Role of lithology, weathering and precipitation on water chemistry of lakes from Larsemann Hills and Schirmacher Oasis of East Antarctica
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摘要
Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills areas represent two different periglacial environments of East Antarctica. Schirmacher Oasis is characterized by a vast stretch of ice-shelf in the north and East Antarctic Ice Sheet(EAIS) to its south. Whereas, in Larsemann Hills area the northern and north-western boundary is coastal area and EAIS in the southern part,exhibiting polar lowland between the marine and continental glacial ecosystems. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples from different lakes of both of these two distinct locations are quite contrasting and have indicated influence of lithology, weathering, evaporation and precipitation. The lake water chemistry in Larsemann Hills area is mainly governed by the lithology of the area while Schirmacher lakes exhibit influence of precipitation and rock composition. All major ions of lake waters indicate balanced ionic concentrations. The atmospheric precipitation has significantly modified the ionic distributions in the lakes and channels. Carbonation is the main proton supplying geochemical reactions involved in the rock weathering and this is an important mechanism which controls the hydrochemistry. The lake water hydrochemistry differs widely not only between two distant periglacial zones but also within a short distance of a single periglacial entity, indicating influence of territorial climate over hydrochemistry.
Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills areas represent two different periglacial environments of East Antarctica. Schirmacher Oasis is characterized by a vast stretch of ice-shelf in the north and East Antarctic Ice Sheet(EAIS) to its south. Whereas, in Larsemann Hills area the northern and north-western boundary is coastal area and EAIS in the southern part,exhibiting polar lowland between the marine and continental glacial ecosystems. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples from different lakes of both of these two distinct locations are quite contrasting and have indicated influence of lithology, weathering, evaporation and precipitation. The lake water chemistry in Larsemann Hills area is mainly governed by the lithology of the area while Schirmacher lakes exhibit influence of precipitation and rock composition. All major ions of lake waters indicate balanced ionic concentrations. The atmospheric precipitation has significantly modified the ionic distributions in the lakes and channels. Carbonation is the main proton supplying geochemical reactions involved in the rock weathering and this is an important mechanism which controls the hydrochemistry. The lake water hydrochemistry differs widely not only between two distant periglacial zones but also within a short distance of a single periglacial entity, indicating influence of territorial climate over hydrochemistry.
Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills areas represent two different periglacial environments of East Antarctica. Schirmacher Oasis is characterized by a vast stretch of ice-shelf in the north and East Antarctic Ice Sheet(EAIS) to its south. Whereas, in Larsemann Hills area the northern and north-western boundary is coastal area and EAIS in the southern part,exhibiting polar lowland between the marine and continental glacial ecosystems. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples from different lakes of both of these two distinct locations are quite contrasting and have indicated influence of lithology, weathering, evaporation and precipitation. The lake water chemistry in Larsemann Hills area is mainly governed by the lithology of the area while Schirmacher lakes exhibit influence of precipitation and rock composition. All major ions of lake waters indicate balanced ionic concentrations. The atmospheric precipitation has significantly modified the ionic distributions in the lakes and channels. Carbonation is the main proton supplying geochemical reactions involved in the rock weathering and this is an important mechanism which controls the hydrochemistry. The lake water hydrochemistry differs widely not only between two distant periglacial zones but also within a short distance of a single periglacial entity, indicating influence of territorial climate over hydrochemistry.
引文
Ali K,Sonbawane S,Chate D M,et al.2010.Chemistry of snow and lake water in Antarctic region.J Earth Syst Sci,119(6):753-762.
Asthana R,Shrivastava P K,Shrivastava H B,et al.2013.Hydrochemistry and sediment characteristics of polar periglacial lacustrine environments on Fisher Island and the Broknes Peninsula,East Antarctica.Adv Polar Sci,24(4):281-295.
Asthana R,Shrivastava P K,Beg M J,et al.2013.Sedimentary processes in two different polar periglacial environments:Examples from Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,381:411-427.
Brown G H.2002.Glacier meltwater hydrochemistry.Appl Geochem,17(7):855-883.
Brown G H,Sharp M,Tranter M.1996.Subglacial chemical erosion:seasonal variations in solute provenance,Haut Glacier d’Arolla,Valais,Switzerland.Ann Glaciol,22:25-31.
Burgess J,Carson C,Head J,et al.1997.Larsemann Hills:not heavily glaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum//Ricci C A.The Antarctic Region:Geological Evolution and Processes.Terra Antarctica Publication,Siena,841-843.
Burgess J S,Spate A P,Shevlin J.1994.The onset of deglaciation in the Larsemann Hills,Eastern Antarctica.Antarct Sci,6(4):491-495.
Collins D N.1979.Hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining from an alpine glacier.Arct Antarct Alp Res,11(3):307-324.
Cynan Ellis-Evans J,Laybourn-Parry J,Bayliss P R,et al.1998.Physical,chemical and microbial community characteristics of lakes of the Larsemann Hills,Continental Antarctica.Archiv für Hydrobiologie,141:209-230.
Drever J I.1988.The geochemistry of natural waters.Englewood Cliffs:Prentice Hall,437.
Eyles N.2006.The role of meltwater in glacial processes.Sediment Geol,190(1-4):257-268.
Feth J H F,Robertson C E,Polzer W L.1964.Sources of mineral constituents in water from granitic rocks,Sierra Nevada,California and Nevada.US Govt Print Off.
Fitzsimons S J.1996.Paraglacial redistribution of glacial sediments in the Vestfold Hills,East Antarctica.Geomorphology,15(2):93-108.
Fitzsimons S J.1997.Depositional models for moraine formation in East Antarctic coastal oases.J Glaciol,43(144):256-264.
Gaillardet J,DupréB,Louvat P,et al.1999.Global silicate weathering and CO2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers.Chem Geol,159(1-4):3-30.
Gasparon M,Burgess J S,Sigurdsson I A,et al.1997.Natural and anthropogenic sources of trace metals in fresh water lakes of the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica//Larsemann Hills:an Antarctic microcosm.Hobart:Int Workshop,13-16.
Gibbs R J.1970.Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry.Science,170(3962):1088-1090.
Gillieson D S.1991.An environmental history of two freshwater lakes in the Larsemann Hills,Antarctica.Hydrobiologia,214(1):327-331.
Hem J D.1985.Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water.Department of the Interior,US Geological Survey,264.
Hodgson D A,Verleyen E,Sabbe K,et al.2005.Late Quaternary climate-driven environmental change in the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica,multi-proxy evidence from a lake sediment core.Quaternary Res,64(1):83-99.
Hounslow A.1995.Water quality data:analysis and interpretation.CRCpress,78.
Ingólfssonó.2004.Quaternary glacial and climate history of Antarctica//Ehlers J,Gibbard P L.Developments in Quaternary Sciences.Elsevier,2:3-43.
Karanth K R.1987.Ground water assessment:development and management.Tata McGraw-Hill Education,242-261.
Lehtinen A,Luttinen A.2005.Chemical constraints on the influence of subsurface and surface melting on Lake Basen,western Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica.Special Paper-Geological Survey of Finland,40:123-130.
Mahalinganathan K,Thamban M,Laluraj C M,et al.2012.Relation between surface topography and sea-salt snow chemistry from Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica.Cryosphere,6(2):505-515.
Meybeck M.1983.Atmospheric inputs and river transport of dissolved substances//Webb B W.Dissolved loads of rivers and surface water quantity/quality relationships,141:173-192.
Meybeck M.1986.Composition chimique des ruisseaux non pollués en France.Chemical composition of headwater streams in France.Sci Géo Bull,39(1):3-77.
Négrel P,Allègre C J,DupréB,et al.1993.Erosion sources determined by inversion of major and trace element ratios and strontium isotopic ratios in river water:the Congo Basin case.Earth Planet Sci Lett,120(1-2):59-76.
Pandey S K,Singh A K,Hasnain S I.1999.Weathering and geochemical processes controlling solute acquisition in Ganga headwater-Bhagirathi river,Garhwal Himalaya,India.Aquat Geochem,5(4):357-379.
Piper A M.1944.A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analyses.Eos Trans Am Geophys Union,25(6):914-928.
Priddle J,Heywood R B.1980.Evolution of Antarctic lake ecosystems.Biol J Linn Soc,14(1):51-66.
Priscu J C,Foreman C M.2009.Lakes of Antarctica//Likens G E.Encyclopedia of inland waters.Oxford:Elsevier Press,555-566.
Raiswell R.1984.Chemical models of solute acquisition in glacial melt waters.J Glaciol,30(104):49-57.
Ravindra R,Chaturvedi A,Beg M J.2002.Melt water lakes of Schirmacher Oasis-their genetic aspects and classification.Advances in Marine and Antarctic Sciences,301-313.
Raymahasay B C.1986.Geochemistry of bicarbonate in the river water.JGeol Soc India,27:114-118.
Raymahashay B C.1996.Geochemistry for hydrologists,influence of weathering on ground water.Allied Publishers Limited,New Delhi,India,64-65.
Reynolds Jr R C,Johnson N M.1972.Chemical weathering in the temperate glacial environment of the Northern Cascade Mountains.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,36(5):537-554.
Richter W,Bormann P.1995.Hydrology//Bormann P,Fritzsche D.The Schirmacher Oasis,Queen Maud Land,East Antarctica,and its surroundings.Justus Perthes Verlag,Gotha,259-319.
Sarin M M,Krishnaswami S,Dilli K,et al.1989.Major ion chemistry of the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system:Weathering processes and fluxes to the Bay of Bengal.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,53(5):997-1009.
Shrivastava P K,Asthana R,Beg M J,et al.2011.Ionic characters of lake water of Bharti promontory,Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica.J Geol Soc India,78(3):217-225.
Shrivastava P K,Asthana R,Roy S K,et al.2012.Provenance and depositional environment of epi-shelf lake sediment from Schirmacher Oasis,East Antarctica,vis-à-vis scanning electron microscopy of quartz grain,size distribution and chemical parameters.Polar Sci,6(2):165-182.
Singh A K,Hasnain S I.1998.Major ion chemistry and weathering control in a high altitude basin:Alaknanda River,Garhwal Himalaya,India.Hydrolog Sci J,43(6):825-843.
Stumpf A R,Madden M E E,Soreghan G S,et al.2012.Glacier meltwater stream chemistry in Wright and Taylor Valleys,Antarctica:significant roles of drift,dust and biological processes in chemical weathering in a polar climate.Chem Geol,322:79-90.
Trudgill S T.1986.Solute processes.Chichester:Wiley,509.
Veizer J,Mackenzie F T.1971.Evolution of sedimentary rocks//Mackenzie F T.Sediments,diagenesis,and sedimentary rocks.New York:Norton,450.
Verlecar X N,Dhargalkar V K,Matondkar S G P.1996.Ecobiological studies of the freshwater lakes at Schirmacher Oasis,Antarctica.Scientific report:twelfth Indian expedition to Antarctica,233-257.
Verleyen E,Hodgson D A,Sabbe K,et al.2004.Late Quaternary deglaciation and climate history of the Larsemann Hills(East Antarctica).J Quat Sci,19(4):361-375.
Verleyen E,Hodgson D A,Gibson J,et al.2012.Chemical limnology in coastal East Antarctic lakes:monitoring future climate change in centres of endemism and biodiversity.Antarct Sci,24(1):23-33.
Webster J G,Brown K L,Vincent W F.1994.Geochemical processes affecting meltwater chemistry and the formation of saline ponds in the Victoria Valley and Bull Pass region,Antarctica.Hydrobiologia,281(3):171-186.
Wolock D M,Hornberger G M,Musgrove T J.1990.Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales.J Hydrol,115(1-4):243-259.
Asthana R,Shrivastava P K,Shrivastava H B,et al.2013.Hydrochemistry and sediment characteristics of polar periglacial lacustrine environments on Fisher Island and the Broknes Peninsula,East Antarctica.Adv Polar Sci,24(4):281-295.
Asthana R,Shrivastava P K,Beg M J,et al.2013.Sedimentary processes in two different polar periglacial environments:Examples from Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica.Geological Society,London,Special Publications,381:411-427.
Brown G H.2002.Glacier meltwater hydrochemistry.Appl Geochem,17(7):855-883.
Brown G H,Sharp M,Tranter M.1996.Subglacial chemical erosion:seasonal variations in solute provenance,Haut Glacier d’Arolla,Valais,Switzerland.Ann Glaciol,22:25-31.
Burgess J,Carson C,Head J,et al.1997.Larsemann Hills:not heavily glaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum//Ricci C A.The Antarctic Region:Geological Evolution and Processes.Terra Antarctica Publication,Siena,841-843.
Burgess J S,Spate A P,Shevlin J.1994.The onset of deglaciation in the Larsemann Hills,Eastern Antarctica.Antarct Sci,6(4):491-495.
Collins D N.1979.Hydrochemistry of meltwaters draining from an alpine glacier.Arct Antarct Alp Res,11(3):307-324.
Cynan Ellis-Evans J,Laybourn-Parry J,Bayliss P R,et al.1998.Physical,chemical and microbial community characteristics of lakes of the Larsemann Hills,Continental Antarctica.Archiv für Hydrobiologie,141:209-230.
Drever J I.1988.The geochemistry of natural waters.Englewood Cliffs:Prentice Hall,437.
Eyles N.2006.The role of meltwater in glacial processes.Sediment Geol,190(1-4):257-268.
Feth J H F,Robertson C E,Polzer W L.1964.Sources of mineral constituents in water from granitic rocks,Sierra Nevada,California and Nevada.US Govt Print Off.
Fitzsimons S J.1996.Paraglacial redistribution of glacial sediments in the Vestfold Hills,East Antarctica.Geomorphology,15(2):93-108.
Fitzsimons S J.1997.Depositional models for moraine formation in East Antarctic coastal oases.J Glaciol,43(144):256-264.
Gaillardet J,DupréB,Louvat P,et al.1999.Global silicate weathering and CO2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers.Chem Geol,159(1-4):3-30.
Gasparon M,Burgess J S,Sigurdsson I A,et al.1997.Natural and anthropogenic sources of trace metals in fresh water lakes of the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica//Larsemann Hills:an Antarctic microcosm.Hobart:Int Workshop,13-16.
Gibbs R J.1970.Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry.Science,170(3962):1088-1090.
Gillieson D S.1991.An environmental history of two freshwater lakes in the Larsemann Hills,Antarctica.Hydrobiologia,214(1):327-331.
Hem J D.1985.Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water.Department of the Interior,US Geological Survey,264.
Hodgson D A,Verleyen E,Sabbe K,et al.2005.Late Quaternary climate-driven environmental change in the Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica,multi-proxy evidence from a lake sediment core.Quaternary Res,64(1):83-99.
Hounslow A.1995.Water quality data:analysis and interpretation.CRCpress,78.
Ingólfssonó.2004.Quaternary glacial and climate history of Antarctica//Ehlers J,Gibbard P L.Developments in Quaternary Sciences.Elsevier,2:3-43.
Karanth K R.1987.Ground water assessment:development and management.Tata McGraw-Hill Education,242-261.
Lehtinen A,Luttinen A.2005.Chemical constraints on the influence of subsurface and surface melting on Lake Basen,western Dronning Maud Land,Antarctica.Special Paper-Geological Survey of Finland,40:123-130.
Mahalinganathan K,Thamban M,Laluraj C M,et al.2012.Relation between surface topography and sea-salt snow chemistry from Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica.Cryosphere,6(2):505-515.
Meybeck M.1983.Atmospheric inputs and river transport of dissolved substances//Webb B W.Dissolved loads of rivers and surface water quantity/quality relationships,141:173-192.
Meybeck M.1986.Composition chimique des ruisseaux non pollués en France.Chemical composition of headwater streams in France.Sci Géo Bull,39(1):3-77.
Négrel P,Allègre C J,DupréB,et al.1993.Erosion sources determined by inversion of major and trace element ratios and strontium isotopic ratios in river water:the Congo Basin case.Earth Planet Sci Lett,120(1-2):59-76.
Pandey S K,Singh A K,Hasnain S I.1999.Weathering and geochemical processes controlling solute acquisition in Ganga headwater-Bhagirathi river,Garhwal Himalaya,India.Aquat Geochem,5(4):357-379.
Piper A M.1944.A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analyses.Eos Trans Am Geophys Union,25(6):914-928.
Priddle J,Heywood R B.1980.Evolution of Antarctic lake ecosystems.Biol J Linn Soc,14(1):51-66.
Priscu J C,Foreman C M.2009.Lakes of Antarctica//Likens G E.Encyclopedia of inland waters.Oxford:Elsevier Press,555-566.
Raiswell R.1984.Chemical models of solute acquisition in glacial melt waters.J Glaciol,30(104):49-57.
Ravindra R,Chaturvedi A,Beg M J.2002.Melt water lakes of Schirmacher Oasis-their genetic aspects and classification.Advances in Marine and Antarctic Sciences,301-313.
Raymahasay B C.1986.Geochemistry of bicarbonate in the river water.JGeol Soc India,27:114-118.
Raymahashay B C.1996.Geochemistry for hydrologists,influence of weathering on ground water.Allied Publishers Limited,New Delhi,India,64-65.
Reynolds Jr R C,Johnson N M.1972.Chemical weathering in the temperate glacial environment of the Northern Cascade Mountains.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,36(5):537-554.
Richter W,Bormann P.1995.Hydrology//Bormann P,Fritzsche D.The Schirmacher Oasis,Queen Maud Land,East Antarctica,and its surroundings.Justus Perthes Verlag,Gotha,259-319.
Sarin M M,Krishnaswami S,Dilli K,et al.1989.Major ion chemistry of the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system:Weathering processes and fluxes to the Bay of Bengal.Geochim Cosmochim Acta,53(5):997-1009.
Shrivastava P K,Asthana R,Beg M J,et al.2011.Ionic characters of lake water of Bharti promontory,Larsemann Hills,East Antarctica.J Geol Soc India,78(3):217-225.
Shrivastava P K,Asthana R,Roy S K,et al.2012.Provenance and depositional environment of epi-shelf lake sediment from Schirmacher Oasis,East Antarctica,vis-à-vis scanning electron microscopy of quartz grain,size distribution and chemical parameters.Polar Sci,6(2):165-182.
Singh A K,Hasnain S I.1998.Major ion chemistry and weathering control in a high altitude basin:Alaknanda River,Garhwal Himalaya,India.Hydrolog Sci J,43(6):825-843.
Stumpf A R,Madden M E E,Soreghan G S,et al.2012.Glacier meltwater stream chemistry in Wright and Taylor Valleys,Antarctica:significant roles of drift,dust and biological processes in chemical weathering in a polar climate.Chem Geol,322:79-90.
Trudgill S T.1986.Solute processes.Chichester:Wiley,509.
Veizer J,Mackenzie F T.1971.Evolution of sedimentary rocks//Mackenzie F T.Sediments,diagenesis,and sedimentary rocks.New York:Norton,450.
Verlecar X N,Dhargalkar V K,Matondkar S G P.1996.Ecobiological studies of the freshwater lakes at Schirmacher Oasis,Antarctica.Scientific report:twelfth Indian expedition to Antarctica,233-257.
Verleyen E,Hodgson D A,Sabbe K,et al.2004.Late Quaternary deglaciation and climate history of the Larsemann Hills(East Antarctica).J Quat Sci,19(4):361-375.
Verleyen E,Hodgson D A,Gibson J,et al.2012.Chemical limnology in coastal East Antarctic lakes:monitoring future climate change in centres of endemism and biodiversity.Antarct Sci,24(1):23-33.
Webster J G,Brown K L,Vincent W F.1994.Geochemical processes affecting meltwater chemistry and the formation of saline ponds in the Victoria Valley and Bull Pass region,Antarctica.Hydrobiologia,281(3):171-186.
Wolock D M,Hornberger G M,Musgrove T J.1990.Topographic effects on flow path and surface water chemistry of the Llyn Brianne catchments in Wales.J Hydrol,115(1-4):243-259.