Transport Accessibility and Spatial Connections of Cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area
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摘要
Based on geographic information system(GIS) spatial analysis technology, the spatial pattern of raster grid transport accessibility for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area was studied and the states of spatial connectedness were simulated using highway passenger transport, railway passenger transport, port passenger transport and aviation passenger transport data. The result shows that transport accessibility within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area costs ‘one hour' and the spatial distribution of accessibility in the area presents clear ‘core-periphery' spatial characteristics, with Guangzhou, Foshan, Shenzhen constituting the core. The transport accessibility of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao is high. Average accessibility of urban nodes as measured by travel time is 0.99 h, and the areas accessible within 1.42 h occupy 79.14% of the total area. Most of the areas with the lowest accessibility are found in the peripheral area, with the worst accessibility being 4.73 h. Compared with the west-side cities, the economically developed east-side cities of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area have higher connectivity with roads, railways, ports, and aviation transport. Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Macao are closely linked. The higher the accessibility, the closer the intercity connectedness.
Based on geographic information system(GIS) spatial analysis technology, the spatial pattern of raster grid transport accessibility for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area was studied and the states of spatial connectedness were simulated using highway passenger transport, railway passenger transport, port passenger transport and aviation passenger transport data. The result shows that transport accessibility within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area costs ‘one hour' and the spatial distribution of accessibility in the area presents clear ‘core-periphery' spatial characteristics, with Guangzhou, Foshan, Shenzhen constituting the core. The transport accessibility of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao is high. Average accessibility of urban nodes as measured by travel time is 0.99 h, and the areas accessible within 1.42 h occupy 79.14% of the total area. Most of the areas with the lowest accessibility are found in the peripheral area, with the worst accessibility being 4.73 h. Compared with the west-side cities, the economically developed east-side cities of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area have higher connectivity with roads, railways, ports, and aviation transport. Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Macao are closely linked. The higher the accessibility, the closer the intercity connectedness.
Based on geographic information system(GIS) spatial analysis technology, the spatial pattern of raster grid transport accessibility for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area was studied and the states of spatial connectedness were simulated using highway passenger transport, railway passenger transport, port passenger transport and aviation passenger transport data. The result shows that transport accessibility within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area costs ‘one hour' and the spatial distribution of accessibility in the area presents clear ‘core-periphery' spatial characteristics, with Guangzhou, Foshan, Shenzhen constituting the core. The transport accessibility of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao is high. Average accessibility of urban nodes as measured by travel time is 0.99 h, and the areas accessible within 1.42 h occupy 79.14% of the total area. Most of the areas with the lowest accessibility are found in the peripheral area, with the worst accessibility being 4.73 h. Compared with the west-side cities, the economically developed east-side cities of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area have higher connectivity with roads, railways, ports, and aviation transport. Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong and Macao are closely linked. The higher the accessibility, the closer the intercity connectedness.
引文
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Cascetta E,2009.Transportation Systems Analysis:Models and Applications(Vol.29).Boston,MA:Springer Science&Business Media.doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75857-2
Chang J S,Lee J H,2008.Accessibility analysis of Korean high‐speed rail:a case study of the Seoul Metropolitan Area.Transport Reviews,28(1):87-103.doi:10.1080/01441640701421495
Cheng G,Zeng X K,Duan L et al.,2016.Spatial difference analysis for accessibility to high level hospitals based on travel time in Shenzhen,China.Habitat International,53:485-494.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.12.023
Cheng Y H,Chen S Y,2015.Perceived accessibility,mobility,and connectivity of public transportation systems.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,77:386-403.doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.003
Curtis C,Scheurer J,2010.Planning for sustainable accessibility:developing tools to aid discussion and decision-making.Progress in Planning,74(2):53-106.doi:10.1016/j.progress.2010.05.001
Deng Zhixin,2017.Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao Bay Area:the New Engine of the Pearl River delta.Guangdong Economy,(9):32-35.(in Chinese)
Duran-Fernandez R,Santos G A,2014.A regional model of road accessibility in Mexico:accessibility surfaces and robustness analysis.Research in Transportation Economics,46:55-69.doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2014.09.005
El-Geneidy A,Levinson D,Diab E et al.,2016.The cost of equity:assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,91:302-316.doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.07.003
Fischer M M,Wang J F,2011.Spatial Data Analysis:Models,Methods and Techniques(Springer Briefs in Regional Science).London:Springer Publishing Company,47-59.doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21720-3
Ford A C,Barr S L,Dawson R J et al.,2015.Transport accessibility analysis using GIS:assessing sustainable transport in London.ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,4(1):124-149.doi:10.3390/ijgi4010124
Ga WC,2016.The world according to Ga WC 2016.http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html.Cited 19 March 2018.
Geertman S C M,Ritsema Van Eck J R,1995.GIS and models of accessibility potential:an application in planning.International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,9(1):67-80.doi:10.1080/02693799508902025
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Geurs K T,Van Wee B,2004.Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies:review and research directions.Journal of Transport Geography,12(2):127-140.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005
Grengs J,Levine J,Shen Q et al.,2010.Intermetropolitan comparison of transportation accessibility:sorting out mobility and proximity in San Francisco and Washington,DC.Journal of Planning Education and Research,29(4),427-443.doi:10.1177/0739456x10363278
Gómez J N,Loures L,Castanho R et al.,2018.Assessing the feasibility of GIS multimethod approach to ascertain territorial accessibility to hemodynamics rooms in Spain mainland.Habitat International,71:22-28.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.11.001
National Bureau of Statistics of China,2017.China Statistics Abstract.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
Gutiérrez J,González R,Gómez G,1996.The European high-speed train network:predicted effects on accessibility patterns.Journal of Transport Geography,4(4):227-238.doi:10.1016/S0966-6923(96)00033-6
Gutiérrez J,Urbano P,1996.Accessibility in the European Union:the impact of the trans-european road network.Journal of Transport Geography,4(1):15-25.doi:10.1016/0966-6923(95)00042-9
Guzman L A,Oviedo D,Rivera C,2017.Assessing equity in transport accessibility to work and study:the Bogotáregion.Journal of Transport Geography,58:236-246.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.12.016
Wixey S,Jones P,Lucas K et al.,2005.Measuring accessibility as experienced by different socially disadvantaged groups.London,Transit Studies Group,University of Westminster.
Hansen W G,1959.How accessibility shapes land use.Journal of the American Institute of Planners,25(2):73-76.doi:10.1080/01944365908978307
Hawas Y E,Hassan M N,Abulibdeh A,2016.A multi-criteria approach of assessing public transport accessibility at a strategic level.Journal of Transport Geography,57:19-34.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.09.011
Hou Q,Li S M,2011.Transport infrastructure development and changing spatial accessibility in the Greater Pearl River Delta,China,1990-2020.Journal of Transport Geography,19(6):1350-1360.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.07.003
Jiang H N,Xu W,Zhang W Z,2018.Transportation accessibility and location choice of Japanese-Funded electronic information manufacturing firms in Shanghai.Sustainability,10(2):390.doi:10.3390/su10020390
Jiao Jingjuan,Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun et al.,2016.Understanding relationship between accessibility and economic growth:a case study from China(1990-2010).Chinese Geographical Science,26(6):803-816.doi:10.1007/s11769-016-0831-0
Johnson D,Ercolani M,Mackie P,2017.Econometric analysis of the link between public transport accessibility and employment.Transport Policy,60:1-9.doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.08.001
Kim H M,Kwan M P,2003.Space-time accessibility measures:a geocomputational algorithm with a focus on the feasible opportunity set and possible activity duration.Journal of Geographical Systems,5(1):71-91.doi:10.1007/s101090300104
Kim K S,2000.High-speed rail developments and spatial restructuring:a case study of the capital region in South Korea.Cities,17(4):251-262.doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00021-4
Koenig J G,1980.Indicators of urban accessibility:theory and application.Transportation,9(2):145-172.doi:10.1007/BF00167128
Kwan M P,Janelle D G,Goodchild M F,2003a.Accessibility in space and time:a theme in spatially integrated social science.Journal of Geographical System,5(1):1-3.doi:10.1007/s101090300100
Kwan M P,Murray A T,O’Kelly M E et al.,2003b.Recent advances in accessibility research:representation,methodology and applications.Journal of Geographical Systems,5(1):129-138.doi:10.1007/s101090300107
Lau J C Y,Chiu C C H,2004.Accessibility of workers in a compact city:the case of Hong Kong.Habitat International,28(1):89-102.doi:10.1016/S0197-3975(03)00015-8
Lau J C,2006.Accessibility and the coping behaviour of the non-employed people in Hong Kong.Habitat International,30:1047-1055.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.10.007
Li H F,Calder C A,Cressie N,2007.Beyond Moran’s I:testing for spatial dependence based on the spatial autoregressive model.Geographical Analysis,39(4):357-375.doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00708.x
Li L B,Ren H,Zhao S S et al.,2017.Two dimensional accessibility analysis of metro stations in Xi’an,China.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,106:414-426.doi:10.1016/j.tra.2017.10.014
Li Lixun,2017.Thinking on the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area.Tropical Geography,37(6):757-761.(in Chinese)
Mavoa S,Witten K,Mc Creanor T et al.,2012.GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland,New Zealand.Journal of Transport Geography,20(1):15-22.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.001
Medda F,2012.Land value capture finance for transport accessibility:a review.Journal of Transport Geography,25:154-161.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.07.013
Moran P A P,1950.Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena.Biometrika,37(1-2):17-23.doi:10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17
National Geomatics Center of China,2017.1:1 M-scale Topographic Database of the National Fundamental Geographic Information System of China,2017.Beijing:Sinomap Press.
Páez A,Scott D M,Morency C,2012.Measuring accessibility:positive and normative implementations of various accessibility indicators.Journal of Transport Geography,25:141-153.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.016
Peng Fangmei,2017.Economic spatial connection and spatial structure of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay and the surrounding area cities-An empirical analysis based on improved gravity model and social network analysis.Economic Geography,37(12):57-64.(in Chinese)
Shen Q,1998.Spatial technologies,accessibility,and the social construction of urban space.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,22(5):447-464.doi:10.1016/S0198-9715(98)00039-8
Song H Y,Pan M M,Chen Y Y,2016.Nightlife and public spaces in urban villages:a case study of the Pearl River Delta in China.Habitat International,57:187-204.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.07.009
Sun Dongqi,Lu Dadao,Wang Zhenbo,2017.Predictive analysis of passenger and goods flow of Bohai Strait Cross-sea Channel.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(8):1486-1507.(in Chinese)
Statistics Bureau of Guangdong Province and Guangdong Survey Office of National Bureau of Statistics,2017.Guangdong Statistical Yearbook.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
Tong L,Zhou X S,Miller H J,2015.Transportation network design for maximizing space-time accessibility.Transportation
Research Part B:Methodological,81:555-576.doi:10.1016/j.trb.2015.08.002
Van Wee B,2016.Accessible accessibility research challenges.Journal of Transport Geography,51:9-16.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.10.018
Vandenbulcke G,Steenberghen T,Thomas I,2009.Mapping accessibility in Belgium:a tool for land-use and transport planning?Journal of Transport Geography,17(1):39-53.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.04.008
Velaga N R,Beecroft M,Nelson J D et al.,2012.Transport poverty meets the digital divide:accessibility and connectivity in rural communities.Journal of Transport Geography,21:102-112.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.005
Vickerman R W,1974.Accessibility,attraction,and potential:a review of some concepts and their use in determining mobility.Environment and Planning A,6(6):675-691.doi:10.1068/a060675
Wang Haijiang,Miao Changhong,Niu Haipeng et al.,2016.Highway passenger transport contact and its spatial distribution in the central cities of China.Geographical Research,35(4):745-756.(in Chinese)
Wang Z B,Xu G,Bao C et al.,2017.Spatial and economic effects of the Bohai Strait Cross-Sea Channel on the transportation accessibility in China.Applied Geography,83:86-99.doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.04.002
Wang Zhengbo,Xu Jiangang,Fang Chuanglin et al.,2011.The study on county accessibility in China:characteristics and effects on population agglomeration.Journal of Geographical Sciences,21(1):18-34.doi:10.1007/s11442-011-0826-9
Weibull J W,1976.An axiomatic approach to the measurement of accessibility.Regional Science and Urban Economics,6(4):357-379.doi:10.1016/0166-0462(76)90031-4
Wu C Y,Wei Y D,Huang X J et al.,2017a.Economic transition,spatial development and urban land use efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Habitat International,63:67-78.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.03.012
Wu Q T,Fan J,Zhang H O et al.,2017b.The spatial impacts model of trans-strait fixed links:a case study of the Pearl River Delta,China.Journal of Transport Geography,63:30-39.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.07.003
Yang Jun,Bao Yajun,Zhang Yuqing et al.,2018.Impact of accessibility on housing prices in Dalian City of China based on a geographically weighted regression model.Chinese Geographical Science,28(3):505-515.doi:10.1007/s11769-018-0954-6.
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Zhang W X,Nian P H,Lyu G W,2016.A multimodal approach to assessing accessibility of a high-speed railway station.Journal of Transport Geography,54:91-101.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.05.007
Cao X S,Li L N,Wei H,2017.Investigating intercity rail transit scope with social economy accessibility:case study of the Pearl River Delta region in China.Urban Rail Transit,3(1):61-71.doi:10.1007/s40864-017-0058-0
Cascetta E,2009.Transportation Systems Analysis:Models and Applications(Vol.29).Boston,MA:Springer Science&Business Media.doi:10.1007/978-0-387-75857-2
Chang J S,Lee J H,2008.Accessibility analysis of Korean high‐speed rail:a case study of the Seoul Metropolitan Area.Transport Reviews,28(1):87-103.doi:10.1080/01441640701421495
Cheng G,Zeng X K,Duan L et al.,2016.Spatial difference analysis for accessibility to high level hospitals based on travel time in Shenzhen,China.Habitat International,53:485-494.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.12.023
Cheng Y H,Chen S Y,2015.Perceived accessibility,mobility,and connectivity of public transportation systems.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,77:386-403.doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.003
Curtis C,Scheurer J,2010.Planning for sustainable accessibility:developing tools to aid discussion and decision-making.Progress in Planning,74(2):53-106.doi:10.1016/j.progress.2010.05.001
Deng Zhixin,2017.Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao Bay Area:the New Engine of the Pearl River delta.Guangdong Economy,(9):32-35.(in Chinese)
Duran-Fernandez R,Santos G A,2014.A regional model of road accessibility in Mexico:accessibility surfaces and robustness analysis.Research in Transportation Economics,46:55-69.doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2014.09.005
El-Geneidy A,Levinson D,Diab E et al.,2016.The cost of equity:assessing transit accessibility and social disparity using total travel cost.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,91:302-316.doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.07.003
Fischer M M,Wang J F,2011.Spatial Data Analysis:Models,Methods and Techniques(Springer Briefs in Regional Science).London:Springer Publishing Company,47-59.doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21720-3
Ford A C,Barr S L,Dawson R J et al.,2015.Transport accessibility analysis using GIS:assessing sustainable transport in London.ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,4(1):124-149.doi:10.3390/ijgi4010124
Ga WC,2016.The world according to Ga WC 2016.http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html.Cited 19 March 2018.
Geertman S C M,Ritsema Van Eck J R,1995.GIS and models of accessibility potential:an application in planning.International Journal of Geographical Information Systems,9(1):67-80.doi:10.1080/02693799508902025
Getis A,Ord J K,1996.Local spatial statistics:an overview.In:Longley P,Batty M(eds).Spatial Analysis Modelling in A Gis Environment.Cambridge:Geo Information International,14:261-277.
Geurs K T,Van Wee B,2004.Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies:review and research directions.Journal of Transport Geography,12(2):127-140.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005
Grengs J,Levine J,Shen Q et al.,2010.Intermetropolitan comparison of transportation accessibility:sorting out mobility and proximity in San Francisco and Washington,DC.Journal of Planning Education and Research,29(4),427-443.doi:10.1177/0739456x10363278
Gómez J N,Loures L,Castanho R et al.,2018.Assessing the feasibility of GIS multimethod approach to ascertain territorial accessibility to hemodynamics rooms in Spain mainland.Habitat International,71:22-28.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.11.001
National Bureau of Statistics of China,2017.China Statistics Abstract.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
Gutiérrez J,González R,Gómez G,1996.The European high-speed train network:predicted effects on accessibility patterns.Journal of Transport Geography,4(4):227-238.doi:10.1016/S0966-6923(96)00033-6
Gutiérrez J,Urbano P,1996.Accessibility in the European Union:the impact of the trans-european road network.Journal of Transport Geography,4(1):15-25.doi:10.1016/0966-6923(95)00042-9
Guzman L A,Oviedo D,Rivera C,2017.Assessing equity in transport accessibility to work and study:the Bogotáregion.Journal of Transport Geography,58:236-246.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.12.016
Wixey S,Jones P,Lucas K et al.,2005.Measuring accessibility as experienced by different socially disadvantaged groups.London,Transit Studies Group,University of Westminster.
Hansen W G,1959.How accessibility shapes land use.Journal of the American Institute of Planners,25(2):73-76.doi:10.1080/01944365908978307
Hawas Y E,Hassan M N,Abulibdeh A,2016.A multi-criteria approach of assessing public transport accessibility at a strategic level.Journal of Transport Geography,57:19-34.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.09.011
Hou Q,Li S M,2011.Transport infrastructure development and changing spatial accessibility in the Greater Pearl River Delta,China,1990-2020.Journal of Transport Geography,19(6):1350-1360.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.07.003
Jiang H N,Xu W,Zhang W Z,2018.Transportation accessibility and location choice of Japanese-Funded electronic information manufacturing firms in Shanghai.Sustainability,10(2):390.doi:10.3390/su10020390
Jiao Jingjuan,Wang Jiaoe,Jin Fengjun et al.,2016.Understanding relationship between accessibility and economic growth:a case study from China(1990-2010).Chinese Geographical Science,26(6):803-816.doi:10.1007/s11769-016-0831-0
Johnson D,Ercolani M,Mackie P,2017.Econometric analysis of the link between public transport accessibility and employment.Transport Policy,60:1-9.doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.08.001
Kim H M,Kwan M P,2003.Space-time accessibility measures:a geocomputational algorithm with a focus on the feasible opportunity set and possible activity duration.Journal of Geographical Systems,5(1):71-91.doi:10.1007/s101090300104
Kim K S,2000.High-speed rail developments and spatial restructuring:a case study of the capital region in South Korea.Cities,17(4):251-262.doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00021-4
Koenig J G,1980.Indicators of urban accessibility:theory and application.Transportation,9(2):145-172.doi:10.1007/BF00167128
Kwan M P,Janelle D G,Goodchild M F,2003a.Accessibility in space and time:a theme in spatially integrated social science.Journal of Geographical System,5(1):1-3.doi:10.1007/s101090300100
Kwan M P,Murray A T,O’Kelly M E et al.,2003b.Recent advances in accessibility research:representation,methodology and applications.Journal of Geographical Systems,5(1):129-138.doi:10.1007/s101090300107
Lau J C Y,Chiu C C H,2004.Accessibility of workers in a compact city:the case of Hong Kong.Habitat International,28(1):89-102.doi:10.1016/S0197-3975(03)00015-8
Lau J C,2006.Accessibility and the coping behaviour of the non-employed people in Hong Kong.Habitat International,30:1047-1055.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.10.007
Li H F,Calder C A,Cressie N,2007.Beyond Moran’s I:testing for spatial dependence based on the spatial autoregressive model.Geographical Analysis,39(4):357-375.doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2007.00708.x
Li L B,Ren H,Zhao S S et al.,2017.Two dimensional accessibility analysis of metro stations in Xi’an,China.Transportation Research Part A:Policy and Practice,106:414-426.doi:10.1016/j.tra.2017.10.014
Li Lixun,2017.Thinking on the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area.Tropical Geography,37(6):757-761.(in Chinese)
Mavoa S,Witten K,Mc Creanor T et al.,2012.GIS based destination accessibility via public transit and walking in Auckland,New Zealand.Journal of Transport Geography,20(1):15-22.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.001
Medda F,2012.Land value capture finance for transport accessibility:a review.Journal of Transport Geography,25:154-161.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.07.013
Moran P A P,1950.Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena.Biometrika,37(1-2):17-23.doi:10.1093/biomet/37.1-2.17
National Geomatics Center of China,2017.1:1 M-scale Topographic Database of the National Fundamental Geographic Information System of China,2017.Beijing:Sinomap Press.
Páez A,Scott D M,Morency C,2012.Measuring accessibility:positive and normative implementations of various accessibility indicators.Journal of Transport Geography,25:141-153.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.03.016
Peng Fangmei,2017.Economic spatial connection and spatial structure of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay and the surrounding area cities-An empirical analysis based on improved gravity model and social network analysis.Economic Geography,37(12):57-64.(in Chinese)
Shen Q,1998.Spatial technologies,accessibility,and the social construction of urban space.Computers,Environment and Urban Systems,22(5):447-464.doi:10.1016/S0198-9715(98)00039-8
Song H Y,Pan M M,Chen Y Y,2016.Nightlife and public spaces in urban villages:a case study of the Pearl River Delta in China.Habitat International,57:187-204.doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.07.009
Sun Dongqi,Lu Dadao,Wang Zhenbo,2017.Predictive analysis of passenger and goods flow of Bohai Strait Cross-sea Channel.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(8):1486-1507.(in Chinese)
Statistics Bureau of Guangdong Province and Guangdong Survey Office of National Bureau of Statistics,2017.Guangdong Statistical Yearbook.Beijing:China Statistics Press.
Tong L,Zhou X S,Miller H J,2015.Transportation network design for maximizing space-time accessibility.Transportation
Research Part B:Methodological,81:555-576.doi:10.1016/j.trb.2015.08.002
Van Wee B,2016.Accessible accessibility research challenges.Journal of Transport Geography,51:9-16.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.10.018
Vandenbulcke G,Steenberghen T,Thomas I,2009.Mapping accessibility in Belgium:a tool for land-use and transport planning?Journal of Transport Geography,17(1):39-53.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.04.008
Velaga N R,Beecroft M,Nelson J D et al.,2012.Transport poverty meets the digital divide:accessibility and connectivity in rural communities.Journal of Transport Geography,21:102-112.doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.12.005
Vickerman R W,1974.Accessibility,attraction,and potential:a review of some concepts and their use in determining mobility.Environment and Planning A,6(6):675-691.doi:10.1068/a060675
Wang Haijiang,Miao Changhong,Niu Haipeng et al.,2016.Highway passenger transport contact and its spatial distribution in the central cities of China.Geographical Research,35(4):745-756.(in Chinese)
Wang Z B,Xu G,Bao C et al.,2017.Spatial and economic effects of the Bohai Strait Cross-Sea Channel on the transportation accessibility in China.Applied Geography,83:86-99.doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.04.002
Wang Zhengbo,Xu Jiangang,Fang Chuanglin et al.,2011.The study on county accessibility in China:characteristics and effects on population agglomeration.Journal of Geographical Sciences,21(1):18-34.doi:10.1007/s11442-011-0826-9
Weibull J W,1976.An axiomatic approach to the measurement of accessibility.Regional Science and Urban Economics,6(4):357-379.doi:10.1016/0166-0462(76)90031-4
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