青海湖沙区不同植被防风固沙效益研究
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摘要
生物防治技术是青海湖东岸克土沙区的主要治沙措施。文中以青海湖东岸克土沙区植被、风况资料为依据,通过风速、集沙观测和植被调查,结合植被生长势,总体分析了迎风坡坡位不同植被的防风效益和固沙效益。结果表明:1)沙棘沙丘的风速廓线对数递增规律破坏最为明显,即沙棘在低层和中层防风效果最为显著。2)人工治理沙丘迎风坡不同高度的垂向风速增加率表现为"中层(0.5m~2.0m)>高层(2.0m~4.5m)>低层(0.1m~0.5m)",说明人工治理措施明显降低了沙丘近地层的风速,增强了中层风速。3)对比不同植被生长状况及周围自然植被恢复情况,整体防风效益表现为沙蒿>沙棘>乌柳,整体固沙效益表现为沙蒿>乌柳>沙棘;植被固沙效益总体保持在90%以上,与植株高度、冠幅、覆盖度等生长情况差异性较小。4)综合风沙防治效益与植被恢复机制,沙蒿整体防风固沙效益较沙棘、乌柳高,沙棘、乌柳的风沙防治效益也较高,这三种植物均为优良的固沙树种。
Biological control technology is the main sand control measure in the east bank of Qinghai lake. Based on the vegetation and wind data of the east bank of Qinghai lake,the wind speed,sand collection observation and vegetation survey,combined with the vegetation growth,the wind protection and sand fixation benefit of different vegetation on windward slope were analyzed. The results shows: 1) The logarithmic increment rule of the wind speed profile of the H. rhamnoides dune is the most obvious,that is,the effect of H. rhamnoides is the most remarkable in the low and middle wind. 2) The vertical wind speed increase rate in different parts of artificial sand dune appears the law of " middle level( 1. 0 m ~ 2. 0 m) > high level( 3. 0 ~ 4. 5 m) > low level( 0. 1 m~ 0. 5 m) ". It shows that the artificial control measures obviously reduce the wind speed of the sand dunes near the formation,and enhance the middle wind speed. 3) Comparing the growth status of different vegetation and the restoration of natural vegetation around them,the windbreak benefit is: Artemisia desertorum > Hippophae rhamnoides > Salix cheilophila. Overall sand-fixing benefit: Artemisia desertorum > Salix cheilophila > Hippophae rhamnoides. The total benefit of vegetation is more than 90 %,and the difference of plant height,crown width and coverage is small. 4) Integrating the windbreak and sand fixation benefit and vegetation restoration mechanism,the total comprehensive sandstorm prevention and control benefit of Arterial desertorum is better than that of Hippophae rhamnoides and Salix cheilophila. The control benefit of Hippophae rhamnoides and Salix cheilophila is also higher,Hippophae rhamnoides,Arterial desertorum,and Salix cheilophilaare are also the adaptive species in controlling alpine desertification.
Biological control technology is the main sand control measure in the east bank of Qinghai lake. Based on the vegetation and wind data of the east bank of Qinghai lake,the wind speed,sand collection observation and vegetation survey,combined with the vegetation growth,the wind protection and sand fixation benefit of different vegetation on windward slope were analyzed. The results shows: 1) The logarithmic increment rule of the wind speed profile of the H. rhamnoides dune is the most obvious,that is,the effect of H. rhamnoides is the most remarkable in the low and middle wind. 2) The vertical wind speed increase rate in different parts of artificial sand dune appears the law of " middle level( 1. 0 m ~ 2. 0 m) > high level( 3. 0 ~ 4. 5 m) > low level( 0. 1 m~ 0. 5 m) ". It shows that the artificial control measures obviously reduce the wind speed of the sand dunes near the formation,and enhance the middle wind speed. 3) Comparing the growth status of different vegetation and the restoration of natural vegetation around them,the windbreak benefit is: Artemisia desertorum > Hippophae rhamnoides > Salix cheilophila. Overall sand-fixing benefit: Artemisia desertorum > Salix cheilophila > Hippophae rhamnoides. The total benefit of vegetation is more than 90 %,and the difference of plant height,crown width and coverage is small. 4) Integrating the windbreak and sand fixation benefit and vegetation restoration mechanism,the total comprehensive sandstorm prevention and control benefit of Arterial desertorum is better than that of Hippophae rhamnoides and Salix cheilophila. The control benefit of Hippophae rhamnoides and Salix cheilophila is also higher,Hippophae rhamnoides,Arterial desertorum,and Salix cheilophilaare are also the adaptive species in controlling alpine desertification.
引文
[1]付晓燕,邢存旺,江大勇,等.不同类型人工植被防风固沙效益的研究[J].河北林业科技,2008(3):1-3.
[2]吴正,等.风沙地貌与治沙工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:21-30.
[3]凌裕泉,屈建军,金炯.稀疏天然植被对输沙量的影响[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(1):12-17.
[4]张克存,屈建军,俎瑞平,等.不同下垫面对风沙流特性影响的风洞模拟研究[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(3):352-355.
[5]赵彩霞,郑大伟,何文清.植被盖度的时间变化及其防风蚀效应[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(1):68-73.
[6]Dong Z B,Gao S Y,Fryrear D W.Drag coefficients and roughness as disturbed by artificial standing vegetation[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2001,49(3):485-505.
[7]冯大军,倪晋仁,李振山.风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布实验研究[J].地理学报,2007,62(11):1194-1203.
[8]Wasson R J,Nanninga P M.Estimating wind transport sand on vegetated surface[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1986,11:505-514.
[9]赵超,鲁瑞洁,李金凤.青海湖流域土地沙漠化及表土粒度特征[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(2):276-283.
[10]姚正毅,李晓英,肖建华.青海湖滨土地沙漠化驱动机制[J].中国沙漠,2015,36(6):1429-1437.
[11]张登山,石昊,魏殿生,等.青海湖湖东人工治理沙丘风沙流结构特征[J].林业科学,2012,48(10):14-17.
[12]郭雨华,赵廷宁,丁国栋,等.灌木林盖度对风沙土风蚀作用的影响[J].2006,13(5):245-251.
[13]赵彩霞,郑大伟,何文清.植被盖度的时间变化及其防风蚀效应[J].2005,29(1),68-73.
[14]吴汪洋,张登山,田丽慧,等,青海湖沙地人工治理沙丘的风速廓线变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(6):163-167.
[15]凌裕泉,屈建军,金炯.稀疏天然植被对输沙量的影响[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(1):12-17.
[16]吴汪洋,张登山,田丽慧,等,青海湖克土沙地沙棘林的防风固沙机制与效益[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(4):777-785.
[17]Raupach M R.Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,1992,60(4):375-395.
[18]Wolfe S A,Nickling W G.The protective role of sparse vegetation in wind erosion[J].Progress in Physical Geography,1993,17(1):50-68.
[19]田丽慧,张登山,等.高寒沙地人工植被恢复区地表沉积物粒度特征[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(1):32-35.
[20]董光荣.高尚玉,金炯,等.青海共和盆地土地沙漠化与防治途径[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:43-44.
[21]石坤,贾志清,等.青海共和盆地典型固沙植物根系分布特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(6):79-85.
[22]钟卫,孔纪名,杨涛.植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验[J].干旱区研究,2009,26(6):872-876.
[23]张军,苏文清.高寒地区沙棘休眠期枝条含水量与干缩关系的研究[J].沙棘,2000,13(2):18-21.
[2]吴正,等.风沙地貌与治沙工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:21-30.
[3]凌裕泉,屈建军,金炯.稀疏天然植被对输沙量的影响[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(1):12-17.
[4]张克存,屈建军,俎瑞平,等.不同下垫面对风沙流特性影响的风洞模拟研究[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(3):352-355.
[5]赵彩霞,郑大伟,何文清.植被盖度的时间变化及其防风蚀效应[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(1):68-73.
[6]Dong Z B,Gao S Y,Fryrear D W.Drag coefficients and roughness as disturbed by artificial standing vegetation[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2001,49(3):485-505.
[7]冯大军,倪晋仁,李振山.风沙流中不同粒径组沙粒的输沙量垂向分布实验研究[J].地理学报,2007,62(11):1194-1203.
[8]Wasson R J,Nanninga P M.Estimating wind transport sand on vegetated surface[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1986,11:505-514.
[9]赵超,鲁瑞洁,李金凤.青海湖流域土地沙漠化及表土粒度特征[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(2):276-283.
[10]姚正毅,李晓英,肖建华.青海湖滨土地沙漠化驱动机制[J].中国沙漠,2015,36(6):1429-1437.
[11]张登山,石昊,魏殿生,等.青海湖湖东人工治理沙丘风沙流结构特征[J].林业科学,2012,48(10):14-17.
[12]郭雨华,赵廷宁,丁国栋,等.灌木林盖度对风沙土风蚀作用的影响[J].2006,13(5):245-251.
[13]赵彩霞,郑大伟,何文清.植被盖度的时间变化及其防风蚀效应[J].2005,29(1),68-73.
[14]吴汪洋,张登山,田丽慧,等,青海湖沙地人工治理沙丘的风速廓线变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(6):163-167.
[15]凌裕泉,屈建军,金炯.稀疏天然植被对输沙量的影响[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(1):12-17.
[16]吴汪洋,张登山,田丽慧,等,青海湖克土沙地沙棘林的防风固沙机制与效益[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(4):777-785.
[17]Raupach M R.Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces[J].Boundary Layer Meteorology,1992,60(4):375-395.
[18]Wolfe S A,Nickling W G.The protective role of sparse vegetation in wind erosion[J].Progress in Physical Geography,1993,17(1):50-68.
[19]田丽慧,张登山,等.高寒沙地人工植被恢复区地表沉积物粒度特征[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(1):32-35.
[20]董光荣.高尚玉,金炯,等.青海共和盆地土地沙漠化与防治途径[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:43-44.
[21]石坤,贾志清,等.青海共和盆地典型固沙植物根系分布特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(6):79-85.
[22]钟卫,孔纪名,杨涛.植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验[J].干旱区研究,2009,26(6):872-876.
[23]张军,苏文清.高寒地区沙棘休眠期枝条含水量与干缩关系的研究[J].沙棘,2000,13(2):18-21.