基于称重式蒸渗仪的玉米耗水特性及影响因素研究
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摘要
以我国玉米生产主导品种京科968和郑单958(对照)为供试材料,采用称重式蒸渗仪系统研究其耗水特性及影响因素。结果表明,京科968的全生育期需水量低于郑单958,水分利用效率高于郑单958。京科968的全生育期需水量为347.81 mm,较郑单958低78.98 mm;水分利用效率为3.16 kg/m~3,显著高于郑单958;京科968各生育阶段的平均日耗水量不同,分别为2.04、3.54、3.34、3.35 mm/d,分别比郑单958低1.62、1.43、0.55、1.10 mm/d。影响玉米各生育阶段日耗水量的气象因素不同,影响出苗至吐丝和播种至收获阶段日耗水量的主要气象因素为空气温度、光辐射和平均风速,影响吐丝至收获阶段日耗水量的主要气象因素是空气温度和光辐射。
Jingke968(JK968) and Zhengdan958(ZD958, CK), which were dominant cultivars widely planted in Chinese maize production, were used as the experiments to study the maize water consumption characteristics and its influencing factors based on weighing lysimeter. The results showed that, the water consumption of JK968 was lower and the water use efficiency was higher than that of ZD958, the water consumption of JK968 during the growth period of sowing to harvest was 347.81 mm, which was 78.98 mm lower than that of ZD958(426.79 mm); the water use efficiency(WUE) of JK968 and ZD958 were 3.16 kg/m~3 and 2.50 kg/m~3, respectively, and significant difference was found between them. The mean daily water consumption of JK968 during sowing to emergence, emergence to silking, silking to harvest and sowing to harvest were 2.04, 3.54, 3.34, 3.35 mm/d, which were 1.62, 1.43, 0.55, 1.10 mm/d lower than that of ZD958, respectively. The climatic factors significantly affecting water consumption of ZD958 and JK968 during sowing to emergence, emergence to silking, silking to harvest and sowing to harvest were different. The major climatic factors which significantly affect water consumption during emergence to silking and sowing to harvest were air temperature, solar radiation and mean wind speed. For the growth duration of silking to harvest, the climatic factors which significantly affect water consumption were air temperature and solar radiation.
Jingke968(JK968) and Zhengdan958(ZD958, CK), which were dominant cultivars widely planted in Chinese maize production, were used as the experiments to study the maize water consumption characteristics and its influencing factors based on weighing lysimeter. The results showed that, the water consumption of JK968 was lower and the water use efficiency was higher than that of ZD958, the water consumption of JK968 during the growth period of sowing to harvest was 347.81 mm, which was 78.98 mm lower than that of ZD958(426.79 mm); the water use efficiency(WUE) of JK968 and ZD958 were 3.16 kg/m~3 and 2.50 kg/m~3, respectively, and significant difference was found between them. The mean daily water consumption of JK968 during sowing to emergence, emergence to silking, silking to harvest and sowing to harvest were 2.04, 3.54, 3.34, 3.35 mm/d, which were 1.62, 1.43, 0.55, 1.10 mm/d lower than that of ZD958, respectively. The climatic factors significantly affecting water consumption of ZD958 and JK968 during sowing to emergence, emergence to silking, silking to harvest and sowing to harvest were different. The major climatic factors which significantly affect water consumption during emergence to silking and sowing to harvest were air temperature, solar radiation and mean wind speed. For the growth duration of silking to harvest, the climatic factors which significantly affect water consumption were air temperature and solar radiation.
引文
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[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社，2017.
[3]Vorosmarty C J,Green P,Salisbury J,et al.Global water resources:Vulnerability from climate change and population growth[J].Science,2000,289:284-288.
[4]MacDonald G M.Water,climate change,and sustainability in the southwest[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci.USA,2010,107:21256-21262.
[5]信乃诠，张燕卿，王立祥.中国北方旱区农业研究[M].北京：中国农业出版社，2002.
[6]Fang Q X,Ma L,Green T R,et al.Water resources and water use efficiency in the North China Plain:current status and agronomic management options[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(8):1102-1116.
[7]Foster S,Garduno H,Evans R,et al.Quaternary aquifer of the north China Plain-assessing and achieving groundwater resource sustainability[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2004,12(1):81-93.
[8]Kendy E,Zhang Y,Liu C,et al.Groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain:case study of Luancheng county,Hebei province,1949-2000[J].Hydrological Processes,2004,18(12):2289-2302.
[9]Ma D L,Xie R Z,Niu X K,et al.Changes in the morphological traits of maize genotypes in China between the 1950s and 2000s[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2014,58:1-10.
[10]Duvick D N.The contribution of breeding to yield advances in maize(Zea mays L.)[J].In:Sparks,D.L.(Ed.),Advances in Agronomy,2005,86(5):83-145.
[11]山仑.植物水分利用效率和半干旱地区农业用水[J].植物生理学通讯，1994(1):61-66.Shan L.Plant water use efficiency and agricultural water of semiarid area[J].Plant Physiology Journal,1994(1):61-66.(in Chinese)
[12]杨涛，梁宗锁，薛吉全，等.不同玉米品种水分利用效率的差异性研究[J].农业工程学报，2005,21(10):21-25.Yang T,Liang Z S,Xue J Q,et al.Diversity of water use efficiency of various maize varieties[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(10):21-25.(in Chinese)
[13]张卫星，赵致，柏光晓，等.不同玉米杂交种对水分和氮胁迫的响应及其抗逆性[J].中国农业科学，2007,40(7):1361-1370.Zhang W X,Zhao Z,Bai G X,et al.Response on water stress and low nitrogen in different maize hybrid varieties and evaluation for their adversity-resistance[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica.2007,40(7):1361-1370.(in Chinese)
[14]刘战东，肖俊夫，于景春，等.春玉米品种和种植密度对植株性状和耗水特性的影响[J].农业工程学报，2012,28(11):125-131.Liu Z D,Xiao J F,Yu J C,et al.Effects of varieties and planting density on plant traits and water consumption characteristics of spring maize[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(11):125-131.(in Chinese)
[15]东先旺，张道玉，陈维新.夏玉米超高产群体水分蒸腾指标的研究[J].玉米科学，2001(1):74-77.Dong X W,Zhang D Y,Chen W X.The study on water transpiration index of summer maize super high yielding population[J].Journal of Maize Science,2001(1):74-77.(in Chinese)
[16]Liu C,Zhang X,Zhang Y.Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,111(2):109-120.
[17]Kang S,Gu B,Du T,et al.Crop coefficient and ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize in a semi-humid region[J].Agricultural Water Management,2003,59(3):239-254.
[18]Andrewe S,Shashib V.Interannual water vapor and energy exchange in an irrigated maize-based agroecosystem[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2008,148(3):417-427.
[19]Djaman K,Irmak S.Actual crop evapotranspiration and alfalfaand grass-reference crop coefficients of maize under full and limited irrigation and rainfed conditions[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering Asce,2013,139(6):433-446.
[20]Frank F C,Viglizzo E F.Water use in rain-fed farming at different scales in the Pampas of Argentina[J].Agricultural Systems,2012,109(6):35-42.
[21]Gao Z Q,Zhou Y J,Wang X W,et al.Advance of influence factors for water transport in plants[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2004,22(2):200-204.
[22]Richie J T,Burnett E.Dryland evaporative flux in a subhumid climate:II.Plant influences[J].Agronomy Journal,1971,63(1):56-62.
[23]杨晓光，刘海隆，王玉林，等.华北平原夏玉米农田生态系统蒸散规律研究[J].中国生态农业学报，2003(4):71-73.Yang X G,Liu H L,Wang Y L,et al.Research on evapotranspiration of field ecological system of summer maize in Northern Plain[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2003(4):71-73.(in Chinese)
[24]Hupet F,Vanclooster M.Effect of the sampling frequency of meteorological variables on the estimation of the reference evapotranspiration[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,243(3):192-204.
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