Application of ecological risk indicators for the assessment of Greek surficial sediments contaminated by toxic metals

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• 作者：John Ν. Hahladakis ; Georgia Vasilaki…
• 关键词：Toxic metals ; Partitioning ; Sequential extraction ; Sediments ; Risk assessment
• 刊名：Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：May 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：188
• 期：5
• 全文大小：1,316 KB
• 参考文献：Abrahim, G., & Parker, R. (2002). Heavy metal contaminants in Tamaki Estuary: impact of city development and growth, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Geology, 42, 883–89.CrossRef
  Abrahim, G., & Parker, R. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136, 227–238.CrossRef
  Bacon, J. R., & Davidson, C. M. (2008). Is there a future for sequential chemical extraction? Analyst, 133, 25–46.CrossRef
  Christophoridis, C., Dedepsidis, D., & Fytianos, K. (2009). Occurrence and distribution of selected toxic metals in the surface sediments of Thermaikos Gulf, N. Greece. Assessment using pollution indicators. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 1082–1091.CrossRef
  Conides, A., Diapoulis, A., & Koussouris, T. (1996). Ecological study of an oil polluted coastal lake ecosystem. Fresenious Environmental Bulletin, 5, 324–332.
  Davidson, C. M., Thomas, R. P., McVey, S. E., Perala, R., Littlejohn, D., & Ure, A. M. (1994). Evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for the partitioning of toxic metals in sediments. Analytica Chimica Acta, 291, 277–286.CrossRef
  Davidson, C. M., Duncan, A. L., Littlejohn, D., & Ure, A. M. (1998). A critical evaluation of the three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure to assess the potential mobility and toxicity of toxic metals in industrially-contaminated land. Analytica Chimica Acta, 363, 45–55.CrossRef
  Galán, E., Gómez Ariza, J. L., González, I., Fernández Caliani, J. C., Morales, E., & Giráldez, I. (1999). Utilidad de las tecnicas de extraccion secuencial en la mejora de la caracterización mineralogica por DRX de suelos y sedimentos con altos contenidos de oxidos de hierro. Libro de conferencias y Resumenes de la XV Reunion Cientifica de la Sociedad Española de Arcillas, 15, 68–69.
  Gao, H., Bai, J., Xiao, R., Liu, P., Jiang, W., & Wang, J. (2013). Levels, sources and risk assessment of trace elements in wetland soils of a typical shallow freshwater lake, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 27, 275–284.CrossRef
  Giacalone, A., Gianguzza, A., Orecchio, S., Piazzese, D., Dongarrà, G., Sciarrino, S., & Varrica, D. (2005). Metal distribution in the organic and inorganic fractions of soil: a case-study on soils from Sicily. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 17, 83–94.CrossRef
  Gupta, S. K., & Chen, K. Y. (1975). Partitioning of trace metals in selective chemical fractions of near shore sediments. Environmental Letters, 10, 129–158.CrossRef
  Hahladakis, J., Smaragdaki, E., Vasilaki, G., & Gidarakos, E. (2013). Use of Sediment Quality Guidelines and pollution indicators for the assessment of heavy metal and PAH contamination in Greek surficial sea and lake sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 2843–2853.CrossRef
  Hakanson, L. (1980). Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control, a sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975–1001.CrossRef
  Hall, G. E. M., Gauthier, G., Pelchat, J. G., Pelchat, P., & Vaive, J. (1996). Application of a sequential extraction scheme to ten geological certified reference materials for the determination of 20 elements. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 11, 787–796.CrossRef
  Jain, C. K. (2004). Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna, India. Water Research, 38, 569–578.CrossRef
  Karageorgis, A. P., Katsanevakis, S., & Kaberi, H. (2009). Use of enrichment factors for the assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Koumoundourou Lake, Greece. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 204, 243–258.CrossRef
  Kokovides, K., Loizidou, M., Haralambous, K. J., & Moropoulou, T. (1992). Environmental study of the marinas, Part I. A study on the pollution in the marinas area. Environmental Technology, 13, 239–244.CrossRef
  Kumar, K. S., Sajwan, K. S., Richardson, J. P., & Kannan, K. (2008). Contamination profiles of toxic metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine, Savannah GA, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 136–149.CrossRef
  Laing, G. D., De Vos, R., Vandecasteele, B., Lesage, E., Tack, F. M. G., & Verloo, M. G. (2007). Effect of salinity on heavy metal mobility and availability in intertidal sediments of the Scheldt estuary. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 77, 589–602.CrossRef
  Liang, P. Y., Tan, Y. J., Chen, L. J., & Li, W. K. (2012). Influence of inorganic salts on concentration of different Cd forms in the soil. Advanced Materials Research, 356–360, 943–950.
  Lim, H. S., Lee, J. S., Chon, H. T., & Sager, M. (2008). Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of the abandoned Songcheon Au–Ag mine in Korea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 96, 223–230.CrossRef
  Maiz, I., Esnaola, V., & Millán, E. (1997). Evaluation of heavy metal availability in contaminated soils by a short sequential extraction procedure. Science of the Total Environment, 206, 107–115.CrossRef
  Maiz, I., Arambarri, Ι., Garcia, R., & Millán, E. (2000). Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis. Environmental Pollution, 110, 3–9.CrossRef
  Mester, Z., Cremisini, C., Ghiara, E., & Morabito, R. (1998). Comparison of two sequential extraction procedures for metal fractionation in sediment samples. Analytica Chimica Acta, 359, 133–142.CrossRef
  Meyer, J. S. (2002). The utility of the terms “bioavailability” and “bioavailable fraction” for metals. Marine Environmental Research, 53, 417–423.CrossRef
  Oyeyiola, A. O., Olayinka, K. O., & Alo, B. I. (2011). Comparison of three sequential extraction protocols for the fractionation of potentially toxic metals in coastal sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 319–327.CrossRef
  Patrick, W. H., Gambrell, R. P., & Khalid, R. A. (1977). Physiochemical factors regulating solubility and bioavailability of toxic metals in contaminated dredged sediment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health: Part A, 12, 475–492.
  Perin, G., Craboledda, L., Lucchese, M., Cirillo, R., Dotta, L., Zanetta, M. L., & Oro, A. A. (1985). Heavy metal partitioning in the sediments of northern Adriatic Sea—a new approach for environmental toxicity determination. In T. D. Lakkas (Ed.), Toxic metals in the environment (pp. 454–456). Edinburgh: CEP Consultants.
  Petrucci, E., Montanaro, D., & Merli, C. (2011). Sequential extraction analysis provides decision-making tools for the use of contaminated sediments. Chemistry and Ecology, 27, 107–118.CrossRef
  Ratuzny, T., Gong, Ζ., & Wilke, Β. Μ. (2009). Total concentrations and partitioning of toxic metals in soils of the Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 156, 171–180.CrossRef
  Rauret, G. (1998). Extraction procedures for the determination of toxic metals in contaminated soil and sediment. Talanta, 46, 449–455.CrossRef
  Roussakis, G. (2003). Bathymetry of Lake Koumoundourou. In A. Pavlidou (Ed.), Monitoring of the groundwaters, Lake Koumoundourou and the adjacent marine area in relation to the landfill of Western Attica. Technical report (pp. 17–22). Anavyssos: Hellenic Centre for Marine Research. In Greek.
  Ryan, P. C., Hillier, S., & Wall, A. J. (2008). Stepwise effects of the BCR sequential chemical extraction procedure on dissolution and metal release from common ferromagnesian clay minerals: A combined solution chemistry and X-ray powder diffraction study. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 603–614.CrossRef
  Sakellariadou, F., Ladakis, M., & Haralambides, L. (2009). Cu, Zn and Sn vertical distribution in sediment cores from the Elefsis Gulf (Attiki-Greece), Second International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science, ICECS (pp. 445–448).
  Singh, K. P., Mohan, D., Singh, V. K., & Malik, A. (2005). Studies on distribution and fractionation of toxic metals in Gomati river sediments—a tributary of the Ganges, India. Journal of Hydrology, 312, 14–27.CrossRef
  Smith, B. J., Mcalister, J. J., Roe, H. M., & Royle, S. A. (2011). Metal and oxalate contamination in a suburban watershed in the greater Toronto area: the benefits of combining acid leach and selective extraction procedures. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 848–858.CrossRef
  Tack, F. M. G., & Verloo, M. G. (1995). Chemical partitioning and fractionation in soil and sediment heavy metal analysis: a review. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 59, 225–238.CrossRef
  Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the partitioning of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844–851.CrossRef
  Tsai, L. J., Yu, K. C., Chen, S. F., Kung, P. Y., Chang, C. Y., & Lin, C. H. (2003). Partitioning variation of toxic metals in contaminated river sediment via bioleaching: effect of sulfur added to total solids ratio. Water Research, 37, 4623–4630.CrossRef
  Ure, A. M., Quevauviller, P., Muntau, H., & Griepink, B. (1993). Partitioning of toxic metals in solids and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 51, 135–151.CrossRef
  US Environmental Protection Agency. (2001). Method 823-B-01-002, methods for collection, storage and manipulation of sediments for chemical and toxicological analyses: technical manual. Chapter 3. Paragraph, 3(1), 3–4.
  Usero, J., Gamero, M., Morillo, J., & Gracia, I. (1998). Comparative study of three sequential extraction procedures for metals in marine sediments. Environment International, 24, 487–496.CrossRef
  Wang, Y., Yang, Z., Shen, Z., Tang, Z., Niu, J., & Gao, F. (2011). Assessment of heavy metals in sediments from a typical catchment of the Yangtze River, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 407–417.CrossRef
  Weng, H. X., Zhu, Y. M., Qin, Y. C., Chen, J. Y., & Chen, X. H. (2008). Accumulation discrepancy of heavy metal and organic pollutants in three near-shore depositional environments, south eastern China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 31, 522–532.CrossRef
  Xiao, R., Bai, J., Huang, L., Zhang, H., Cui, B., & Liu, H. (2013). Distribution and pollution, toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from urban and rural rivers of the Pearl River delta in southern China. Ecotoxicology, 22, 1564–1575.CrossRef
  Xiao, R., Bai, J., Lu, Q., Zhao, Q., Gao, Z., Wen, X., & Liu, X. (2015). Fractionation, transfer, and ecological risks of heavy metals in riparian and ditch wetlands across a 100-year chronosequence of reclamation in an estuary of China. Science of the Total Environment, 517, 66–75.CrossRef
  Yang, Y., Chun, Y., Sheng, G., & Huang, M. (2004). PH-dependence of pesticide adsorption by wheat-residue-derived black carbon. Langmuir, 20, 6736–6741.CrossRef
  Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Niu, J., & Tang, Z. (2009). Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the mainstream, tributaries, and lakes of the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166, 1186–1194.CrossRef
  Yu, K. C., Tsai, L. J., Chen, S. H., & Ho, S. T. (2001). Chemical binding of toxic metals in anoxic river sediments. Water Research, 35, 4086–4094.CrossRef
  Zhong, A. P., Guo, S. H., Li, F. M., Li, G., & Jiang, K. X. (2006). Impact of anions on the toxic metals release from marine sediments. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 18, 1216–1220.CrossRef
  Zimmerman, AJ, & Weindorf, DC (2010). Heavy metal and trace metal analysis in soil by sequential extraction: a review of procedures. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Article ID 387803, 7 pages.
  
• 作者单位：John Ν. Hahladakis (1)
  Georgia Vasilaki (1)
  Eleftheria Smaragdaki (1)
  Evangelos Gidarakos (1)
  
  1. School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Politechnioupolis, Chania, 73100, Greece
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Environment
  Monitoring, Environmental Analysis and Environmental Ecotoxicology
  Ecology
  Atmospheric Protection, Air Quality Control and Air Pollution
  Environmental Management
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-2959

文摘

Τhe present research investigates the partitioning of six selected toxic metals (Ni, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, and As) in eight sediment samples; half of them were collected from Elefsis Gulf, and the other half were taken from Koumoundourou Lake, Athens, Greece. Each one of them was treated by applying Tessier’s five-step sequential extraction procedure. Regarding gulf sediments, the results indicated that Cu exhibits a strong affinity to the organic matter with percentages ranging from 65 to 78 %. Considerable amount of Zn (32–40 %) is bound to the Fe-Mn fraction and the non-residual fraction, while Cr and Ni are bound to the organic fraction, an observation that suits all toxic metals examined. Regarding lake sediments, Pb is the predominant metal bound to Fe-Mn (48–51 %). It is also noteworthy that the percentage of Zn bound to carbonated fraction (5–15 %), indicating biological availability. In conclusion, the application of several ecological risk indicators demonstrated that Elefsis Gulf sediments correspond to a moderate pollution level, with Pb and Ni being less bioavailable than in the lake’s samples, in contrast to Zn which is more bioavailable. Finally, Koumoundourou Lakes’ basin is characterized of “low risk.”

Keywords Toxic metals Partitioning Sequential extraction Sediments Risk assessment Page %P Close Plain text Look Inside Reference tools Export citation EndNote (.ENW) JabRef (.BIB) Mendeley (.BIB) Papers (.RIS) Zotero (.RIS) BibTeX (.BIB) Add to Papers Other actions Register for Journal Updates About This Journal Reprints and Permissions Share Share this content on Facebook Share this content on Twitter Share this content on LinkedIn Related Content Supplementary Material (0) References (51) ReferencesAbrahim, G., & Parker, R. (2002). Heavy metal contaminants in Tamaki Estuary: impact of city development and growth, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Geology, 42, 883–89.CrossRefAbrahim, G., & Parker, R. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136, 227–238.CrossRefBacon, J. R., & Davidson, C. M. (2008). Is there a future for sequential chemical extraction? Analyst, 133, 25–46.CrossRefChristophoridis, C., Dedepsidis, D., & Fytianos, K. (2009). Occurrence and distribution of selected toxic metals in the surface sediments of Thermaikos Gulf, N. Greece. Assessment using pollution indicators. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 1082–1091.CrossRefConides, A., Diapoulis, A., & Koussouris, T. (1996). Ecological study of an oil polluted coastal lake ecosystem. Fresenious Environmental Bulletin, 5, 324–332.Davidson, C. M., Thomas, R. P., McVey, S. E., Perala, R., Littlejohn, D., & Ure, A. M. (1994). Evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for the partitioning of toxic metals in sediments. Analytica Chimica Acta, 291, 277–286.CrossRefDavidson, C. M., Duncan, A. L., Littlejohn, D., & Ure, A. M. (1998). A critical evaluation of the three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure to assess the potential mobility and toxicity of toxic metals in industrially-contaminated land. Analytica Chimica Acta, 363, 45–55.CrossRefGalán, E., Gómez Ariza, J. L., González, I., Fernández Caliani, J. C., Morales, E., & Giráldez, I. (1999). Utilidad de las tecnicas de extraccion secuencial en la mejora de la caracterización mineralogica por DRX de suelos y sedimentos con altos contenidos de oxidos de hierro. Libro de conferencias y Resumenes de la XV Reunion Cientifica de la Sociedad Española de Arcillas, 15, 68–69.Gao, H., Bai, J., Xiao, R., Liu, P., Jiang, W., & Wang, J. (2013). Levels, sources and risk assessment of trace elements in wetland soils of a typical shallow freshwater lake, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 27, 275–284.CrossRefGiacalone, A., Gianguzza, A., Orecchio, S., Piazzese, D., Dongarrà, G., Sciarrino, S., & Varrica, D. (2005). Metal distribution in the organic and inorganic fractions of soil: a case-study on soils from Sicily. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 17, 83–94.CrossRefGupta, S. K., & Chen, K. Y. (1975). Partitioning of trace metals in selective chemical fractions of near shore sediments. Environmental Letters, 10, 129–158.CrossRefHahladakis, J., Smaragdaki, E., Vasilaki, G., & Gidarakos, E. (2013). Use of Sediment Quality Guidelines and pollution indicators for the assessment of heavy metal and PAH contamination in Greek surficial sea and lake sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 2843–2853.CrossRefHakanson, L. (1980). Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control, a sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975–1001.CrossRefHall, G. E. M., Gauthier, G., Pelchat, J. G., Pelchat, P., & Vaive, J. (1996). Application of a sequential extraction scheme to ten geological certified reference materials for the determination of 20 elements. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 11, 787–796.CrossRefJain, C. K. (2004). Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna, India. Water Research, 38, 569–578.CrossRefKarageorgis, A. P., Katsanevakis, S., & Kaberi, H. (2009). Use of enrichment factors for the assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Koumoundourou Lake, Greece. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 204, 243–258.CrossRefKokovides, K., Loizidou, M., Haralambous, K. J., & Moropoulou, T. (1992). Environmental study of the marinas, Part I. A study on the pollution in the marinas area. Environmental Technology, 13, 239–244.CrossRefKumar, K. S., Sajwan, K. S., Richardson, J. P., & Kannan, K. (2008). Contamination profiles of toxic metals, organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols in sediment and oyster collected from marsh/estuarine, Savannah GA, USA. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 136–149.CrossRefLaing, G. D., De Vos, R., Vandecasteele, B., Lesage, E., Tack, F. M. G., & Verloo, M. G. (2007). Effect of salinity on heavy metal mobility and availability in intertidal sediments of the Scheldt estuary. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 77, 589–602.CrossRefLiang, P. Y., Tan, Y. J., Chen, L. J., & Li, W. K. (2012). Influence of inorganic salts on concentration of different Cd forms in the soil. Advanced Materials Research, 356–360, 943–950.Lim, H. S., Lee, J. S., Chon, H. T., & Sager, M. (2008). Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of the abandoned Songcheon Au–Ag mine in Korea. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 96, 223–230.CrossRefMaiz, I., Esnaola, V., & Millán, E. (1997). Evaluation of heavy metal availability in contaminated soils by a short sequential extraction procedure. Science of the Total Environment, 206, 107–115.CrossRefMaiz, I., Arambarri, Ι., Garcia, R., & Millán, E. (2000). Evaluation of heavy metal availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using factor analysis. Environmental Pollution, 110, 3–9.CrossRefMester, Z., Cremisini, C., Ghiara, E., & Morabito, R. (1998). Comparison of two sequential extraction procedures for metal fractionation in sediment samples. Analytica Chimica Acta, 359, 133–142.CrossRefMeyer, J. S. (2002). The utility of the terms “bioavailability” and “bioavailable fraction” for metals. Marine Environmental Research, 53, 417–423.CrossRefOyeyiola, A. O., Olayinka, K. O., & Alo, B. I. (2011). Comparison of three sequential extraction protocols for the fractionation of potentially toxic metals in coastal sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 319–327.CrossRefPatrick, W. H., Gambrell, R. P., & Khalid, R. A. (1977). Physiochemical factors regulating solubility and bioavailability of toxic metals in contaminated dredged sediment. Journal of Environmental Science and Health: Part A, 12, 475–492.Perin, G., Craboledda, L., Lucchese, M., Cirillo, R., Dotta, L., Zanetta, M. L., & Oro, A. A. (1985). Heavy metal partitioning in the sediments of northern Adriatic Sea—a new approach for environmental toxicity determination. In T. D. Lakkas (Ed.), Toxic metals in the environment (pp. 454–456). Edinburgh: CEP Consultants.Petrucci, E., Montanaro, D., & Merli, C. (2011). Sequential extraction analysis provides decision-making tools for the use of contaminated sediments. Chemistry and Ecology, 27, 107–118.CrossRefRatuzny, T., Gong, Ζ., & Wilke, Β. Μ. (2009). Total concentrations and partitioning of toxic metals in soils of the Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 156, 171–180.CrossRefRauret, G. (1998). Extraction procedures for the determination of toxic metals in contaminated soil and sediment. Talanta, 46, 449–455.CrossRefRoussakis, G. (2003). Bathymetry of Lake Koumoundourou. In A. Pavlidou (Ed.), Monitoring of the groundwaters, Lake Koumoundourou and the adjacent marine area in relation to the landfill of Western Attica. Technical report (pp. 17–22). Anavyssos: Hellenic Centre for Marine Research. In Greek.Ryan, P. C., Hillier, S., & Wall, A. J. (2008). Stepwise effects of the BCR sequential chemical extraction procedure on dissolution and metal release from common ferromagnesian clay minerals: A combined solution chemistry and X-ray powder diffraction study. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 603–614.CrossRefSakellariadou, F., Ladakis, M., & Haralambides, L. (2009). Cu, Zn and Sn vertical distribution in sediment cores from the Elefsis Gulf (Attiki-Greece), Second International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science, ICECS (pp. 445–448).Singh, K. P., Mohan, D., Singh, V. K., & Malik, A. (2005). Studies on distribution and fractionation of toxic metals in Gomati river sediments—a tributary of the Ganges, India. Journal of Hydrology, 312, 14–27.CrossRefSmith, B. J., Mcalister, J. J., Roe, H. M., & Royle, S. A. (2011). Metal and oxalate contamination in a suburban watershed in the greater Toronto area: the benefits of combining acid leach and selective extraction procedures. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 848–858.CrossRefTack, F. M. G., & Verloo, M. G. (1995). Chemical partitioning and fractionation in soil and sediment heavy metal analysis: a review. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 59, 225–238.CrossRefTessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C., & Bisson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the partitioning of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844–851.CrossRefTsai, L. J., Yu, K. C., Chen, S. F., Kung, P. Y., Chang, C. Y., & Lin, C. H. (2003). Partitioning variation of toxic metals in contaminated river sediment via bioleaching: effect of sulfur added to total solids ratio. Water Research, 37, 4623–4630.CrossRefUre, A. M., Quevauviller, P., Muntau, H., & Griepink, B. (1993). Partitioning of toxic metals in solids and harmonization of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the Commission of the European Communities. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 51, 135–151.CrossRefUS Environmental Protection Agency. (2001). Method 823-B-01-002, methods for collection, storage and manipulation of sediments for chemical and toxicological analyses: technical manual. Chapter 3. Paragraph, 3(1), 3–4.Usero, J., Gamero, M., Morillo, J., & Gracia, I. (1998). Comparative study of three sequential extraction procedures for metals in marine sediments. Environment International, 24, 487–496.CrossRefWang, Y., Yang, Z., Shen, Z., Tang, Z., Niu, J., & Gao, F. (2011). Assessment of heavy metals in sediments from a typical catchment of the Yangtze River, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 172, 407–417.CrossRefWeng, H. X., Zhu, Y. M., Qin, Y. C., Chen, J. Y., & Chen, X. H. (2008). Accumulation discrepancy of heavy metal and organic pollutants in three near-shore depositional environments, south eastern China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 31, 522–532.CrossRefXiao, R., Bai, J., Huang, L., Zhang, H., Cui, B., & Liu, H. (2013). Distribution and pollution, toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments from urban and rural rivers of the Pearl River delta in southern China. Ecotoxicology, 22, 1564–1575.CrossRefXiao, R., Bai, J., Lu, Q., Zhao, Q., Gao, Z., Wen, X., & Liu, X. (2015). Fractionation, transfer, and ecological risks of heavy metals in riparian and ditch wetlands across a 100-year chronosequence of reclamation in an estuary of China. Science of the Total Environment, 517, 66–75.CrossRefYang, Y., Chun, Y., Sheng, G., & Huang, M. (2004). PH-dependence of pesticide adsorption by wheat-residue-derived black carbon. Langmuir, 20, 6736–6741.CrossRefYang, Z., Wang, Y., Shen, Z., Niu, J., & Tang, Z. (2009). Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the mainstream, tributaries, and lakes of the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 166, 1186–1194.CrossRefYu, K. C., Tsai, L. J., Chen, S. H., & Ho, S. T. (2001). Chemical binding of toxic metals in anoxic river sediments. Water Research, 35, 4086–4094.CrossRefZhong, A. P., Guo, S. H., Li, F. M., Li, G., & Jiang, K. X. (2006). Impact of anions on the toxic metals release from marine sediments. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 18, 1216–1220.CrossRefZimmerman, AJ, & Weindorf, DC (2010). Heavy metal and trace metal analysis in soil by sequential extraction: a review of procedures. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Article ID 387803, 7 pages. About this Article Title Application of ecological risk indicators for the assessment of Greek surficial sediments contaminated by toxic metals Journal Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188:271 Online DateApril 2016 DOI 10.1007/s10661-016-5275-6 Print ISSN 0167-6369 Online ISSN 1573-2959 Publisher Springer International Publishing Additional Links Register for Journal Updates Editorial Board About This Journal Manuscript Submission Topics Environmental Monitoring/Analysis Environmental Management Ecotoxicology Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Ecology Keywords Toxic metals Partitioning Sequential extraction Sediments Risk assessment Industry Sectors Materials & Steel Chemical Manufacturing Finance, Business & Banking Electronics IT & Software Telecommunications Consumer Packaged Goods Energy, Utilities & Environment Aerospace Oil, Gas & Geosciences Engineering Authors John Ν. Hahladakis (1) Georgia Vasilaki (1) Eleftheria Smaragdaki (1) Evangelos Gidarakos (1) Author Affiliations 1. School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Politechnioupolis, Chania, 73100, Greece Continue reading... To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.