七套土地覆被数据在羌塘高原的精度评价（英文）
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摘要
We analyzed the spatial local accuracy of land cover(LC) datasets for the Qiangtang Plateau, High Asia, incorporating 923 field sampling points and seven LC compilations including the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme Data and Information System(IGBPDIS), Global Land cover mapping at 30 m resolution(GlobeLand30), MODIS Land Cover Type product(MCD12 Q1), Climate Change Initiative Land Cover(CCI-LC), Global Land Cover 2000(GLC2000), University of Maryland(UMD), and GlobCover 2009(GlobCover). We initially compared resultant similarities and differences in both area and spatial patterns and analyzed inherent relationships with data sources. We then applied a geographically weighted regression(GWR) approach to predict local accuracy variation. The results of this study reveal that distinct differences, even inverse time series trends, in LC data between CCI-LC and MCD12 Q1 were present between 2001 and 2015, with the exception of category areal discordance between the seven datasets. We also show a series of evident discrepancies amongst the LC datasets sampled here in terms of spatial patterns, that is, high spatial congruence is mainly seen in the homogeneous southeastern region of the study area while a low degree of spatial congruence is widely distributed across heterogeneous northwestern and northeastern regions. The overall combined spatial accuracy of the seven LC datasets considered here is less than 70%, and the GlobeLand30 and CCI-LC datasets exhibit higher local accuracy than their counterparts, yielding maximum overall accuracy(OA) values of 77.39% and 61.43%, respectively. Finally, 5.63% of this area is characterized by both high assessment and accuracy(HH) values, mainly located in central and eastern regions of the Qiangtang Plateau, while most low accuracy regions are found in northern, northeastern, and western regions.
We analyzed the spatial local accuracy of land cover(LC) datasets for the Qiangtang Plateau, High Asia, incorporating 923 field sampling points and seven LC compilations including the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme Data and Information System(IGBPDIS), Global Land cover mapping at 30 m resolution(GlobeLand30), MODIS Land Cover Type product(MCD12 Q1), Climate Change Initiative Land Cover(CCI-LC), Global Land Cover 2000(GLC2000), University of Maryland(UMD), and GlobCover 2009(GlobCover). We initially compared resultant similarities and differences in both area and spatial patterns and analyzed inherent relationships with data sources. We then applied a geographically weighted regression(GWR) approach to predict local accuracy variation. The results of this study reveal that distinct differences, even inverse time series trends, in LC data between CCI-LC and MCD12 Q1 were present between 2001 and 2015, with the exception of category areal discordance between the seven datasets. We also show a series of evident discrepancies amongst the LC datasets sampled here in terms of spatial patterns, that is, high spatial congruence is mainly seen in the homogeneous southeastern region of the study area while a low degree of spatial congruence is widely distributed across heterogeneous northwestern and northeastern regions. The overall combined spatial accuracy of the seven LC datasets considered here is less than 70%, and the GlobeLand30 and CCI-LC datasets exhibit higher local accuracy than their counterparts, yielding maximum overall accuracy(OA) values of 77.39% and 61.43%, respectively. Finally, 5.63% of this area is characterized by both high assessment and accuracy(HH) values, mainly located in central and eastern regions of the Qiangtang Plateau, while most low accuracy regions are found in northern, northeastern, and western regions.
We analyzed the spatial local accuracy of land cover(LC) datasets for the Qiangtang Plateau, High Asia, incorporating 923 field sampling points and seven LC compilations including the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme Data and Information System(IGBPDIS), Global Land cover mapping at 30 m resolution(GlobeLand30), MODIS Land Cover Type product(MCD12 Q1), Climate Change Initiative Land Cover(CCI-LC), Global Land Cover 2000(GLC2000), University of Maryland(UMD), and GlobCover 2009(GlobCover). We initially compared resultant similarities and differences in both area and spatial patterns and analyzed inherent relationships with data sources. We then applied a geographically weighted regression(GWR) approach to predict local accuracy variation. The results of this study reveal that distinct differences, even inverse time series trends, in LC data between CCI-LC and MCD12 Q1 were present between 2001 and 2015, with the exception of category areal discordance between the seven datasets. We also show a series of evident discrepancies amongst the LC datasets sampled here in terms of spatial patterns, that is, high spatial congruence is mainly seen in the homogeneous southeastern region of the study area while a low degree of spatial congruence is widely distributed across heterogeneous northwestern and northeastern regions. The overall combined spatial accuracy of the seven LC datasets considered here is less than 70%, and the GlobeLand30 and CCI-LC datasets exhibit higher local accuracy than their counterparts, yielding maximum overall accuracy(OA) values of 77.39% and 61.43%, respectively. Finally, 5.63% of this area is characterized by both high assessment and accuracy(HH) values, mainly located in central and eastern regions of the Qiangtang Plateau, while most low accuracy regions are found in northern, northeastern, and western regions.
引文
Bai Y,Feng M,Jiang H et al.,2015.Validation of land cover maps in China using a sampling-based labeling approach.Remote Sensing,7(8):10589-10606.
BartholoméE,Belward A S,2005.GLC2000:A new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,26(9):1959-1977.
Belgium U.Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2,Report,leuve.University Catholique de Louvain.
Bontemps S,Defourny P,Bogaert E V et al.,2011.GLOBCOVER 2009-Products description and validation report,Report.Leuve:University Catholique de Louvain.
Changchun Institute of Geography,CAS(CIG,CAS),1988.Tibetan Vegetation.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Chen J,Chen J,Liao A et al.,2015.Global land cover mapping at 30m resolution:A POK-based operational approach.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,103:7-27.
Comber A,Brunsdon C,Charlton M et al.,2017.Geographically weighted correspondence matrices for local error reporting and change analyses:Mapping the spatial distribution of errors and change.Remote Sensing Letters,8(3):234-243.
Comber A,Fisher P,Brunsdon C et al.,2012.Spatial analysis of remote sensing image classification accuracy.Remote Sensing of Environment,127:237-246.
Congalton R G,Gu J,Yadav K et al.,2014.Global land cover mapping:A review and uncertainty analysis.Remote Sensing,6(12):12070-12093.
Ding M,Li L,Zhang Y et al.,2015.Start of vegetation growing season on the Tibetan Plateau inferred from multiple methods based on GIMMS and SPOT NDVI data.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(2):131-148.
Estes L,Chen P,Debats S et al.,2018.A large-area,spatially continuous assessment of land cover map error and its impact on downstream analyses.Global Change Biology,24(1):322-337.
Foody G M,2002.Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment.Remote Sensing of Environment,80(1):185-201.
Friedl M A,Sulla Menashe D,2011.Note to users of MODIS Land Cover(MCD12Q1)Products,Report,Washington District of Columbia:NASA.
Friedl M A,Sulla-Menashe D,Tan B et al.,2010.MODIS Collection 5 global land cover:Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets.Remote Sensing of Environment,114(1):168-182.
Fritz S,See L,McCallum I et al.,2011.Highlighting continued uncertainty in global land cover maps for the user community.Environmental Research Letters,6(4):44005.
Giri C,Zhu Z,Reed B,2005.A comparative analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS land cover data sets.Remote Sensing of Environment,94(1):123-132.
Gollini I,Lu B,Charlton M et al.,2015.GWmodel:An R package for exploring spatial heterogeneity using geographically weighted models.Journal of Statistical Software,63(17):1-50.
Gong P,Wang J,Yu L et al.,2013.Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover:First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,34(7):2607-2654.
Grekousis G,Mountrakis G,Kavouras M,2015.An overview of 21 global and 43 regional land-cover mapping products.International Journal of Remote Sensing,36(21):5309-5335.
Guo W Q,Xu J L,Liu S Y et al.,2014.The Second Glacier Inventory Dataset of China(version 1.0).Lanzhou,China:Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Center.
Hansen M C,Defries R S,Townshend J R et al.,2000.Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach.International Journal of Remote Sensing,21(6/7):1331-1364.
Herold M,Mayaux P,Woodcock C E et al.,2008.Some challenges in global land cover mapping:An assessment of agreement and accuracy in existing 1 km datasets.Remote Sensing of Environment,112(5):2538-2556.
KaptuéTchuentéA T,Roujean J,De Jong S M,2011.Comparison and relative quality assessment of the GLC2000,GLOBCOVER,MODIS and ECOCLIMAP land cover data sets at the African continental scale.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,13(2):207-219.
Khatami R,Mountrakis G,Stehman S V,2017a.Mapping per-pixel predicted accuracy of classified remote sensing images.Remote Sensing of Environment,191:156-167.
Khatami R,Mountrakis G,Stehman S V,2017b.Predicting individual pixel error in remote sensing soft classification.Remote Sensing of Environment,199:401-414.
Lei G,Li A,Bian J et al.,2016.Land cover mapping in southwestern China using the HC-MMK approach.Remote Sensing,8(3054):1-22.
Li L,Liu Q,Zhang Y et al.,2017.Spatial distribution and variation of precipitation in the Qiangtang Plateau.Geographical Research,36(11):2047-2060.(in Chinese)
Liu H,Mi Z,Lin L et al.,2018.Shifting plant species composition in response to climate change stabilizes grassland primary production.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,115(16):4051-4056.
Liu J,Xu X,Shao Q,2008.Grassland degradation in the"Three-River Headwaters"region,Qinghai Province.Journal of Geographical Sciences,18(3):259-273.
Liu Q,Zhang Y,Liu L et al.,2017.Accuracy evaluation of the seven land cover data in Qiangtang Plateau.Geographical Research,36(11):2061-2074.(in Chinese)
Loveland T R,Reed B C,Brown J F et al.,2000.Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,21(6/7):1303-1330.
McCallum I,Obersteiner M,Nilsson S et al.,2006.A spatial comparison of four satellite derived 1 km global land cover datasets.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,8(4):246-255.
Moristette J T,Privette J L,Christopher O et al.,2002.A framework for the validation of MODIS land cover products.Remote Sensing of Environment,83(1/2):77-96.
Nie Y,Sheng Y,Liu Q et al.,2017.A regional-scale assessment of Himalayan glacial lake changes using satellite observations from 1990 to 2015.Remote Sensing of Environment,189:1-13.
Oteros J,García-Mozo H,Vázquez L et al.,2013.Modelling olive phenological response to weather and topography.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,179:62-68.
Ran Y,Li X,Lu L,2010.Evaluation of four remote sensing based land cover products over China.International Journal of Remote Sensing,31(2):391-401.
Schultz M,Tsendbazazr N E,Herold M et al.,2015.Utilizing the Global Land Cover 2000 reference dataset for a comparative accuracy assessment of 1 km global land cover maps.ISPRS-International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,40(7):503-510.
Stehman S V,2009.Sampling designs for accuracy assessment of land cover.International Journal of Remote Sensing,30(20):5243-5272.
Stehman S V,2014.Estimating area and map accuracy for stratified random sampling when the strata are different from the map classes.International Journal of Remote Sensing,35(13):4923-4939.
Sutherland W J,Adams W M,Aronson R B et al.,2009.One hundred questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversity.Conservation Biology,23(3):557-567.
Tsendbazar N E,De Bruin S,Herold M,2015.Assessing global land cover reference datasets for different user communities.Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,103:93-114.
Venter O,Sanderson E W,Magrach A et al.,2016.Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation.Nature Communications,7:12558.
Wickham J,Stehman S V,Gass L et al.,2017.Thematic accuracy assessment of the 2011 National Land Cover Database(NLCD).Remote Sensing of Environment,191:328-341.
Wulder M A,Coops N C,2014.Make Earth observations open access.Nature,513(7516):30-31.
Yang Y,Xiao P,Feng X et al.,2017.Accuracy assessment of seven global land cover datasets over China.Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,125:156-173.
Yao T,Thompson L,Yang W et al.,2012.Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings.Nature Climate Change,2(9):663-667.
Yao Y,Zhang B,2015.The spatial pattern of monthly air temperature of the Tibetan Plateau and its implications for the geo-ecology pattern of the Plateau.Geographical Research,34(11):2084-2094.(in Chinese)
Zhang G,Zhang Y,Dong J et al.,2013.Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from1982 to 2011.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(11):4309-4314.
Zhang M,Ma M,De Maeyer P et al.,2017.Uncertainties in classification system conversion and an analysis of inconsistencies in global land cover products.ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,6(4):112.
Zhang Y,Wang Z,Wang X et al.,2013.Land cover changes in the key regions and self reflection on ecological construction of the Tibetan Plateau.Natural Journal,(3):187-192.
Zheng D,1999.Physical Geography of Karakorum-Kunlun Mountains.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
BartholoméE,Belward A S,2005.GLC2000:A new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,26(9):1959-1977.
Belgium U.Land Cover CCI Product User Guide Version 2,Report,leuve.University Catholique de Louvain.
Bontemps S,Defourny P,Bogaert E V et al.,2011.GLOBCOVER 2009-Products description and validation report,Report.Leuve:University Catholique de Louvain.
Changchun Institute of Geography,CAS(CIG,CAS),1988.Tibetan Vegetation.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Chen J,Chen J,Liao A et al.,2015.Global land cover mapping at 30m resolution:A POK-based operational approach.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,103:7-27.
Comber A,Brunsdon C,Charlton M et al.,2017.Geographically weighted correspondence matrices for local error reporting and change analyses:Mapping the spatial distribution of errors and change.Remote Sensing Letters,8(3):234-243.
Comber A,Fisher P,Brunsdon C et al.,2012.Spatial analysis of remote sensing image classification accuracy.Remote Sensing of Environment,127:237-246.
Congalton R G,Gu J,Yadav K et al.,2014.Global land cover mapping:A review and uncertainty analysis.Remote Sensing,6(12):12070-12093.
Ding M,Li L,Zhang Y et al.,2015.Start of vegetation growing season on the Tibetan Plateau inferred from multiple methods based on GIMMS and SPOT NDVI data.Journal of Geographical Sciences,25(2):131-148.
Estes L,Chen P,Debats S et al.,2018.A large-area,spatially continuous assessment of land cover map error and its impact on downstream analyses.Global Change Biology,24(1):322-337.
Foody G M,2002.Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment.Remote Sensing of Environment,80(1):185-201.
Friedl M A,Sulla Menashe D,2011.Note to users of MODIS Land Cover(MCD12Q1)Products,Report,Washington District of Columbia:NASA.
Friedl M A,Sulla-Menashe D,Tan B et al.,2010.MODIS Collection 5 global land cover:Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets.Remote Sensing of Environment,114(1):168-182.
Fritz S,See L,McCallum I et al.,2011.Highlighting continued uncertainty in global land cover maps for the user community.Environmental Research Letters,6(4):44005.
Giri C,Zhu Z,Reed B,2005.A comparative analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS land cover data sets.Remote Sensing of Environment,94(1):123-132.
Gollini I,Lu B,Charlton M et al.,2015.GWmodel:An R package for exploring spatial heterogeneity using geographically weighted models.Journal of Statistical Software,63(17):1-50.
Gong P,Wang J,Yu L et al.,2013.Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover:First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,34(7):2607-2654.
Grekousis G,Mountrakis G,Kavouras M,2015.An overview of 21 global and 43 regional land-cover mapping products.International Journal of Remote Sensing,36(21):5309-5335.
Guo W Q,Xu J L,Liu S Y et al.,2014.The Second Glacier Inventory Dataset of China(version 1.0).Lanzhou,China:Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Center.
Hansen M C,Defries R S,Townshend J R et al.,2000.Global land cover classification at 1 km spatial resolution using a classification tree approach.International Journal of Remote Sensing,21(6/7):1331-1364.
Herold M,Mayaux P,Woodcock C E et al.,2008.Some challenges in global land cover mapping:An assessment of agreement and accuracy in existing 1 km datasets.Remote Sensing of Environment,112(5):2538-2556.
KaptuéTchuentéA T,Roujean J,De Jong S M,2011.Comparison and relative quality assessment of the GLC2000,GLOBCOVER,MODIS and ECOCLIMAP land cover data sets at the African continental scale.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,13(2):207-219.
Khatami R,Mountrakis G,Stehman S V,2017a.Mapping per-pixel predicted accuracy of classified remote sensing images.Remote Sensing of Environment,191:156-167.
Khatami R,Mountrakis G,Stehman S V,2017b.Predicting individual pixel error in remote sensing soft classification.Remote Sensing of Environment,199:401-414.
Lei G,Li A,Bian J et al.,2016.Land cover mapping in southwestern China using the HC-MMK approach.Remote Sensing,8(3054):1-22.
Li L,Liu Q,Zhang Y et al.,2017.Spatial distribution and variation of precipitation in the Qiangtang Plateau.Geographical Research,36(11):2047-2060.(in Chinese)
Liu H,Mi Z,Lin L et al.,2018.Shifting plant species composition in response to climate change stabilizes grassland primary production.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,115(16):4051-4056.
Liu J,Xu X,Shao Q,2008.Grassland degradation in the"Three-River Headwaters"region,Qinghai Province.Journal of Geographical Sciences,18(3):259-273.
Liu Q,Zhang Y,Liu L et al.,2017.Accuracy evaluation of the seven land cover data in Qiangtang Plateau.Geographical Research,36(11):2061-2074.(in Chinese)
Loveland T R,Reed B C,Brown J F et al.,2000.Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,21(6/7):1303-1330.
McCallum I,Obersteiner M,Nilsson S et al.,2006.A spatial comparison of four satellite derived 1 km global land cover datasets.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,8(4):246-255.
Moristette J T,Privette J L,Christopher O et al.,2002.A framework for the validation of MODIS land cover products.Remote Sensing of Environment,83(1/2):77-96.
Nie Y,Sheng Y,Liu Q et al.,2017.A regional-scale assessment of Himalayan glacial lake changes using satellite observations from 1990 to 2015.Remote Sensing of Environment,189:1-13.
Oteros J,García-Mozo H,Vázquez L et al.,2013.Modelling olive phenological response to weather and topography.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,179:62-68.
Ran Y,Li X,Lu L,2010.Evaluation of four remote sensing based land cover products over China.International Journal of Remote Sensing,31(2):391-401.
Schultz M,Tsendbazazr N E,Herold M et al.,2015.Utilizing the Global Land Cover 2000 reference dataset for a comparative accuracy assessment of 1 km global land cover maps.ISPRS-International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,40(7):503-510.
Stehman S V,2009.Sampling designs for accuracy assessment of land cover.International Journal of Remote Sensing,30(20):5243-5272.
Stehman S V,2014.Estimating area and map accuracy for stratified random sampling when the strata are different from the map classes.International Journal of Remote Sensing,35(13):4923-4939.
Sutherland W J,Adams W M,Aronson R B et al.,2009.One hundred questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversity.Conservation Biology,23(3):557-567.
Tsendbazar N E,De Bruin S,Herold M,2015.Assessing global land cover reference datasets for different user communities.Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,103:93-114.
Venter O,Sanderson E W,Magrach A et al.,2016.Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation.Nature Communications,7:12558.
Wickham J,Stehman S V,Gass L et al.,2017.Thematic accuracy assessment of the 2011 National Land Cover Database(NLCD).Remote Sensing of Environment,191:328-341.
Wulder M A,Coops N C,2014.Make Earth observations open access.Nature,513(7516):30-31.
Yang Y,Xiao P,Feng X et al.,2017.Accuracy assessment of seven global land cover datasets over China.Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,125:156-173.
Yao T,Thompson L,Yang W et al.,2012.Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings.Nature Climate Change,2(9):663-667.
Yao Y,Zhang B,2015.The spatial pattern of monthly air temperature of the Tibetan Plateau and its implications for the geo-ecology pattern of the Plateau.Geographical Research,34(11):2084-2094.(in Chinese)
Zhang G,Zhang Y,Dong J et al.,2013.Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from1982 to 2011.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(11):4309-4314.
Zhang M,Ma M,De Maeyer P et al.,2017.Uncertainties in classification system conversion and an analysis of inconsistencies in global land cover products.ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,6(4):112.
Zhang Y,Wang Z,Wang X et al.,2013.Land cover changes in the key regions and self reflection on ecological construction of the Tibetan Plateau.Natural Journal,(3):187-192.
Zheng D,1999.Physical Geography of Karakorum-Kunlun Mountains.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
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