Fluid Inclusion and H-O Isotope Geochemistry of the Phapon Gold Deposit, NW Laos: Implications for Fluid Source and Ore Genesis
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摘要
The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brittle fault system. There are three types of primary ore including auriferous calcite vein type, disseminated type, and breccia type, and the first two are important in the Phapon gold deposit. Based on fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry, three types of primary fluid inclusions including type 1 liquid-rich aqueous, type 2 vapor-rich aqueous and type 3 daughter mineralbearing aqueous were identified in hydrothermal calcite grains. The ore-forming fluids are normally homogeneous, as indicated by the widespread type 1 inclusions with identical composition. The coexistence of type 1 and type 2 inclusions, showing similar final homogenization temperature but different compositions, indicate that fluid immiscibility did locally take place in both two types of ores. The results of microthermometry and H-O isotopes geochemistry indicate that there are little differences on ore-fluid geochemistry between the auriferous calcite vein-type and disseminated type ores. The oreforming fluids are characterized by medium-low temperatures(157–268 oC) and low salinity(1.6 wt.%–9.9 wt.% NaCl eq.). It is likely to have a metamorphic-dominant mixed source, which could be associated with dehydration and decarbonisation of Lower Permian limestone and Middle–Upper Triassic sandstones during the dynamic metamorphism. The fluid-wallrock interaction played a major role, and the locally occurred fluid-immiscible processes played a subordinate role in gold precipitation. Combined with the regional and ore deposit geology, and ore-fluid geochemistry, we suggest that the Phapon gold deposit is best considered to be a member of the epizonal orogenic deposit class.
The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brittle fault system. There are three types of primary ore including auriferous calcite vein type, disseminated type, and breccia type, and the first two are important in the Phapon gold deposit. Based on fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry, three types of primary fluid inclusions including type 1 liquid-rich aqueous, type 2 vapor-rich aqueous and type 3 daughter mineralbearing aqueous were identified in hydrothermal calcite grains. The ore-forming fluids are normally homogeneous, as indicated by the widespread type 1 inclusions with identical composition. The coexistence of type 1 and type 2 inclusions, showing similar final homogenization temperature but different compositions, indicate that fluid immiscibility did locally take place in both two types of ores. The results of microthermometry and H-O isotopes geochemistry indicate that there are little differences on ore-fluid geochemistry between the auriferous calcite vein-type and disseminated type ores. The oreforming fluids are characterized by medium-low temperatures(157–268 oC) and low salinity(1.6 wt.%–9.9 wt.% NaCl eq.). It is likely to have a metamorphic-dominant mixed source, which could be associated with dehydration and decarbonisation of Lower Permian limestone and Middle–Upper Triassic sandstones during the dynamic metamorphism. The fluid-wallrock interaction played a major role, and the locally occurred fluid-immiscible processes played a subordinate role in gold precipitation. Combined with the regional and ore deposit geology, and ore-fluid geochemistry, we suggest that the Phapon gold deposit is best considered to be a member of the epizonal orogenic deposit class.
The Phapon gold deposit, located in northern Laos, is a unique large-scale gold deposit in Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt. It is hosted in the Lower Permian limestone and controlled by a NE-trending ductile-brittle fault system. There are three types of primary ore including auriferous calcite vein type, disseminated type, and breccia type, and the first two are important in the Phapon gold deposit. Based on fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry, three types of primary fluid inclusions including type 1 liquid-rich aqueous, type 2 vapor-rich aqueous and type 3 daughter mineralbearing aqueous were identified in hydrothermal calcite grains. The ore-forming fluids are normally homogeneous, as indicated by the widespread type 1 inclusions with identical composition. The coexistence of type 1 and type 2 inclusions, showing similar final homogenization temperature but different compositions, indicate that fluid immiscibility did locally take place in both two types of ores. The results of microthermometry and H-O isotopes geochemistry indicate that there are little differences on ore-fluid geochemistry between the auriferous calcite vein-type and disseminated type ores. The oreforming fluids are characterized by medium-low temperatures(157–268 oC) and low salinity(1.6 wt.%–9.9 wt.% NaCl eq.). It is likely to have a metamorphic-dominant mixed source, which could be associated with dehydration and decarbonisation of Lower Permian limestone and Middle–Upper Triassic sandstones during the dynamic metamorphism. The fluid-wallrock interaction played a major role, and the locally occurred fluid-immiscible processes played a subordinate role in gold precipitation. Combined with the regional and ore deposit geology, and ore-fluid geochemistry, we suggest that the Phapon gold deposit is best considered to be a member of the epizonal orogenic deposit class.
引文
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Brown,P.E.,Hagemann,S.G.,1995.MacFlinCor and Its Application to Fluids in Archean Lode-Gold Deposits.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,59(19):3943-3952.https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00254-w
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Dai,F.Y.,Niu,Y.J.,2014.Characters of Mineralogy and Genesis of Phabon Gold Deposit in Luang Prabang Province,Laos.Mineral Exploration,5(3):511-518(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Faure,G.,1986.Principles of Isotope Geology:2nd Edition.Wiley,New York.1-589
Gammons,C.H.,1994.New Data on the Stability of Gold(I)Chloride Complexes at 300oC.Mineralogical Magazine,58(A1):309-310.https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.1.163
Gebre-Mariam,M.,Groves,D.I.,McNaughton,N.J.,et al.,1993.Archaean Au-Ag Mineralisation at Racetrack,near Kalgoorlie,Western Australia:A High Crustal-Level Expression of the Archaean Composite LodeGold System.Mineralium Deposita,28(6):375-387.https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02431597
Goldfarb,R.J.,Taylor,R.D.,Collins,G.S.,et al.,2014.Phanerozoic Continental Growth and Gold Metallogeny of Asia.Gondwana Research,25(1):48-102.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.03.002
Goldstein,R.H.,Reynolds,T.J.,1994.Systematics of Fluid Inclusions in Diagenetic Minerals.SEPM Short Course 31.Society for Sedimentary Geology,199:
Groves,D.I.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Gebre-Mariam,M.,et al.,1998.Orogenic Gold Deposits:A Proposed Classification in the Context of Their Crustal Distribution and Relationship to other Gold Deposit Types.Ore Geology Reviews,13(1/2/3/4/5):7-27.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-1368(97)00012-7
Guo,L.N.,Goldfarb,R.J.,Wang,Z.L.,et al.,2017.A Comparison of Jiaojia-And Linglong-Type Gold Deposit Ore-Forming Fluids:Do they Differ?.Ore Geology Reviews,88:511-533.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.12.003
Guo,L.N.,2016.Metallogenic Mechanism of the Jiaodong-Type Gold Deposit,Shandong Province,China:[Dissetation].(in Chinese with English Abstract)
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