基于Landsat影像的石漠化区植被动态监测及治理效益研究
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摘要
生态恢复工程是缓解石漠化、保持土壤、提高植被覆盖率的有效措施之一,是区域经济和生态可持续发展的关键。为了研究近30 a泸西县植被的时空变化特征、驱动因素以及石漠化综合治理生态工程实施的生态效益。本文基于1986—2016 Landsat TM数据,借助Mann-Kendall突变分析、Thei-Sei Median趋势分析等方法进行了研究,结果表明:1)30 a间,泸西县植被覆盖整体呈增加趋势,平均增速为0.43%/10 a,2001年是重要的转折点,增速由之前的0.35%/10 a增加到0.63%/10 a;2)在变化趋势上,泸西县植被覆盖呈增加和减少趋势的面积分别占85.21%和14.79%。1986—2000年期间,植被覆盖呈极显著上升的面积为7.71%,零星分布在北部地区;2001—2016年,植被覆盖呈现极显著性上升的面积占21.62%,主要分布在石漠化综合治理工程集中分布的东部山区;3)气温和降水的增加都对植被起到正向作用,气温对植被的影响明显大于降水。2000年之后,人类活动对植被的提升起到了重要的作用,其中对植被覆盖起积极作用的面积占79.6%,起消极作用的占20.4%;在贡献大小上,气候变化对NDVI的影响大小为39.1%,人类活动对NDVI的影响作用为60.9%。植被改善过程中人类活动的作用大于气候变化,石漠化综合治理生态工程是2001—2016年植被增加的重要驱动力之一。
Ecological restoration is an effective measure to mitigate rocky desertification, control water loss, protect the existing forests and increase vegetation coverage. The long-term ecological restoration project is the key to the sustainable development of regional economy and ecology. Chinese governments have implemented a series of the Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control and Restoration Project in the karst regions of Southwest China since the late 1990 s. In order to reveal the effectiveness of the Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control and Restoration Project implemented in the typical rocky desertification zone in Luxi County of Yunnan Province, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage on the basis of Mann-Kendall mutation test, Theil-Sei trend analysis, and the relationships between remotely sensed vegetation indices named normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and climate changes, human activities using multiple regression analysis and residual analysis. For the analysis, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Landsat TM data at a spatial resolution of 30 meters over the period 1986-2016 are considered. The results are as follows: 1) In the past 30 years, the vegetation coverage of Luxi County showed a significantly increasing trend, with a growth rate of 0.43%/10 a(P<0.01), a sudden change-point of time appeared in 2001, and the growth rate increased from 0.35%/10 a(P>0.1) to 0.63%/10 a(P<0.1); 2) The areas with high vegetation coverage primarily distributed in the eastern and western mountain areas of Luxi County, while the low vegetation coverage distributed at the junction of towns in the central and northern areas; 3) In terms of trends, the areas of vegetation coverage showing increasing and decreasing accounted for 85.2% and 14.79% over the period 1986-2016, respectively. Between 1986 and 2000, the areas of vegetation coverage with extremely significantly increase only accounted for 7.71%, scattered in the northern. But the areas of vegetation coverage with extremely significantly increase rose to 21.62% between 2001 and 2016, which was primarily distributed in eastern mountainous areas where the priority was given to implement the Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control and Restoration Project; 4) Increase in temperature and precipitation had a positive effect on vegetation coverage, and the contribution of temperature(r = 0.45, P<0.05) on vegetation coverage was significantly higher than precipitation(r =0.372, P<0.05). Between 2001 and 2016, human activities played an important role in the improvement of vegetation coverage. The areas that human activities played a positive role in vegetation coverage accounted for 79.6%, and the areas that human activities played a negative role in vegetation coverage only accounted for 20.4%, almost located in the towns. The impact of climate change on vegetation coverage accounted for 39.1%, the impact of human activities accounted for 60.9%; 5) The ecological restoration project farther from the town showed more important role in the improvement of vegetation coverage. The role of human activities in vegetation improvement is significantly stronger than climate changes. Our study suggested that the Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control and Restoration Project contributed on the improvement of vegetation coverage and was deemed as one of the important driving forces for vegetation increasing between 2001 and 2016.
Ecological restoration is an effective measure to mitigate rocky desertification, control water loss, protect the existing forests and increase vegetation coverage. The long-term ecological restoration project is the key to the sustainable development of regional economy and ecology. Chinese governments have implemented a series of the Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control and Restoration Project in the karst regions of Southwest China since the late 1990 s. In order to reveal the effectiveness of the Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control and Restoration Project implemented in the typical rocky desertification zone in Luxi County of Yunnan Province, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage on the basis of Mann-Kendall mutation test, Theil-Sei trend analysis, and the relationships between remotely sensed vegetation indices named normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and climate changes, human activities using multiple regression analysis and residual analysis. For the analysis, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Landsat TM data at a spatial resolution of 30 meters over the period 1986-2016 are considered. The results are as follows: 1) In the past 30 years, the vegetation coverage of Luxi County showed a significantly increasing trend, with a growth rate of 0.43%/10 a(P<0.01), a sudden change-point of time appeared in 2001, and the growth rate increased from 0.35%/10 a(P>0.1) to 0.63%/10 a(P<0.1); 2) The areas with high vegetation coverage primarily distributed in the eastern and western mountain areas of Luxi County, while the low vegetation coverage distributed at the junction of towns in the central and northern areas; 3) In terms of trends, the areas of vegetation coverage showing increasing and decreasing accounted for 85.2% and 14.79% over the period 1986-2016, respectively. Between 1986 and 2000, the areas of vegetation coverage with extremely significantly increase only accounted for 7.71%, scattered in the northern. But the areas of vegetation coverage with extremely significantly increase rose to 21.62% between 2001 and 2016, which was primarily distributed in eastern mountainous areas where the priority was given to implement the Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control and Restoration Project; 4) Increase in temperature and precipitation had a positive effect on vegetation coverage, and the contribution of temperature(r = 0.45, P<0.05) on vegetation coverage was significantly higher than precipitation(r =0.372, P<0.05). Between 2001 and 2016, human activities played an important role in the improvement of vegetation coverage. The areas that human activities played a positive role in vegetation coverage accounted for 79.6%, and the areas that human activities played a negative role in vegetation coverage only accounted for 20.4%, almost located in the towns. The impact of climate change on vegetation coverage accounted for 39.1%, the impact of human activities accounted for 60.9%; 5) The ecological restoration project farther from the town showed more important role in the improvement of vegetation coverage. The role of human activities in vegetation improvement is significantly stronger than climate changes. Our study suggested that the Karst Rocky Desertification Comprehensive Control and Restoration Project contributed on the improvement of vegetation coverage and was deemed as one of the important driving forces for vegetation increasing between 2001 and 2016.
引文
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[2]Wen Z,Wu S,Chen J,et al.NDVI indicated long-term interannual changes in vegetation activities and their responses to climatic and anthropogenic factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:947-959.
[3]Mishra N B,Mainali K P.Greening and browning of the Himalaya:Spatial patterns and the role of climatic change and human drivers[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,587:326-339.
[4]Zoungrana J B,Conrad C,Thiel M,et al.MODIS NDVItrends and fractional land cover change for improved assessments of vegetation degradation in Burkina Faso,West Africa[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2018,153:66-75.
[5]丁婧祎,赵文武.生态恢复评价研究进展与展望:第5届国际生态恢复学会大会会议述评[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(9):2716-2722.Ding Jingyi,Zhao Wenwu.Progress and prospects on evaluation of ecological restoration:A review of the 5th world conference[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(9):2716-2722.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Kang C H,Zhang Y,Wang Z,et al.The Driving force analysis of NDVI dynamics in the trans-boundary Tumen River Basin between 2000 and 2015[J].Sustainability,2017,9(12):2350.
[7]曹建华,邓艳,杨慧,等.喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化演变及治理技术与示范.生态学报,2016,36(22):7103-7108.Cao Jianhua,Deng Yan,Yang Hui,et al.Rocky desertification evolution,treatment technology and demonstration in Karst faulted basins,South[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(22):7103-7108.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]苏维词,杨华,李晴,等.我国西南喀斯特山区土地石漠化成因及防治[J].土壤通报,2006,37(3):447-451.Su Weici,Yang Hua,Li Qing,et al.Rocky land desertification and its controlling measurements in the karst mountainous region,South west of China[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(3):447-451.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]张军以,戴明宏,王腊春,等.西南喀斯特石漠化治理植物选择与生态适应性[J].地球与环境,2015,43(3):269-278.Zhang Junyi,Dai Minghong,Wang Lachun,et al.Plant selection and their ecological adaptation for rocky desertification control in karst region[J].Earth and Environment,2015,43(3):269-278.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Qi X,Wang K,Zhang C.Effectiveness of ecological restoration projects in a karst region of southwest China assessed using vegetation succession mapping[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,54:245-253.
[11]Wang J,Wang K,Zhang M,et al.Impacts of climate change and human activities on vegetation cover in hilly southern China[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,81:451-461.
[12]Liu H,Zhang M,Lin Z,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between vegetation dynamics and climate change and their driving forces at multiple time scales in Southwest China[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2018,256:10-21.
[13]Tao J,Xu T,Dong J,et al.Elevation‐dependent effects of climate change on vegetation greenness in the high mountains of southwest China during 1982-2013[J].International Journal of Climatology,2017,59(4):780-794.
[14]Tong X,Wang K,Yue Y,et al.Quantifying the effectiveness of ecological restoration projects on long-term vegetation dynamics in the karst regions of Southwest China[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2017,54:105-113.
[15]杨慧,朱同彬,王修华,等.云南断陷盆地高原面典型小流域土壤元素含量特征[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(5):859-865.Yang Hui,Zhu Tongbin,Wang Xiuhua,et al.Soil element contents of typical small watershed in the plateau area of karst fault basin,Yunnan[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2018,27(5):859-865.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]李强,蒲俊兵,黄妮,等.断陷盆地生态环境地质分异及石漠化演变机理的研究途径[J].地球科学进展,2017,32(9):899-907.Li Qiang,Pu Junbing,Huang Ni,et al.A research approach for ecological environmental and geological differentiation of rocky desertification and its driving mechanism in karst greben basin[J].Advances in Earth Science,2017,32(9):899-907.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]刘宪锋,潘耀忠,朱秀芳,等.2000-2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J].地理学报,2015,70(5):705-716.Liu Xianfeng,Pan Yaozhong,Zhu Xiufang,et al.Vegetation dynamics in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to climate factors between 2000 and 2014[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2015,70(5):705-716.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李延森,周金星,吴秀芹.青藏铁路(格拉段)修建对沿线植被生态系统及其弹性的影响[J].地理研究,2017,36(11):2129-2140.Li Yansen,Zhou Jinxin,Wu Xiuqin.Effects of the construction of Qinghai-Tibet railway on the vegetation ecosystem and eco-resilience[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(11):2129-2140.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Holben B.Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1986,7(11):1417-1434.
[20]Kendall M G.Rank Correlation Methods[M].London:Charles Grifin Company,1975.
[21]张应华,宋献方.水文气象序列趋势分析与变异诊断的方法及其对比[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(4):652-665.Zhang Yinghua,Song Xianfang.Techniques of abrupt change detection and trends analysis in hydroclimatic time-series:Advances and evaluation[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(4):652-665.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Sen P K.Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's Tau[J].Publications of the American Statistical Association,1968,63(324):1379-1389.
[23]袁丽华,蒋卫国,申文明,等.2000-2012年黄河流域植被覆盖的时空变化[J].生态学报,2013,33(24):7798-7806.Yuan Lihua,Jiang Weiguo,Shen Wenming,et al.The spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2010[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(24):7798-7806.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]郭继凯,吴秀芹,董贵华,等.基于MODIS/NDVI的塔里木河流域植被覆盖变化驱动因素相对作用分析[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):621-629.Guo Jikai,Wu Xiuqin,Dong Guihua,et al.Vegetation coverage change and relative effects of driving factors based on MODIS/NDVI in the Tarim[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):621-629.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Kong D,Miao C,Borthwick A G L,et al.Spatiotemporal variations in vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau,China,between 1982 and 2013:Possible causes and potential impacts[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2018,25:13633-13644.
[26]Zhao Anzhou,Zhang Anbing,Liu Haixin,et al.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage before and after implementation of Grain for Green Program in Loess Plateau,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,104:13-22.
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