Quantitative climatic reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum in China
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摘要
Quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction is crucial for understanding the operation and evolution of the global climate system.For example,a quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction for the Last Glacial Maximum(18±2 ka~(14)C,LGM)is fundamental to understanding the evolution of Earth’s climate during the last glacial-interglacial cycle.Previous quantitative palaeoclimate reconstructions in China are generally based on statistical comparison of modern pollen assemblages and modern climate data.These methods are based on the premise that vegetation-climate interactions remain the same through time,and implicitly assume that the interactions are independent of changes in seasonality and atmospheric CO_2concentration.However,these assumptions may not always be valid,which may affect the reconstructions.Here,we present the results of a quantitative study of the LGM climate of China based on an improved inverse vegetation model which incorporates physiological processes combined with a new China Quaternary Pollen Database.The results indicate that during the LGM,mean annual temperature(ANNT),mean temperature of the coldest month(MTCO)and mean temperature of the warmest month in China were lower by～5.6±0.8,～11.0±1.6 and～2.6±0.9°C,respectively,compared to today,and that the changes in ANNT were mainly due to the decrease of MTCO.The ANNT decrease in southern China was～5.5±0.5°C.Mean annual precipitation was lower by～46.3±17.8 mm compared to today and was especially low in northern China(～51.2±21.4 mm)due to the decrease in summer rainfall.Comparison of our results with recent outputs from paleoclimatic modelling reveals that while the latter are broadly consistent with our estimated changes in mean annual climatic parameters,there are substantial differences in the seasonal climatic parameters.Our results highlight the crucial importance of developing seasonal simulation on paleoclimatic models,as well as the need to improve the quality of paleoclimatic reconstructions based on proxy records from geological archives.
Quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction is crucial for understanding the operation and evolution of the global climate system.For example,a quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction for the Last Glacial Maximum(18±2 ka~(14)C,LGM)is fundamental to understanding the evolution of Earth’s climate during the last glacial-interglacial cycle.Previous quantitative palaeoclimate reconstructions in China are generally based on statistical comparison of modern pollen assemblages and modern climate data.These methods are based on the premise that vegetation-climate interactions remain the same through time,and implicitly assume that the interactions are independent of changes in seasonality and atmospheric CO_2concentration.However,these assumptions may not always be valid,which may affect the reconstructions.Here,we present the results of a quantitative study of the LGM climate of China based on an improved inverse vegetation model which incorporates physiological processes combined with a new China Quaternary Pollen Database.The results indicate that during the LGM,mean annual temperature(ANNT),mean temperature of the coldest month(MTCO)and mean temperature of the warmest month in China were lower by～5.6±0.8,～11.0±1.6 and～2.6±0.9°C,respectively,compared to today,and that the changes in ANNT were mainly due to the decrease of MTCO.The ANNT decrease in southern China was～5.5±0.5°C.Mean annual precipitation was lower by～46.3±17.8 mm compared to today and was especially low in northern China(～51.2±21.4 mm)due to the decrease in summer rainfall.Comparison of our results with recent outputs from paleoclimatic modelling reveals that while the latter are broadly consistent with our estimated changes in mean annual climatic parameters,there are substantial differences in the seasonal climatic parameters.Our results highlight the crucial importance of developing seasonal simulation on paleoclimatic models,as well as the need to improve the quality of paleoclimatic reconstructions based on proxy records from geological archives.
Quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction is crucial for understanding the operation and evolution of the global climate system.For example,a quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction for the Last Glacial Maximum(18±2 ka~(14)C,LGM)is fundamental to understanding the evolution of Earth’s climate during the last glacial-interglacial cycle.Previous quantitative palaeoclimate reconstructions in China are generally based on statistical comparison of modern pollen assemblages and modern climate data.These methods are based on the premise that vegetation-climate interactions remain the same through time,and implicitly assume that the interactions are independent of changes in seasonality and atmospheric CO_2concentration.However,these assumptions may not always be valid,which may affect the reconstructions.Here,we present the results of a quantitative study of the LGM climate of China based on an improved inverse vegetation model which incorporates physiological processes combined with a new China Quaternary Pollen Database.The results indicate that during the LGM,mean annual temperature(ANNT),mean temperature of the coldest month(MTCO)and mean temperature of the warmest month in China were lower by～5.6±0.8,～11.0±1.6 and～2.6±0.9°C,respectively,compared to today,and that the changes in ANNT were mainly due to the decrease of MTCO.The ANNT decrease in southern China was～5.5±0.5°C.Mean annual precipitation was lower by～46.3±17.8 mm compared to today and was especially low in northern China(～51.2±21.4 mm)due to the decrease in summer rainfall.Comparison of our results with recent outputs from paleoclimatic modelling reveals that while the latter are broadly consistent with our estimated changes in mean annual climatic parameters,there are substantial differences in the seasonal climatic parameters.Our results highlight the crucial importance of developing seasonal simulation on paleoclimatic models,as well as the need to improve the quality of paleoclimatic reconstructions based on proxy records from geological archives.
引文
Bartlein P J,Harrison S P,Brewer S,Connor S,Davis B A S,Gajewski K,Guiot J,Harrison-Prentice T I,Henderson A,Peyron O,Prentice I C,Scholze M,Sepp?H,Shuman B,Sugita S,Thompson R S,Viau A E,Williams J,Wu H B.2011.Pollen-based continental climate reconstructions at 6 and 21 ka:A global synthesis.Clim Dyn,37:775-802
Braconnot P,Harrison S P,Kageyama M,Bartlein P J,Masson-Delmotte V,Abe-Ouchi A,Otto-Bliesner B,Zhao Y.2012.Evaluation of climate models using palaeoclimatic data.Nat Clim Change,2:417-424
Braconnot P,Otto-Bliesner B,Harrison S,Joussaume S,Peterchmitt J Y,Abe-Ouchi A,Crucifix M,Driesschaert E,Fichefet T,Hewitt C D,Kageyama M,Kitoh A,La?néA,Loutre M F,Marti O,Merkel U,Ramstein G,Valdes P,Weber S L,Yu Y,Zhao Y.2007.Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum-Part 1:Experiments and large-scale features.Clim Past,3:261-277
Chen F H,Xu Q H,Chen J H,Birks H J B,Liu J B,Zhang S R,Jin L Y,An C B,Telford R J,Cao X Y,Wang Z L,Zhang X J,Selvaraj K,Lu H Y,Li Y C,Zheng Z,Wang H P,Zhou A F,Dong G H,Zhang J W,Huang X Z,Bloemendal J,Rao Z G.2015.East Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability since the last deglaciation.Sci Rep,5:11186
Chu G Q,Sun Q,Zhu Q Z,Shan Y B,Shang W Y,Ling Y,Su Y L,Xie MM,Wang X S,Liu J Q.2017.The role of the Asian winter monsoon in the rapid propagation of abrupt climate changes during the last deglaciation.Quat Sci Rev,177:120-129
Project Members C.1976.The surface of the ice-age Earth.Science,191:1131-1137
Crucifix M,Harrison S,Brierley C.2012.Recent and deep pasts in paleoclimate model intercomparison project.Eos Trans AGU,93:539
EPICA community members.2004.Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core.Nature,429:623-628
Farrera I,Harrison S P,Prentice I C,Ramstein G,Guiot J,Bartlein P J,Bonnefille R,Bush M,Cramer W,von Grafenstein U,Holmgren K,Hooghiemstra H,Hope G,Jolly D,Lauritzen S E,Ono Y,Pinot S,Stute M,Yu G.1999.Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum:A new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data.I.Vegetation,lake-levels and geochemistry.Clim Dyn,15:823-856
Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO).1995.Soil map of the world1:5000000.Paries:U.N.Education Science and Culture Organization
Guiot J,Cheddadi R,Prentice I C,Jolly D.1996.A method of biome and land surface mapping from pollen data:Application to Europe 6000years ago.Palaeoclim-Data Model,1:311-324
Guiot J,Hély-Alleaume C,Wu H,Gaucherel C.2008.Interactions between vegetation and climate variability:What are the lessons of models and paleovegetation data.Comptes Rendus Geosci,340:595-601
Guiot J,Torre F,Jolly D,Peyron O,Boreux J J,Cheddadi R.2000.Inverse vegetation modeling by Monte Carlo sampling to reconstruct palaeoclimates under changed precipitation seasonality and CO2conditions:Application to glacial climate in Mediterranean region.Ecol Model,127:119-140
Hargreaves J C,Annan J D,Ohgaito R,Paul A,Abe-Ouchi A.2013.Skill and reliability of climate model ensembles at the last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene.Clim Past,9:811-823
Harrison S P,Bartlein P J,Izumi K,Li G,Annan J,Hargreaves J,Braconnot P,Kageyama M.2015.Evaluation of CMIP5 palaeo-simulations to improve climate projections.Nat Clim Change,5:735-743
Hostetler S W,Giorgi F,Bates G T,Bartlein P J.1994.Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan.Science,263:665-668
IPCC.2013.Climate Change:The Physical Science Basis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.350
Izumi K,Bartlein P J.2016.North American paleoclimate reconstructions for the Last Glacial Maximum using an inverse modeling through iterative forward modeling approach applied to pollen data.Geophys Res Lett,43:10965-10972
Jackson S T,Williams J W.2004.Modern analogs in quaternary paleoecology-Here today,gone yesterday,gone tomorrow?Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,32:495-537
Jiang D,Lang X,Tian Z,Guo D.2011.Last glacial maximum climate over China from PMIP simulations.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,309:347-357
Jolly D,Haxeltine A.1997.Effect of low glacial atmospheric CO2on tropical African montane vegetation.Science,276:786-788
Joussaume S,Taylor K.1999.The paleoclimate modeling intercomparison project.In:Braconnot P,ed.Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project(PMIP).WCRP,Canada,La Huardie`re:Proceedings of the Third PMIP Workshop.9-24
Ju L X,Wang H J,Jiang D B.2007.Simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum climate over East Asia with a regional climate model nested in a general circulation model.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,248:376-390
Kageyama M,Albani S,Braconnot P,Harrison S P,Hopcroft P O,Ivanovic R F,Lambert F,Marti O,Peltier W R,Peterschmitt J Y,Roche D M,Tarasov L,Zhang X,Brady E C,Haywood A M,LeGrande A N,Lunt DJ,Mahowald N M,Mikolajewicz U,Nisancioglu K H,Otto-Bliesner BL,Renssen H,Tomas R A,Zhang Q,Abe-Ouchi A,Bartlein P J,Cao J,Li Q,Lohmann G,Ohgaito R,Shi X X,Volodin E,Yoshida K,Zhang X,Zheng W P.2017.The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6-Part 4:Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments.Geosci Model Dev,10:4035-4055
Kaplan J O.2001.Geophysical applications of vegetation modeling.Doctoral Dissertation.Lund:Lund University
Liu Z Y,Zhu J,Rosenthal Y,Zhang X,Otto-Bliesner B L,Timmermann A,Smith R S,Lohmann G,Zheng W P,Timm O E.2014.The Holocene temperature conundrum.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,111:E3501-E3505
MARGO Project Members.2009.Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum.Nature Geosci,2:127-132
Members of China Quaternary Pollen Data Base(MCQPD).2000.Pollenbased biome reconstruction at Middle Holocene(6 ka BP)and Last Glacial Maximum(18 ka BP)in China(in Chinese with English Abstract).Acta Bot Sin,42:1201-1209
Members of China Quternary Pollen Data Base(MCQPD).2001.Simulation of China biome reconstruction based on pollen data from surface sediment sample(in Chinese with English Abstract).Acta Bot Sin,43:201-209
Otto-Bliesner B L,Schneider R,Brady E C,Kucera M,Abe-Ouchi A,Bard E,Braconnot P,Crucifix M,Hewitt C D,Kageyama M,Marti O,Paul A,Rosell-MeléA,Waelbroeck C,Weber S L,Weinelt M,Yu Y.2009.A comparison of PMIP2 model simulations and the MARGO proxy reconstruction for tropical sea surface temperatures at last glacial maximum.Clim Dyn,32:799-815
Peyron O,Guiot J,Cheddadi R,Tarasov P,Reille M,de Beaulieu J L,Bottema S,Andrieu V.1998.Climatic reconstruction in Europe for18000 yr B.P.from pollen data.Quat Res,49:183-196
Pinot S,Ramstein G,Harrison S P,Prentice I C,Guiot J,Stute M,Joussaume S.1999.Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum:Comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project(PMIP)simulations and paleodata.Clim Dyn,15:857-874
Prentice I C,Jolly D.2000.Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum vegetation geography of the northern continents and Africa.J Biogeogr,27:507-519
Song C Q,Sun X J.1997.Establishment of the transfer functions of the pollen-climatic factors in Northern China and the quantitative climatic reconstruction at DJ core(in Chinese with English Abstract).Acta Bot Sin,39:554-560
Street-Perrott F A,Huang Y,Perrott R A,Eglinton G,Barker P,Ben Khelifa L,Harkness D D,Olago D O.1997.Impact of lower atmospheric carbon dioxide on tropical mountain ecosystems.Science,278:1422-1426
Sun X J,Wang F Y.1996.Pollen-climate response surface of selected taxa from Northern China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,39:486-493
Tian Z P,Jiang D B.2016.Revisiting last glacial maximum climate over China and East Asian monsoon using PMIP3 simulations.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,453:115-126
Wang M Y,Zheng Z,Man M L,Hu J F,Gao Q Z.2017.Branched GDGT-based paleotemperature reconstruction of the last 30000 years in humid monsoon region of Southeast China.Chem Geol,463:94-102
Webb T III.1985.A Global paleoclimatic data base for 6000 yr BP.Providence,RI(USA):Brown University,Department of Geological Sciences.25-34
Webb T III,Anderson K H,Bartlein P J,Webb R S.1998.Late Quaternary climate change in eastern North America.Quat Sci Rev,17:587-606
Wu H B,Guiot J,Brewer S,Guo Z T.2007a.Climatic changes in Eurasia and Africa at the last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene:Reconstruction from pollen data using inverse vegetation modelling.Clim Dyn,29:211-229
Wu H B,Guiot J,Brewer S,Guo Z T,Peng C H.2007b.Dominant factors controlling glacial and interglacial variations in the treeline elevation in tropical Africa.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,104:9720-9724
Wu H B,Lu Y L,Jiang W Y,Li Q,Sun A Z,Guo Z T.2016.Paleoclimate reconstruction from pollen data using inverse vegetation approach:Validation of model using modern data(in Chinese with English Abstract).Quat Sci,36:520-529
Zheng Z,Guiot J.1999.A 400 000-year paleoclimate reconstruction in tropical region of China(in Chinese with English Abstract).Acta Sci Nat Univ Sunyatseni,38:94-98
Braconnot P,Harrison S P,Kageyama M,Bartlein P J,Masson-Delmotte V,Abe-Ouchi A,Otto-Bliesner B,Zhao Y.2012.Evaluation of climate models using palaeoclimatic data.Nat Clim Change,2:417-424
Braconnot P,Otto-Bliesner B,Harrison S,Joussaume S,Peterchmitt J Y,Abe-Ouchi A,Crucifix M,Driesschaert E,Fichefet T,Hewitt C D,Kageyama M,Kitoh A,La?néA,Loutre M F,Marti O,Merkel U,Ramstein G,Valdes P,Weber S L,Yu Y,Zhao Y.2007.Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum-Part 1:Experiments and large-scale features.Clim Past,3:261-277
Chen F H,Xu Q H,Chen J H,Birks H J B,Liu J B,Zhang S R,Jin L Y,An C B,Telford R J,Cao X Y,Wang Z L,Zhang X J,Selvaraj K,Lu H Y,Li Y C,Zheng Z,Wang H P,Zhou A F,Dong G H,Zhang J W,Huang X Z,Bloemendal J,Rao Z G.2015.East Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability since the last deglaciation.Sci Rep,5:11186
Chu G Q,Sun Q,Zhu Q Z,Shan Y B,Shang W Y,Ling Y,Su Y L,Xie MM,Wang X S,Liu J Q.2017.The role of the Asian winter monsoon in the rapid propagation of abrupt climate changes during the last deglaciation.Quat Sci Rev,177:120-129
Project Members C.1976.The surface of the ice-age Earth.Science,191:1131-1137
Crucifix M,Harrison S,Brierley C.2012.Recent and deep pasts in paleoclimate model intercomparison project.Eos Trans AGU,93:539
EPICA community members.2004.Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core.Nature,429:623-628
Farrera I,Harrison S P,Prentice I C,Ramstein G,Guiot J,Bartlein P J,Bonnefille R,Bush M,Cramer W,von Grafenstein U,Holmgren K,Hooghiemstra H,Hope G,Jolly D,Lauritzen S E,Ono Y,Pinot S,Stute M,Yu G.1999.Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum:A new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data.I.Vegetation,lake-levels and geochemistry.Clim Dyn,15:823-856
Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO).1995.Soil map of the world1:5000000.Paries:U.N.Education Science and Culture Organization
Guiot J,Cheddadi R,Prentice I C,Jolly D.1996.A method of biome and land surface mapping from pollen data:Application to Europe 6000years ago.Palaeoclim-Data Model,1:311-324
Guiot J,Hély-Alleaume C,Wu H,Gaucherel C.2008.Interactions between vegetation and climate variability:What are the lessons of models and paleovegetation data.Comptes Rendus Geosci,340:595-601
Guiot J,Torre F,Jolly D,Peyron O,Boreux J J,Cheddadi R.2000.Inverse vegetation modeling by Monte Carlo sampling to reconstruct palaeoclimates under changed precipitation seasonality and CO2conditions:Application to glacial climate in Mediterranean region.Ecol Model,127:119-140
Hargreaves J C,Annan J D,Ohgaito R,Paul A,Abe-Ouchi A.2013.Skill and reliability of climate model ensembles at the last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene.Clim Past,9:811-823
Harrison S P,Bartlein P J,Izumi K,Li G,Annan J,Hargreaves J,Braconnot P,Kageyama M.2015.Evaluation of CMIP5 palaeo-simulations to improve climate projections.Nat Clim Change,5:735-743
Hostetler S W,Giorgi F,Bates G T,Bartlein P J.1994.Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan.Science,263:665-668
IPCC.2013.Climate Change:The Physical Science Basis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.350
Izumi K,Bartlein P J.2016.North American paleoclimate reconstructions for the Last Glacial Maximum using an inverse modeling through iterative forward modeling approach applied to pollen data.Geophys Res Lett,43:10965-10972
Jackson S T,Williams J W.2004.Modern analogs in quaternary paleoecology-Here today,gone yesterday,gone tomorrow?Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci,32:495-537
Jiang D,Lang X,Tian Z,Guo D.2011.Last glacial maximum climate over China from PMIP simulations.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,309:347-357
Jolly D,Haxeltine A.1997.Effect of low glacial atmospheric CO2on tropical African montane vegetation.Science,276:786-788
Joussaume S,Taylor K.1999.The paleoclimate modeling intercomparison project.In:Braconnot P,ed.Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project(PMIP).WCRP,Canada,La Huardie`re:Proceedings of the Third PMIP Workshop.9-24
Ju L X,Wang H J,Jiang D B.2007.Simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum climate over East Asia with a regional climate model nested in a general circulation model.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,248:376-390
Kageyama M,Albani S,Braconnot P,Harrison S P,Hopcroft P O,Ivanovic R F,Lambert F,Marti O,Peltier W R,Peterschmitt J Y,Roche D M,Tarasov L,Zhang X,Brady E C,Haywood A M,LeGrande A N,Lunt DJ,Mahowald N M,Mikolajewicz U,Nisancioglu K H,Otto-Bliesner BL,Renssen H,Tomas R A,Zhang Q,Abe-Ouchi A,Bartlein P J,Cao J,Li Q,Lohmann G,Ohgaito R,Shi X X,Volodin E,Yoshida K,Zhang X,Zheng W P.2017.The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6-Part 4:Scientific objectives and experimental design of the PMIP4-CMIP6Last Glacial Maximum experiments and PMIP4 sensitivity experiments.Geosci Model Dev,10:4035-4055
Kaplan J O.2001.Geophysical applications of vegetation modeling.Doctoral Dissertation.Lund:Lund University
Liu Z Y,Zhu J,Rosenthal Y,Zhang X,Otto-Bliesner B L,Timmermann A,Smith R S,Lohmann G,Zheng W P,Timm O E.2014.The Holocene temperature conundrum.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,111:E3501-E3505
MARGO Project Members.2009.Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum.Nature Geosci,2:127-132
Members of China Quaternary Pollen Data Base(MCQPD).2000.Pollenbased biome reconstruction at Middle Holocene(6 ka BP)and Last Glacial Maximum(18 ka BP)in China(in Chinese with English Abstract).Acta Bot Sin,42:1201-1209
Members of China Quternary Pollen Data Base(MCQPD).2001.Simulation of China biome reconstruction based on pollen data from surface sediment sample(in Chinese with English Abstract).Acta Bot Sin,43:201-209
Otto-Bliesner B L,Schneider R,Brady E C,Kucera M,Abe-Ouchi A,Bard E,Braconnot P,Crucifix M,Hewitt C D,Kageyama M,Marti O,Paul A,Rosell-MeléA,Waelbroeck C,Weber S L,Weinelt M,Yu Y.2009.A comparison of PMIP2 model simulations and the MARGO proxy reconstruction for tropical sea surface temperatures at last glacial maximum.Clim Dyn,32:799-815
Peyron O,Guiot J,Cheddadi R,Tarasov P,Reille M,de Beaulieu J L,Bottema S,Andrieu V.1998.Climatic reconstruction in Europe for18000 yr B.P.from pollen data.Quat Res,49:183-196
Pinot S,Ramstein G,Harrison S P,Prentice I C,Guiot J,Stute M,Joussaume S.1999.Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum:Comparison of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project(PMIP)simulations and paleodata.Clim Dyn,15:857-874
Prentice I C,Jolly D.2000.Mid-Holocene and glacial-maximum vegetation geography of the northern continents and Africa.J Biogeogr,27:507-519
Song C Q,Sun X J.1997.Establishment of the transfer functions of the pollen-climatic factors in Northern China and the quantitative climatic reconstruction at DJ core(in Chinese with English Abstract).Acta Bot Sin,39:554-560
Street-Perrott F A,Huang Y,Perrott R A,Eglinton G,Barker P,Ben Khelifa L,Harkness D D,Olago D O.1997.Impact of lower atmospheric carbon dioxide on tropical mountain ecosystems.Science,278:1422-1426
Sun X J,Wang F Y.1996.Pollen-climate response surface of selected taxa from Northern China.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,39:486-493
Tian Z P,Jiang D B.2016.Revisiting last glacial maximum climate over China and East Asian monsoon using PMIP3 simulations.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,453:115-126
Wang M Y,Zheng Z,Man M L,Hu J F,Gao Q Z.2017.Branched GDGT-based paleotemperature reconstruction of the last 30000 years in humid monsoon region of Southeast China.Chem Geol,463:94-102
Webb T III.1985.A Global paleoclimatic data base for 6000 yr BP.Providence,RI(USA):Brown University,Department of Geological Sciences.25-34
Webb T III,Anderson K H,Bartlein P J,Webb R S.1998.Late Quaternary climate change in eastern North America.Quat Sci Rev,17:587-606
Wu H B,Guiot J,Brewer S,Guo Z T.2007a.Climatic changes in Eurasia and Africa at the last glacial maximum and mid-Holocene:Reconstruction from pollen data using inverse vegetation modelling.Clim Dyn,29:211-229
Wu H B,Guiot J,Brewer S,Guo Z T,Peng C H.2007b.Dominant factors controlling glacial and interglacial variations in the treeline elevation in tropical Africa.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,104:9720-9724
Wu H B,Lu Y L,Jiang W Y,Li Q,Sun A Z,Guo Z T.2016.Paleoclimate reconstruction from pollen data using inverse vegetation approach:Validation of model using modern data(in Chinese with English Abstract).Quat Sci,36:520-529
Zheng Z,Guiot J.1999.A 400 000-year paleoclimate reconstruction in tropical region of China(in Chinese with English Abstract).Acta Sci Nat Univ Sunyatseni,38:94-98