Ground peach pits: alternative substrate component for seedling production
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摘要
The exploitation of agro-industrial wastes is a strategy to add value to seedling production and reduce environmental problems. The production chain for processed peaches generates, approximately, 21,000 tons of fruit worldwide, and the pits are used mainly to generate energy. The objective of the study was to investigate the use of different proportions of ground peach pits(GPP) as a substrate component for seedling growth of Eucalyptus dunnii in the nursery and field. Different proportions of GPP mixed with either commercial substrate(CS) or with brown peat(BP) were tested. The physical and chemical properties of the substrates, the morphological and physiological attributes of the seedlings and their correlation with substrate properties were evaluated. The GPP increased the density, aeration space and p H and reduced total porosity, liquid retention and electric conductivity of the substrate. The use of this component resulted in hormesis, a biphasic dose–response model in which low levels of exposure to this component stimulated biological performance of plants and high levels of exposure inhibited performance. For improved seedling growth in the nursery and adequate post-planting development of E. dunnii, GPP with CS is recommended at 20% of the total substrate and with BP between 15 and 30%.
The exploitation of agro-industrial wastes is a strategy to add value to seedling production and reduce environmental problems. The production chain for processed peaches generates, approximately, 21,000 tons of fruit worldwide, and the pits are used mainly to generate energy. The objective of the study was to investigate the use of different proportions of ground peach pits(GPP) as a substrate component for seedling growth of Eucalyptus dunnii in the nursery and field. Different proportions of GPP mixed with either commercial substrate(CS) or with brown peat(BP) were tested. The physical and chemical properties of the substrates, the morphological and physiological attributes of the seedlings and their correlation with substrate properties were evaluated. The GPP increased the density, aeration space and p H and reduced total porosity, liquid retention and electric conductivity of the substrate. The use of this component resulted in hormesis, a biphasic dose–response model in which low levels of exposure to this component stimulated biological performance of plants and high levels of exposure inhibited performance. For improved seedling growth in the nursery and adequate post-planting development of E. dunnii, GPP with CS is recommended at 20% of the total substrate and with BP between 15 and 30%.
The exploitation of agro-industrial wastes is a strategy to add value to seedling production and reduce environmental problems. The production chain for processed peaches generates, approximately, 21,000 tons of fruit worldwide, and the pits are used mainly to generate energy. The objective of the study was to investigate the use of different proportions of ground peach pits(GPP) as a substrate component for seedling growth of Eucalyptus dunnii in the nursery and field. Different proportions of GPP mixed with either commercial substrate(CS) or with brown peat(BP) were tested. The physical and chemical properties of the substrates, the morphological and physiological attributes of the seedlings and their correlation with substrate properties were evaluated. The GPP increased the density, aeration space and p H and reduced total porosity, liquid retention and electric conductivity of the substrate. The use of this component resulted in hormesis, a biphasic dose–response model in which low levels of exposure to this component stimulated biological performance of plants and high levels of exposure inhibited performance. For improved seedling growth in the nursery and adequate post-planting development of E. dunnii, GPP with CS is recommended at 20% of the total substrate and with BP between 15 and 30%.
引文
Agathokleous E(2017)Perspectives for elucidating the ethylenediurea(EDU)mode of action for protection against O3 phytotoxicity.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 142:530-537
Agathokleous E(2018)Environmental hormesis,a fundamental nonmonotonic biological phenomenon with implications in ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf148:1042-1053
Akli Basi Nda M,Tunc T,Bulut Y,Sahin U(2011)Effects of different growing media on scotch pine(Pinus sylvestris)production.J Anim Plant Sci 21:535-541
Alvares CA,Stape JL,Sentelhas PC,de Moraes Goncalves JL,Sparovek G(2013)Ko¨ppen’s climate classification map for Brazil.Meteorol Z 22:711-728
Araujo AP,Sobrinho SP(2011)Germinacao e producao de mudas de tamboril(Enterolobium Contortisiliquum)(vell.)morong)em diferentes substratos.Revista Arvore 35:581-588
Arnold RJ,Xie YJ,Midgley SJ,Chen XF(2013)Emergence and rise of Eucalyptus veneer production in China.Int For Rev 15:33-47
BelleS(1990)Uso da turfa‘‘Lagoa dos Patos’’(Viamao/RS)como substrato hort?cola.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Dissertacao(Mestrado em Fitotecnia),p 143f
Brasil(2007)Instrucao normativa SDA n.17.Metodos anal?ticos oficiais para analise de substratos para plantas e condicionadores de solo
Brasil(2008)Instrucao Normativa N8 31.Altera os subitens 3.1.2,4.1e 4.1.2,do Anexo a`Instrucao Normativa SDA n8 17,de 21 de maio de 2007
Carlile WR(2008)The use of composted materials in growing media.Acta Hort 779:321-327
Chong C(2005)Experiences with wastes and composts in nursery substrates.Hort Technology 15:739-747
Couto L,Nicholas I,Wright L(2011)Short rotation eucalypt plantations for energy in Brazil.IEA Bioenergy 43:02
CQFS-Comissao de Qu?mica e Fertilidade do Solo(2004)Manual de adubacao e de calagem para os estados do RS e SC.10 ed,Porto Alegre:Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo-Nucleo Regional Sul,p 394
Dickson AS,Leaf D,Hosner JF(1960)Quality appraisal of white spruce and white pine seedling stock in nurseries.Forestry Chronicle 36:10-13
Dumroese RK,Heiskanen J,Englund K,Tervahauta A(2011)Pelleted biochar:chemical and physical properties show potential use as a substrate in container nurseries.Biomass Bioenerg35:2018-2027
Equipe Estatcamp(2014)Software Action.Estatcamp-Consultoria em estat?stica e qualidade,Sao Carlos-SP,Brasil.http://www.portalaction.combr/
FAO-Organizacao das Nacoes Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentacao(2014)Dispon?vel em:https://www.fao.org.br/.Acesso em:28 set.2015
Fermino MH(2014)Substratos:composicao,caracterizacao e metodos de analise.Gua?ba:Agrolivros,p 111
Ferreira DF(2011)SISVAR:a computer statical analysis system.Revista Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 35:1039-1042
Gasparin E,de Avila AL,Araujo MM,Filho AC,Dorneles DU,Becker Foltz DR(2014)Influencia do substrato e do volume de recipiente na qualidade das mudas de Cabralea canjerana(Vell.)Mart.em viveiro e no campo.Ciencia Florestal 24:553-563
Goncalves JLM,Poggiani F(1996)Substratos para producao de mudas florestais.In:Congresso Latino Americano de Ciencia do Solo,13.Aguas de Lindoia,Piracicaba,Sociedade Latino Americana de Ciencia do Solo,CD-ROM
Goncalves JLM,Santareli EG,Moraes Neto SP,Manara MO(2000)Producao de mudas de especies nativas:substrato,nutricao,sombreamento e fertilizacao.In:Goncalves JLM,Benedetti V(eds)Nutricao e fertilizacao florestal.IPEF,Piracicaba,pp 309-350
Heiskanen J(2013)Effects of compost additive in sphagnum peat growing medium on Norway spruce container seedlings.New Forest 44:101-118
Heiskanen J,Tammeorg P,Dumroese RK(2013)Growth of Norway spruce seedling after transplanting into silty soil amended with biochar:a bioassay in a growth chamber-Short Communication.J For Sci 59:125-129
Heydari M,Pothier D,Jaferyan E,Merzaei V,Heidarpour A(2015)Effect of organic soil amendments on growth and efficiency of redbud(Cercis griffithii)seedlings in nurseries.Ecopersia3:867-879
Kiehl EJ(1979)Manual de Edafologia:Relacoes Solo-Planta.Ceres,Sao Paulo,p 263
Kratz D,Wendling I(2013)Producao de mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii em substratos renovaveis.Floresta 43:125-136
Landis TD(2009)The Target Plant Concept.In:Dumroese RK et al.(ed)Nursery manual for native plants:a guide for tribal nurseries-Volume 1:nursery management.Agriculture Handbook 730.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Washington,pp 15-31
Landis TD,Morgan N(2009)Growing media alternatives for forest and native plant nurseries.In:Dumroese RK,Riley LE(eds)National Proceedings:forest and conservation nursery associations-2008.Proc.Fort Collins,CO:US Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station,pp 26-31
Molina-Montenegro MA,Salgado-Luarte C,Oses R,Torres-D?az C(2013)Is physiological performance a good predictor for fitness?Insights from an invasive plant species.PLo S One 8:1-9
Navroski MC,Araujo MM,Cunha FDS,Berghetti ALP,Pereira MDO(2014)Influence of hidroretentor polymer in the survival of Eucalyptus dunnii seedlings under different water management.Nativa 2:108-113
Navroski MC,Araujo MM,Reininger LRS,Muniz MFB,Pereira MDO(2015)Influencia do hidrogel no crescimento e no teor de nutrientes das mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii.Floresta 45:315-328
Paludzyszyn Filho E,Santos PETD,Ferreira CA(2006)Eucaliptos indicados para plantio no Estado do Parana.Embrapa FlorestasCNPF,Colombo,p 45
Regan R(2014)Evaluating alternative growing media components.In:Wilkinson KM et al.:2013 National proceedings:forest and conservation nursery associations.Fort Collins(CO):USDAForest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station,pp 50-53
Ritchie GA,Landis TD,Dumroese RK,Haase DL(2010)Assessing plant quality.Seedling processing,storage,and outplanting,vol7.Department of Agriculture Forest Service,Washington,p 200(Agric.Handbk.674)
Rocha JHT,Pietro MR,Borelli K,Backes C,Neves MB(2013)Producao e desenvolvimento de mudas de eucalipto em funcao de doses de fosforo.Cerne 19:535-543
Rorato DG,Araujo MM,Dutra AF,Turchetto F,Berghetti ALP,Mieth P(2016)Effect of different container volumes and concentration of the controlled release fertilizer in the production of Eugenia involucrate DC.Seedling.Afr J Agric Res11:4762-4767
Sanches MC,Marzinek J,Bragiola NG,Nascimento ART(2017)Morpho-physiological responses in Cedrela fissilis Vell.Submitted to chabges in natural light conditions:implications for biomass accumulation.Trees 31:215
Stape JL,Jlm G,Goncalves AN(2001)Relationships between nursery practices and field performance for Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil.New Forest 22:19-41
Strasser BJ,Strasser RJ(1995)Measuring fast fluorescence transients to address environmental questions:The JIP-test.In:Mathis P(ed)Photosynthesis:from light to biosphere.Kluwer,Dordrecht,pp 977-980
Tedesco MJ,Gianello C,Bissani CA,Bohnen H,Volkweiss SJ(1995)Analises de solo,plantas e outros materiais,2 ed.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul(Boletim tecnico,5),Porto Alegre,p 174
Vallone HS(2009)Recipientes e substratos na producao de mudas e no desenvolvimento inicial de cafeeiros apos o plantio.Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 33:1327-1335
Wendling I,Dutra LF(2010)Producao de mudas de eucalipto por sementes.In:Wendling I,Dutra LF(eds)Producao de mudas de eucalipto.Embrapa Florestas,Colombo,pp 13-47
Wendling I,Guastala D,Dedecek R(2007)Caracter?sticas f?sicas e qu?micas de substratos para producao de mudas de Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.Revista Arvore 31:209-220
Zaher-ara T,Boroomand N,Sadat-Hosseini M(2016)Physiological and morphological response to drought stress in seedlings of tem citrus.Trees 30:985
Agathokleous E(2018)Environmental hormesis,a fundamental nonmonotonic biological phenomenon with implications in ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf148:1042-1053
Akli Basi Nda M,Tunc T,Bulut Y,Sahin U(2011)Effects of different growing media on scotch pine(Pinus sylvestris)production.J Anim Plant Sci 21:535-541
Alvares CA,Stape JL,Sentelhas PC,de Moraes Goncalves JL,Sparovek G(2013)Ko¨ppen’s climate classification map for Brazil.Meteorol Z 22:711-728
Araujo AP,Sobrinho SP(2011)Germinacao e producao de mudas de tamboril(Enterolobium Contortisiliquum)(vell.)morong)em diferentes substratos.Revista Arvore 35:581-588
Arnold RJ,Xie YJ,Midgley SJ,Chen XF(2013)Emergence and rise of Eucalyptus veneer production in China.Int For Rev 15:33-47
BelleS(1990)Uso da turfa‘‘Lagoa dos Patos’’(Viamao/RS)como substrato hort?cola.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Dissertacao(Mestrado em Fitotecnia),p 143f
Brasil(2007)Instrucao normativa SDA n.17.Metodos anal?ticos oficiais para analise de substratos para plantas e condicionadores de solo
Brasil(2008)Instrucao Normativa N8 31.Altera os subitens 3.1.2,4.1e 4.1.2,do Anexo a`Instrucao Normativa SDA n8 17,de 21 de maio de 2007
Carlile WR(2008)The use of composted materials in growing media.Acta Hort 779:321-327
Chong C(2005)Experiences with wastes and composts in nursery substrates.Hort Technology 15:739-747
Couto L,Nicholas I,Wright L(2011)Short rotation eucalypt plantations for energy in Brazil.IEA Bioenergy 43:02
CQFS-Comissao de Qu?mica e Fertilidade do Solo(2004)Manual de adubacao e de calagem para os estados do RS e SC.10 ed,Porto Alegre:Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo-Nucleo Regional Sul,p 394
Dickson AS,Leaf D,Hosner JF(1960)Quality appraisal of white spruce and white pine seedling stock in nurseries.Forestry Chronicle 36:10-13
Dumroese RK,Heiskanen J,Englund K,Tervahauta A(2011)Pelleted biochar:chemical and physical properties show potential use as a substrate in container nurseries.Biomass Bioenerg35:2018-2027
Equipe Estatcamp(2014)Software Action.Estatcamp-Consultoria em estat?stica e qualidade,Sao Carlos-SP,Brasil.http://www.portalaction.combr/
FAO-Organizacao das Nacoes Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentacao(2014)Dispon?vel em:https://www.fao.org.br/.Acesso em:28 set.2015
Fermino MH(2014)Substratos:composicao,caracterizacao e metodos de analise.Gua?ba:Agrolivros,p 111
Ferreira DF(2011)SISVAR:a computer statical analysis system.Revista Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 35:1039-1042
Gasparin E,de Avila AL,Araujo MM,Filho AC,Dorneles DU,Becker Foltz DR(2014)Influencia do substrato e do volume de recipiente na qualidade das mudas de Cabralea canjerana(Vell.)Mart.em viveiro e no campo.Ciencia Florestal 24:553-563
Goncalves JLM,Poggiani F(1996)Substratos para producao de mudas florestais.In:Congresso Latino Americano de Ciencia do Solo,13.Aguas de Lindoia,Piracicaba,Sociedade Latino Americana de Ciencia do Solo,CD-ROM
Goncalves JLM,Santareli EG,Moraes Neto SP,Manara MO(2000)Producao de mudas de especies nativas:substrato,nutricao,sombreamento e fertilizacao.In:Goncalves JLM,Benedetti V(eds)Nutricao e fertilizacao florestal.IPEF,Piracicaba,pp 309-350
Heiskanen J(2013)Effects of compost additive in sphagnum peat growing medium on Norway spruce container seedlings.New Forest 44:101-118
Heiskanen J,Tammeorg P,Dumroese RK(2013)Growth of Norway spruce seedling after transplanting into silty soil amended with biochar:a bioassay in a growth chamber-Short Communication.J For Sci 59:125-129
Heydari M,Pothier D,Jaferyan E,Merzaei V,Heidarpour A(2015)Effect of organic soil amendments on growth and efficiency of redbud(Cercis griffithii)seedlings in nurseries.Ecopersia3:867-879
Kiehl EJ(1979)Manual de Edafologia:Relacoes Solo-Planta.Ceres,Sao Paulo,p 263
Kratz D,Wendling I(2013)Producao de mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii em substratos renovaveis.Floresta 43:125-136
Landis TD(2009)The Target Plant Concept.In:Dumroese RK et al.(ed)Nursery manual for native plants:a guide for tribal nurseries-Volume 1:nursery management.Agriculture Handbook 730.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Washington,pp 15-31
Landis TD,Morgan N(2009)Growing media alternatives for forest and native plant nurseries.In:Dumroese RK,Riley LE(eds)National Proceedings:forest and conservation nursery associations-2008.Proc.Fort Collins,CO:US Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station,pp 26-31
Molina-Montenegro MA,Salgado-Luarte C,Oses R,Torres-D?az C(2013)Is physiological performance a good predictor for fitness?Insights from an invasive plant species.PLo S One 8:1-9
Navroski MC,Araujo MM,Cunha FDS,Berghetti ALP,Pereira MDO(2014)Influence of hidroretentor polymer in the survival of Eucalyptus dunnii seedlings under different water management.Nativa 2:108-113
Navroski MC,Araujo MM,Reininger LRS,Muniz MFB,Pereira MDO(2015)Influencia do hidrogel no crescimento e no teor de nutrientes das mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii.Floresta 45:315-328
Paludzyszyn Filho E,Santos PETD,Ferreira CA(2006)Eucaliptos indicados para plantio no Estado do Parana.Embrapa FlorestasCNPF,Colombo,p 45
Regan R(2014)Evaluating alternative growing media components.In:Wilkinson KM et al.:2013 National proceedings:forest and conservation nursery associations.Fort Collins(CO):USDAForest Service,Rocky Mountain Research Station,pp 50-53
Ritchie GA,Landis TD,Dumroese RK,Haase DL(2010)Assessing plant quality.Seedling processing,storage,and outplanting,vol7.Department of Agriculture Forest Service,Washington,p 200(Agric.Handbk.674)
Rocha JHT,Pietro MR,Borelli K,Backes C,Neves MB(2013)Producao e desenvolvimento de mudas de eucalipto em funcao de doses de fosforo.Cerne 19:535-543
Rorato DG,Araujo MM,Dutra AF,Turchetto F,Berghetti ALP,Mieth P(2016)Effect of different container volumes and concentration of the controlled release fertilizer in the production of Eugenia involucrate DC.Seedling.Afr J Agric Res11:4762-4767
Sanches MC,Marzinek J,Bragiola NG,Nascimento ART(2017)Morpho-physiological responses in Cedrela fissilis Vell.Submitted to chabges in natural light conditions:implications for biomass accumulation.Trees 31:215
Stape JL,Jlm G,Goncalves AN(2001)Relationships between nursery practices and field performance for Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil.New Forest 22:19-41
Strasser BJ,Strasser RJ(1995)Measuring fast fluorescence transients to address environmental questions:The JIP-test.In:Mathis P(ed)Photosynthesis:from light to biosphere.Kluwer,Dordrecht,pp 977-980
Tedesco MJ,Gianello C,Bissani CA,Bohnen H,Volkweiss SJ(1995)Analises de solo,plantas e outros materiais,2 ed.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul(Boletim tecnico,5),Porto Alegre,p 174
Vallone HS(2009)Recipientes e substratos na producao de mudas e no desenvolvimento inicial de cafeeiros apos o plantio.Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 33:1327-1335
Wendling I,Dutra LF(2010)Producao de mudas de eucalipto por sementes.In:Wendling I,Dutra LF(eds)Producao de mudas de eucalipto.Embrapa Florestas,Colombo,pp 13-47
Wendling I,Guastala D,Dedecek R(2007)Caracter?sticas f?sicas e qu?micas de substratos para producao de mudas de Ilex paraguariensis St.Hil.Revista Arvore 31:209-220
Zaher-ara T,Boroomand N,Sadat-Hosseini M(2016)Physiological and morphological response to drought stress in seedlings of tem citrus.Trees 30:985