A multi-location joint field observation of the stratosphere and troposphere over the Tibetan Plateau
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摘要
The unique geographical location and high altitude of the Tibetan Plateau can greatly influence regional weather and climate.In particular, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) anticyclone circulation system over the Tibetan Plateau is recognized to be a significant transport pathway for water vapor and pollutants to enter the stratosphere. To improve understanding of these physical processes, a multi-location joint atmospheric experiment was performed over the Tibetan Plateau from late July to August in 2018, funded by the fiveyear(2018–2022) STEAM(stratosphere and troposphere exchange experiment during ASM) project, during which multiple platforms/instruments—including long-duration stratospheric balloons, dropsondes, unmanned aerial vehicles, special sounding systems, and ground-based and satellite-borne instruments—will be deployed. These complementary methods of data acquisition are expected to provide comprehensive atmospheric parameters(aerosol, ozone, water vapor, CO_2, CH_4, CO, temperature, pressure,turbulence, radiation, lightning and wind); the richness of this approach is expected to advance our comprehension of key mechanisms associated with thermal, dynamical, radiative, and chemical transports over the Tibetan Plateau during ASM activity.
The unique geographical location and high altitude of the Tibetan Plateau can greatly influence regional weather and climate.In particular, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) anticyclone circulation system over the Tibetan Plateau is recognized to be a significant transport pathway for water vapor and pollutants to enter the stratosphere. To improve understanding of these physical processes, a multi-location joint atmospheric experiment was performed over the Tibetan Plateau from late July to August in 2018, funded by the fiveyear(2018–2022) STEAM(stratosphere and troposphere exchange experiment during ASM) project, during which multiple platforms/instruments—including long-duration stratospheric balloons, dropsondes, unmanned aerial vehicles, special sounding systems, and ground-based and satellite-borne instruments—will be deployed. These complementary methods of data acquisition are expected to provide comprehensive atmospheric parameters(aerosol, ozone, water vapor, CO_2, CH_4, CO, temperature, pressure,turbulence, radiation, lightning and wind); the richness of this approach is expected to advance our comprehension of key mechanisms associated with thermal, dynamical, radiative, and chemical transports over the Tibetan Plateau during ASM activity.
The unique geographical location and high altitude of the Tibetan Plateau can greatly influence regional weather and climate.In particular, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) anticyclone circulation system over the Tibetan Plateau is recognized to be a significant transport pathway for water vapor and pollutants to enter the stratosphere. To improve understanding of these physical processes, a multi-location joint atmospheric experiment was performed over the Tibetan Plateau from late July to August in 2018, funded by the fiveyear(2018–2022) STEAM(stratosphere and troposphere exchange experiment during ASM) project, during which multiple platforms/instruments—including long-duration stratospheric balloons, dropsondes, unmanned aerial vehicles, special sounding systems, and ground-based and satellite-borne instruments—will be deployed. These complementary methods of data acquisition are expected to provide comprehensive atmospheric parameters(aerosol, ozone, water vapor, CO_2, CH_4, CO, temperature, pressure,turbulence, radiation, lightning and wind); the richness of this approach is expected to advance our comprehension of key mechanisms associated with thermal, dynamical, radiative, and chemical transports over the Tibetan Plateau during ASM activity.
引文
Bergman,J.W.,Fierli,F.,Jensen,E.J.,Honomichl,S.,and Pan,L.L.(2013).Boundary layer sources for the Asian anticyclone:Regional contributions to a vertical conduit.J.Geophys.Res.,118(6),2560-2575.https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50142
Bian,J.C.,Yan,R.C.,and Chen,H.B.(2011).Tropospheric pollutant transport to the stratosphere by Asian summer monsoon.Chin.J.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),35(5),897-902.https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.05.09
Bian,J.C.,Pan,L.L.,Paulik,L.,V?mel,H.,Chen,H.B.,and Lu,D.R.(2012).In situ water vapor and ozone measurements in Lhasa and Kunming during the Asian summer monsoon.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39(19),L19808.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052996
Chen,B.,Xu,X.D.,Yang.S.,and Zhao,T.L.(2012).Climatological perspectives of air transport from atmospheric boundary layer to tropopause layer over Asian monsoon regions during boreal summer inferred from Lagrangian approach.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,12(13),5827-5839.https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5827-2012
Fu,R.,Hu,Y.L,Wright,S.,Jiang,H.H.,Dickinson,R.E.,Chen,M.X.,Filipiak,M.,Read,W.G.,Waters,J.W.,and Wu,D.L.(2006).Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,103(15),5664-5669.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601584103
Gao,R.S.,Telg,H.,McLaughlin,R.J.,Ciciora,S.J.,Watts,L.A.,Richardson,M.S.,Schwarz,J.P.,Perring,A.E.,Thornberry,T.D.,…Fahey,D.W.(2016).A light-
weight,high-sensitivity particle spectrometer for PM2.5 aerosol measurements.Aerosol Sci.Technol.,50(1),88-99.https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2015.1131809
Gettelman,A.,Kinnison,D.E.,Dunkerton,T.J.,and Brasseur,G.P.(2004).Impact of monsoon circulations on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.J.Geophys.Res.,109(D22),D22101.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004878
Karion,A.,Sweeney,C.,Tans,P.,and Newberger.T.(2010).AirCore:an innovative atmospheric sampling system.J.Atmos.Ocean.Technol.,27(11),1839-1853.https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHA1448.1
Komhyr,W.D.(1969).Electrochemical concentration cells for gas analysis.Ann.Geophys.,25,203-210.
Li,D.,Vogel,B.,Müller,R.,Bian,J.C.,Günther,G.,Li,Q.,Zhang,J.Q.,Bai,Z.X.,V?mel,H.,and Riese,M.(2018).High tropospheric ozone in Lhasa within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in 2013:influence of convective transport and stratospheric intrusions.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,18(24),17979-17994.https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17979-2018
Li,Q.B.,Jiang,J.H.,Wu,D.L.,Read,W.G.,Livesey,N.J.,Waters,J.W.,Zhang,Y.S.,Wang,B.,Filipiak,M.J.,…Jacob,D.J.(2005).Convective outflow of South Asian pollution:A global CTM simulation compared with EOS MLSobservations.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32(14),L14826.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022762
Lu,D.R.,Pan,W.L.,and Wang,Y.N.(2018).Atmospheric profiling synthetic observation system in Tibet.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,35(3),264-267.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-017-7251-7
Park,M.,Randel,W.J.,Gettelman,A.,Massie,S.T.,and Jiang,J.H.(2007).Transport above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder tracers.J.Geophys.Res.,112(D16),D16309.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008294
Qing,C.,Wu,X.Q.,Huang,H.H.,Tian,Q.G.,Zhu,W.T.,Rao,R.Z.,and Li,X.B.(2016a).Estimating the surface layer refractive index structure constant over snow and sea ice using Monin-Obukhov similarity theory with a mesoscale atmospheric model.Opt.Express,24(18),20424-20436.https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.020424
Qing,C.,Wu,X.Q.,Li,X.B.,Zhu,W.Y.,Qiao,C.H.,Rao,R.Z.,and Mei,H.P.(2016b).Use of weather research and forecasting model outputs to obtain near-surface refractive index structure constant over the ocean.Opt.Express,24(12),13303-13315.https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.013303
Randel,W.J.,Park,M.,Emmons,L.,Kinnison,D.,Bernath,P.,Walker,K.A.,Boone,C.,and Pumphrey,H.(2010).Asian monsoon transport of pollution to the stratosphere.Science,328(5978),611-613.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182274
Rosen,J.M.,and Kjome,N.T.(1991).Backscattersonde:a new instrument for atmospheric aerosol research.Appl.Opt.,30(12),1552-1561.https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.30.001552
Solomon,S.,Daniel,J.S.,Neely III,R.R.,Vernier J.P.,Dutton,E.G.,and Thomason,L.W.(2011).The persistently variable“background”stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change.Science,333(6044),866-870.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206027
Vernier,J.P.,Fairlie,T.D.,Natarajan,M.,Wienhold,F.G.,Bian,J.,Martinsson,B.G.,Crumeyrolle,S.,Thomason,L.W.,and Bedka,K.M.(2015).Increase in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric aerosol levels and its potential connection with Asian pollution.J.Geophys.Res.,120(4),1608-1619.https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022372
V?mel,H.,David,D.E.,and Smith.K.(2007).Accuracy of tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor measurements by the cryogenic frost point hygrometer:Instrumental details and observations.J.Geophys.Res.,112(D8)D08305.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007224
Wu,G.X.,Liu,Y.M.,Zhang,Q.,Duan,A.M.,Wang,T.M.,Wan,R.J.,Liu,X.,Li,W.P.,Wang,Z.Z.,and Liang,X.Y.(2007).The influence of mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan plateau on Asian climate.J.Hydrometeorol.,8(4),770-789.https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM609.1
Wu,X.Q.,Tian,Q.G.,Jiang,P.,Chai,B.,Qing,C.,Cai,J.,Jin,X.M.,and Zhou,H.Y.(2015).A new method of measuring optical turbulence of atmospheric surface layer at Antarctic Taishan Station with ultrasonic anemometer.Adv.Polar Sci.,26(4),305-310.https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2015.4.00305
Yao,T.,Thompson,L.,Yang,W.,Yu,W.S.,Gao,Y.,Guo,X.J.,Yang,X.X.,Duan,K.Q.,Zhao,H.B.,…Joswiak,D.(2012).Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings.Nat.Climate Change,2(9),663-667.https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1580
Yu,P.,Rosenlof,K.H.,Liu,S.,Telg,H.,Thornberry,T.D.,Rollins,A.W.,Portmann R.W.,Bai,Z.,Ray,E.A.,…Gao,R.S.(2017).Efficient transport of tropospheric aerosol into the stratosphere via the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,114(27),6972-6977.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701170114
Zhou,X.J.,Luo,C.,Li,W.L.,and Shi,J.E.(1995).Variation of total ozone over China and the Tibetan Plateau low center.Chin.Sci.Bull.(in Chinese),40(15)1396-1398.
Zhou,X.J.,Zhao,P.,Chen,J.M.,Chen,L.X.,and Li,W.L.(2009).Impacts of thermodynamic processes over the Tibetan Plateau on the Northern Hemispheric climate.Sci.China Ser.D Earth Sci.,52(11),1679-1693.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0194-9
Zhu,W.Y.,Xu,C.D.,Qian,X.M.,and Wei,H.L.(2013).Statistical analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of aerosol extinction retrieved by micro-pulse lidar in Kashgar,China.Opt.Express,21(3),2531-2537.https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.002531
Bian,J.C.,Yan,R.C.,and Chen,H.B.(2011).Tropospheric pollutant transport to the stratosphere by Asian summer monsoon.Chin.J.Atmos.Sci.(in Chinese),35(5),897-902.https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.05.09
Bian,J.C.,Pan,L.L.,Paulik,L.,V?mel,H.,Chen,H.B.,and Lu,D.R.(2012).In situ water vapor and ozone measurements in Lhasa and Kunming during the Asian summer monsoon.Geophys.Res.Lett.,39(19),L19808.https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052996
Chen,B.,Xu,X.D.,Yang.S.,and Zhao,T.L.(2012).Climatological perspectives of air transport from atmospheric boundary layer to tropopause layer over Asian monsoon regions during boreal summer inferred from Lagrangian approach.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,12(13),5827-5839.https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5827-2012
Fu,R.,Hu,Y.L,Wright,S.,Jiang,H.H.,Dickinson,R.E.,Chen,M.X.,Filipiak,M.,Read,W.G.,Waters,J.W.,and Wu,D.L.(2006).Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,103(15),5664-5669.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601584103
Gao,R.S.,Telg,H.,McLaughlin,R.J.,Ciciora,S.J.,Watts,L.A.,Richardson,M.S.,Schwarz,J.P.,Perring,A.E.,Thornberry,T.D.,…Fahey,D.W.(2016).A light-
weight,high-sensitivity particle spectrometer for PM2.5 aerosol measurements.Aerosol Sci.Technol.,50(1),88-99.https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2015.1131809
Gettelman,A.,Kinnison,D.E.,Dunkerton,T.J.,and Brasseur,G.P.(2004).Impact of monsoon circulations on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.J.Geophys.Res.,109(D22),D22101.https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004878
Karion,A.,Sweeney,C.,Tans,P.,and Newberger.T.(2010).AirCore:an innovative atmospheric sampling system.J.Atmos.Ocean.Technol.,27(11),1839-1853.https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHA1448.1
Komhyr,W.D.(1969).Electrochemical concentration cells for gas analysis.Ann.Geophys.,25,203-210.
Li,D.,Vogel,B.,Müller,R.,Bian,J.C.,Günther,G.,Li,Q.,Zhang,J.Q.,Bai,Z.X.,V?mel,H.,and Riese,M.(2018).High tropospheric ozone in Lhasa within the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone in 2013:influence of convective transport and stratospheric intrusions.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,18(24),17979-17994.https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17979-2018
Li,Q.B.,Jiang,J.H.,Wu,D.L.,Read,W.G.,Livesey,N.J.,Waters,J.W.,Zhang,Y.S.,Wang,B.,Filipiak,M.J.,…Jacob,D.J.(2005).Convective outflow of South Asian pollution:A global CTM simulation compared with EOS MLSobservations.Geophys.Res.Lett.,32(14),L14826.https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022762
Lu,D.R.,Pan,W.L.,and Wang,Y.N.(2018).Atmospheric profiling synthetic observation system in Tibet.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,35(3),264-267.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-017-7251-7
Park,M.,Randel,W.J.,Gettelman,A.,Massie,S.T.,and Jiang,J.H.(2007).Transport above the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone inferred from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder tracers.J.Geophys.Res.,112(D16),D16309.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008294
Qing,C.,Wu,X.Q.,Huang,H.H.,Tian,Q.G.,Zhu,W.T.,Rao,R.Z.,and Li,X.B.(2016a).Estimating the surface layer refractive index structure constant over snow and sea ice using Monin-Obukhov similarity theory with a mesoscale atmospheric model.Opt.Express,24(18),20424-20436.https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.020424
Qing,C.,Wu,X.Q.,Li,X.B.,Zhu,W.Y.,Qiao,C.H.,Rao,R.Z.,and Mei,H.P.(2016b).Use of weather research and forecasting model outputs to obtain near-surface refractive index structure constant over the ocean.Opt.Express,24(12),13303-13315.https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.013303
Randel,W.J.,Park,M.,Emmons,L.,Kinnison,D.,Bernath,P.,Walker,K.A.,Boone,C.,and Pumphrey,H.(2010).Asian monsoon transport of pollution to the stratosphere.Science,328(5978),611-613.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182274
Rosen,J.M.,and Kjome,N.T.(1991).Backscattersonde:a new instrument for atmospheric aerosol research.Appl.Opt.,30(12),1552-1561.https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.30.001552
Solomon,S.,Daniel,J.S.,Neely III,R.R.,Vernier J.P.,Dutton,E.G.,and Thomason,L.W.(2011).The persistently variable“background”stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change.Science,333(6044),866-870.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206027
Vernier,J.P.,Fairlie,T.D.,Natarajan,M.,Wienhold,F.G.,Bian,J.,Martinsson,B.G.,Crumeyrolle,S.,Thomason,L.W.,and Bedka,K.M.(2015).Increase in upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric aerosol levels and its potential connection with Asian pollution.J.Geophys.Res.,120(4),1608-1619.https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022372
V?mel,H.,David,D.E.,and Smith.K.(2007).Accuracy of tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor measurements by the cryogenic frost point hygrometer:Instrumental details and observations.J.Geophys.Res.,112(D8)D08305.https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007224
Wu,G.X.,Liu,Y.M.,Zhang,Q.,Duan,A.M.,Wang,T.M.,Wan,R.J.,Liu,X.,Li,W.P.,Wang,Z.Z.,and Liang,X.Y.(2007).The influence of mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan plateau on Asian climate.J.Hydrometeorol.,8(4),770-789.https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM609.1
Wu,X.Q.,Tian,Q.G.,Jiang,P.,Chai,B.,Qing,C.,Cai,J.,Jin,X.M.,and Zhou,H.Y.(2015).A new method of measuring optical turbulence of atmospheric surface layer at Antarctic Taishan Station with ultrasonic anemometer.Adv.Polar Sci.,26(4),305-310.https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2015.4.00305
Yao,T.,Thompson,L.,Yang,W.,Yu,W.S.,Gao,Y.,Guo,X.J.,Yang,X.X.,Duan,K.Q.,Zhao,H.B.,…Joswiak,D.(2012).Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings.Nat.Climate Change,2(9),663-667.https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1580
Yu,P.,Rosenlof,K.H.,Liu,S.,Telg,H.,Thornberry,T.D.,Rollins,A.W.,Portmann R.W.,Bai,Z.,Ray,E.A.,…Gao,R.S.(2017).Efficient transport of tropospheric aerosol into the stratosphere via the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,114(27),6972-6977.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701170114
Zhou,X.J.,Luo,C.,Li,W.L.,and Shi,J.E.(1995).Variation of total ozone over China and the Tibetan Plateau low center.Chin.Sci.Bull.(in Chinese),40(15)1396-1398.
Zhou,X.J.,Zhao,P.,Chen,J.M.,Chen,L.X.,and Li,W.L.(2009).Impacts of thermodynamic processes over the Tibetan Plateau on the Northern Hemispheric climate.Sci.China Ser.D Earth Sci.,52(11),1679-1693.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0194-9
Zhu,W.Y.,Xu,C.D.,Qian,X.M.,and Wei,H.L.(2013).Statistical analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of aerosol extinction retrieved by micro-pulse lidar in Kashgar,China.Opt.Express,21(3),2531-2537.https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.002531