].Aquatic Botany,68(4):321-335.
Ruban V,López-Sánchez J F,Pardo P,et al,2001.Harmonized protocol and certified reference material for the determination of extractable contents of phosphorus in freshwater sediments-A synthesis of recent works[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,370(2/3):224.
Sorrell B K,Dromgoole F I,1987.Oxygen transport in the submerged freshwater macrophyte Egeria densa planch.I.Oxygen production,storage and release[J].Aquatic Botany,28(1):63-80.
Turner B L,Cade-Menun B J,Condron L M,et al,2005.Extraction of soil organic phosphorus[J].Talanta,66(2):294-306.
Wang S G,Jin X C,Pang Y,et al,2005.Phosphorus fractions and phosphate sorption characteristics in relation to the sediment compositions of shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region,China[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,289(2):339-346.
Zhao Y J,Liu B,Zhang W G,et al,2010.Effects of plant and influent C:N:P ratio on microbial diversity in pilotscale constructed wetlands[J].Ecological Engineering,36(4):441-449.
Zhou W J,Wang K R,Zhang Y Z,et al,2006.Phosphorus Transfer and Distribution in a Soybean-Citrus Intercropping System[J].Pedosphere,16(4):435-443.