上海互联网新创企业的时空演化及影响因素
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摘要
基于互联网经济转型和信息技术浪潮下的创新创业活动已成为社会广泛关注的热点。论文利用上海互联网新创企业数的截面数据,采用核密度估计、Ripley's K函数、负二项回归模型等方法探究互联网新创企业的时空演化特征与区位影响因素。结果表明:①时序变化上,互联网创业在2010年后进入活跃期,行业分布与全国创业形势及上海产业导向相一致。②空间演变上,整体呈现"大集聚小分散"的分异特征,企业高度集聚于中环线内的同时向郊区中心镇和新城扩散。中心城区企业集聚强度不断增强,集聚规模由4.5 km扩张到6.5 km;在空间上由相对均衡向多中心集聚的形态演变。黄浦-静安-徐汇片、五角场、陆家嘴、张江和漕河泾等5大核心集聚区以其特定的资源优势获得互联网新创企业的青睐。③孵化环境、生活环境、商务环境、投资环境等构成互联网创业活动的外部环境需求;产业集聚、技术因子和土地价格等对互联网新创企业区位分布产生了显著影响。
Innovation and entrepreneurial activities based on the transformation of Internet economy and information technology have become a focus of attention in today's society. Using the cross-sectional data on the number of Internet start-ups in Shanghai Municipality, this study explored their spatial distribution characteristics and location factors by adopting the methods of nuclear density analysis, Ripley's K function, and negative binomial regression model. The results show that: 1) Internet entrepreneurship has entered an active period since 2010, and the change is consistent with the situation nationwide and the urban industrial orientation in Shanghai. 2) With regard to the spatial distribution, an overall pattern of agglomeration at the macro level and dispersion at the micro level is present. While highly concentrated within the middle ring, enterprises also spread to suburban central towns and new towns. In the central urban areas, agglomeration intensity has continuously increased, and the scale has expanded from 4.5 km to 6.5 km. The spatial distribution changed from relatively balanced to multi-center agglomerations. The five core agglomeration areas, including Huangpu-Jing'an-Xuhui,Wujiaochang, Lujiazui, Zhangjiang, and Caohejing, have won the favor of Internet start-ups depending on their specific resource advantages. 3) Concerning the influencing factors, incubation environment, living environment,business environment, and investment environment constitute the external environment demand of Internet entrepreneurial activities. Industrial agglomeration, technological factors, and land prices have had significant impacts on the spatial distribution of Internet start-ups.
Innovation and entrepreneurial activities based on the transformation of Internet economy and information technology have become a focus of attention in today's society. Using the cross-sectional data on the number of Internet start-ups in Shanghai Municipality, this study explored their spatial distribution characteristics and location factors by adopting the methods of nuclear density analysis, Ripley's K function, and negative binomial regression model. The results show that: 1) Internet entrepreneurship has entered an active period since 2010, and the change is consistent with the situation nationwide and the urban industrial orientation in Shanghai. 2) With regard to the spatial distribution, an overall pattern of agglomeration at the macro level and dispersion at the micro level is present. While highly concentrated within the middle ring, enterprises also spread to suburban central towns and new towns. In the central urban areas, agglomeration intensity has continuously increased, and the scale has expanded from 4.5 km to 6.5 km. The spatial distribution changed from relatively balanced to multi-center agglomerations. The five core agglomeration areas, including Huangpu-Jing'an-Xuhui,Wujiaochang, Lujiazui, Zhangjiang, and Caohejing, have won the favor of Internet start-ups depending on their specific resource advantages. 3) Concerning the influencing factors, incubation environment, living environment,business environment, and investment environment constitute the external environment demand of Internet entrepreneurial activities. Industrial agglomeration, technological factors, and land prices have had significant impacts on the spatial distribution of Internet start-ups.
引文
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史坤博,杨永春,杨欣傲,等.2016.时间成本是否成为电子商务区位的核心机制:基于成都市O2O电子商务的实证分析[J].地理学报,71(3):500-514.[Shi K B,Yang Y C,Yang X A,et al.2016.Does time dictate the location of ecommerce business?A study of O2O businesses in Chengdu,China.Acta Geographica Sinica,71(3):500-514.]
史明纯.2016.上海市众创空间的发展现状与模式探究[D].上海:华东师范大学.[Shi M C.2016.Research on development status and mode of the markerspace in Shanghai.Shanghai,China:East China Normal University.]
宋周莺,丁疆辉,刘卫东,等.2009.信息技术对中国服装企业空间组织的影响[J].地理学报,64(4):435-444.[Song Z Y,Ding J H,Liu W D,et al.2009.Spatial implication of new information and communication technologies on small and medium-sized enterprises:A case study of clothing industry.Acta Geographica Sinica,64(4):435-444.]
宋周莺,刘卫东.2012.信息时代的企业区位研究[J].地理学报,67(4):479-489.[Song Z Y,Liu W D.2012.The challenge of wide application of new information and communication technologies to traditional location theory.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(4):479-489.]
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王琛,林初昇,戴世续.2012.产业集群对技术创新的影响:以电子信息产业为例[J].地理研究,31(8):1375-1386.[Wang C,Lin C S,Dai S X.2012.Research on the relationship between industrial cluster and technological innovation of China's electronics and information industry.Geographical Research,31(8):1375-1386.]
杨亚平,王芝.2015.国内风险投资对企业家创业空间集聚的影响[J].创新与创业管理,(2):60-73.[Yang Y P,Wang Z.2015.Impact of domestic venture capital on spatial agglomeration of new enterprises'creation.Management of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,(2):60-73.]
杨晔,俞艳.2007.上海创业环境的GEM模型分析和政策建议[J].上海财经大学学报,9(2):82-89.[Yang Y,Yu Y.2007.Analysis of Shanghai entrepreneurial environment and suggestions based on GEM model.Journal of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,9(2):82-89.]
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(1)根据黄浦区、静安区、徐汇区的“十二五”规划成果可知3区服务业和重点商务楼宇占区域经济比重位居全市前列。
(2)参考《黄浦区促进智慧城区建设“十三五”规划》中的“十二五”规划成果。
(3)数据来源于创头条、方糖小镇、克而瑞联合发布的上海市双创地图(http://www.ctoutiao.com/cmap.php?id=25)。
(4)http://www.lujiazui.gov.cn/ljzjrc_new_zjjrc_jrcgk_qygk/List/list_0.htm。
(5)http://www.pudong.gov.cn/shpd/news/20150331/006001_11a04d1c-0e4a-42ac-9982-1e9ca044e918.htm。
(6)http://yq.rednet.cn/c/2013/05/31/3025336.htm。
(7)数据来源及说明:上海经信委网站2014年发布的信息服务产业基地,主要针对互联网金融、电子商务、移动互联网、软件、云计算等互联网产业进行企业孵化、人才培养、产业成果转化等。
(8)数据来源及说明:从科技部火炬中心发布的国家级企业孵化器和科技部认定众创空间名单、市级创业园区和创业集聚区名单中,筛选出2015年前成立的所有孵化器,按照功能属性和投入来源分类成传统孵化器(政府投入,以专业孵化器/创业创新服务中心/大学科技园/留学生创业园为载体)和新型孵化器(市场运作,具体形式有创业咖啡/创新工厂/创客空间等)。
(9)数据来源:手动获取IT桔子网站中上海2015年前成立的所有互联网风险投资机构地址,再通过ArcGIS匹配到街道尺度。
(10)数据来源:脉策数据网站中的POI查询城市所有星巴克、健身房、图书馆的地址,再通过ArcGIS匹配到街道尺度。...(11)数据来源:上海经信委网站2014年发布的中小企业服务机构名单,手动查询地址并匹配到街道尺度。
崔人元,霍明远.2007.创造阶层与城市可持续发展[J].人文地理,22(1):7-11.[Cui R Y,Huo M Y.2007.The creative class and urban sustainable development.Human Geography,22(1):7-11.]
邓智团.2015.创新型企业集聚新趋势与中心城区复兴新路径:以纽约硅巷复兴为例[J].城市发展研究,22(12):51-56.[Deng Z T.2015.On the new gathering trends of innovation corporation and new path for the renaissance of the city center in China.Urban Development Studies,22(12):51-56.]
邓智团,屠启宇.2014.创新型企业大都市区空间区位选择新趋势与决定:基于美国大都市区的实证研究[J].世界经济研究,(9):10-15.[Deng Z T,Tu Q Y.2014.On the location decision of innovative and creative company:An empirical study of the metropolitan area,USA.World Economy Study,(9):10-15.]
符文颖,邓金玲.2017.产业转型背景下创业区位选择和集群空间演化[J].地理科学,37(6):833-840.[Fu W Y,Deng J L.2017.Locational choice of start-ups and spatial evolution of clusters in the context of industrial restructuring.Scientia Geographica Sinica,37(6):833-840.]
高顺成.2013.区域创业环境与经济发展关系的实证研究[J].地域研究与开发,32(2):31-35.[Gao S C.2013.An empirical study on the relationship between regional entrepreneurship environment and economic growth.Areal Research and Development,32(2):31-35.]
辜胜阻,曹冬梅,李睿.2016.让“互联网+”行动计划引领新一轮创业浪潮[J].科学学研究,34(2):161-165.[Gu S Z,Cao D M,Li R.2016.A study on the"internet+"plan leading a new wave of entrepreneurship.Studies in Science of Science,34(2):161-165.]
黄筱彧,杜德斌,杨文龙.2018.中国互联网创业的集聚特征与区位因素初探[J].科学学研究,36(3):493-501.[Huang X Y,Du D B,Yang W L.2018.A study on agglomeration characteristics and location selection of chinese internet entrepreneurship.Studies in Science of Science,36(3):493-501.]
蒋海兵,张文忠,余建辉.2015.杭州生产性服务业的时空格局演变[J].经济地理,35(9):103-111.[Jiang H B,Zhang W Z,Yu J H.2015.Spatial and temporal pattern evolution of urban producer services in Hangzhou.Economic Geography,35(9):103-111.]
林娟,张欣炜,汪明峰.2017.上海大都市区物联网产业集聚与空间演化[J].人文地理,32(3):131-137.[Lin J,Zhang X W,Wang M F.2017.Agglomeration and spatial evolution of the internet of things industry in Shanghai metropolitan.Human Geography,32(3):131-137.]
林善浪,张惠萍.2011.通达性、区位选择与信息服务业集聚:以上海为例[J].财贸经济,(5):106-114.[Lin S L,Zhang H P.2011.Accessibility,location choice and agglomeration in information service industry:Taking Shanghai as the example.Finance&Trade Economic,(5):106-114.]
史坤博,杨永春,杨欣傲,等.2016.时间成本是否成为电子商务区位的核心机制:基于成都市O2O电子商务的实证分析[J].地理学报,71(3):500-514.[Shi K B,Yang Y C,Yang X A,et al.2016.Does time dictate the location of ecommerce business?A study of O2O businesses in Chengdu,China.Acta Geographica Sinica,71(3):500-514.]
史明纯.2016.上海市众创空间的发展现状与模式探究[D].上海:华东师范大学.[Shi M C.2016.Research on development status and mode of the markerspace in Shanghai.Shanghai,China:East China Normal University.]
宋周莺,丁疆辉,刘卫东,等.2009.信息技术对中国服装企业空间组织的影响[J].地理学报,64(4):435-444.[Song Z Y,Ding J H,Liu W D,et al.2009.Spatial implication of new information and communication technologies on small and medium-sized enterprises:A case study of clothing industry.Acta Geographica Sinica,64(4):435-444.]
宋周莺,刘卫东.2012.信息时代的企业区位研究[J].地理学报,67(4):479-489.[Song Z Y,Liu W D.2012.The challenge of wide application of new information and communication technologies to traditional location theory.Acta Geographica Sinica,67(4):479-489.]
汪明峰.2015.互联网时代的城市与区域发展[M].北京:科学出版社.[Wang M F.2015.Urban and regional development in the internet age.Beijing,China:Science Press.]
王琛,林初昇,戴世续.2012.产业集群对技术创新的影响:以电子信息产业为例[J].地理研究,31(8):1375-1386.[Wang C,Lin C S,Dai S X.2012.Research on the relationship between industrial cluster and technological innovation of China's electronics and information industry.Geographical Research,31(8):1375-1386.]
杨亚平,王芝.2015.国内风险投资对企业家创业空间集聚的影响[J].创新与创业管理,(2):60-73.[Yang Y P,Wang Z.2015.Impact of domestic venture capital on spatial agglomeration of new enterprises'creation.Management of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,(2):60-73.]
杨晔,俞艳.2007.上海创业环境的GEM模型分析和政策建议[J].上海财经大学学报,9(2):82-89.[Yang Y,Yu Y.2007.Analysis of Shanghai entrepreneurial environment and suggestions based on GEM model.Journal of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics,9(2):82-89.]
袁丰,魏也华,陈雯,等.2010.苏州市区信息通讯企业空间集聚与新企业选址[J].地理学报,65(2):153-163.[Yuan F,Wei Y H,Chen W,et al.2010.Spatial agglomeration and new firm formation in the information and communication technology industry in Suzhou.Acta Geographica Sinica,65(2):153-163.]
张萃.2018.什么使城市更有利于创业[J].经济研究,(4):151-166.[Zhang C.2018.What makes cities more entrepreneurial.Economic Research Journal,(4):151-166.]
张林,刘继生.2006.信息时代区位论发展的新趋势[J].经济地理,26(2):181-185.[Zhang L,Liu J S.2006.New tendency of location theory in information age.Economic Geography,26(2):181-185.]
张旭.2013.产业集群资源对企业创业活动影响的实证模型构建[J].科技管理研究,33(15):206-210.[Zhang X.2013.Empirical model building of the influence of industry cluster resources on entrepreneurial activities.Science and Technology Management Research,33(15):206-210.]
赵新正,宁越敏,魏也华.2011.上海外资生产空间演变及影响因素[J].地理学报,66(10):1390-1402.[Zhao X Z,Ning Y M,Wei Y H.2011.Evolution and determinants of foreign production space in Shanghai.Acta Geographica Sinica,66(10):1390-1402.]
庄晋财,敖晓红.2016.创业活动空间选择环境影响因素的实证研究:基于新经济地理学的视角[J].改革与战略,32(3):116-121.[Zhuang J C,Ao X H.2016.Empirical study on factors of entrepreneurial activities'space choice:Based on new economic geography perspective.Reformation&Strategy,32(3):116-121.]
Avnimelech G,Schwartz D,Bar-El R.2007.Entrepreneurial high-tech cluster development:Israel's experience with venture capital and technological incubators[J].European Planning Studies,15(9):1181-1198.
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(1)根据黄浦区、静安区、徐汇区的“十二五”规划成果可知3区服务业和重点商务楼宇占区域经济比重位居全市前列。
(2)参考《黄浦区促进智慧城区建设“十三五”规划》中的“十二五”规划成果。
(3)数据来源于创头条、方糖小镇、克而瑞联合发布的上海市双创地图(http://www.ctoutiao.com/cmap.php?id=25)。
(4)http://www.lujiazui.gov.cn/ljzjrc_new_zjjrc_jrcgk_qygk/List/list_0.htm。
(5)http://www.pudong.gov.cn/shpd/news/20150331/006001_11a04d1c-0e4a-42ac-9982-1e9ca044e918.htm。
(6)http://yq.rednet.cn/c/2013/05/31/3025336.htm。
(7)数据来源及说明:上海经信委网站2014年发布的信息服务产业基地,主要针对互联网金融、电子商务、移动互联网、软件、云计算等互联网产业进行企业孵化、人才培养、产业成果转化等。
(8)数据来源及说明:从科技部火炬中心发布的国家级企业孵化器和科技部认定众创空间名单、市级创业园区和创业集聚区名单中,筛选出2015年前成立的所有孵化器,按照功能属性和投入来源分类成传统孵化器(政府投入,以专业孵化器/创业创新服务中心/大学科技园/留学生创业园为载体)和新型孵化器(市场运作,具体形式有创业咖啡/创新工厂/创客空间等)。
(9)数据来源:手动获取IT桔子网站中上海2015年前成立的所有互联网风险投资机构地址,再通过ArcGIS匹配到街道尺度。
(10)数据来源:脉策数据网站中的POI查询城市所有星巴克、健身房、图书馆的地址,再通过ArcGIS匹配到街道尺度。...(11)数据来源:上海经信委网站2014年发布的中小企业服务机构名单,手动查询地址并匹配到街道尺度。