积雪水热迁移机理与模型研究进展
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摘要
积雪是陆地水文循环以及大气过程的重要组成部分,它调节了陆地和大气之间的能量交换,对下垫面的能量收支平衡与水热迁移起重要作用。在介绍积雪特性参数确定方法及积雪水热运移规律的基础上,对国内外现有积雪模型进行了分类和总结,并指出未来在积雪特性参数化方案、数值模拟计算、尺度转换等方面还应进行更深入的研究。
Snow is a key component of terrestrial hydrological cycle and atmospheric process,which regulates the energy exchange between land and atmosphere and plays an important role in energy balance and water and heat transfer of land surface.This paper introduced the measurements of snow characteristic parameters and water and heat transfer mechanism of snow,classified and summarized the existing snow models,and pointed that the suggested potentials in future studies will focus on parameterization scheme of snow characteristic parameters,numerical simulation and scale transformation.
Snow is a key component of terrestrial hydrological cycle and atmospheric process,which regulates the energy exchange between land and atmosphere and plays an important role in energy balance and water and heat transfer of land surface.This paper introduced the measurements of snow characteristic parameters and water and heat transfer mechanism of snow,classified and summarized the existing snow models,and pointed that the suggested potentials in future studies will focus on parameterization scheme of snow characteristic parameters,numerical simulation and scale transformation.
引文
[1]孙菽芬.陆面过程的物理、生化机理和参数化模型[M].北京:气象出版社,2005.(SUN Shufen.Physical and Biochemical Mechanism and Parametric Model of Land Surface Process[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2005.(in Chinese))
[2]Colbeck S C.The physical aspects of water flow through snow[J].Advances in Hydroscience,1978,11:165-206.
[3]Shimizu H.Air Permeablity of Deposited Snow[D].Sapporo:The Institute of Low Temperature Science,Hokkaido University,1970.
[4]Anderson E A.A point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover[R].Marryland:Office of Hydrology-National Weather Service,1976.
[5]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.(SHENG Peixuan,MAO Jietai,LI Jianguo,et al.Atmospheric Physics[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2003.(in Chinese))
[6]郭忠明,王宁练,蒋熹,等.冰雪反照率测量和反演及其应用研究进展[J].遥感技术与应用,2013,28(4):739-746.(GUO Zhongming,WANG Ninglian,JIANG Xi,et al.Research progress on snow and ice albedo measurement,retrieval and application[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2013,28(4):739-746.(in Chinese))
[7]蒋熹.冰雪反照率研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(5):728-738.(JIANG Xi.Progress in the research of snow and ice albedo[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(5):728-738.(in Chinese))
[8]拶ensoy A,orman A A,Tekeli A E,et al.Point-scale energy and mass balance snowpack simulations in the upper Karasu basin,Turkey[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(4):899-922.
[9]Jordan R.A one-dimensional temperature model for a snow cover:technical documentation for SNTHERM.89[R].Hanover:US.Army Corps of Engineers,Cold Regions Research&Engineering Laboratory,1991.
[10]Bohren C F,Barkstrom B R.Theory of the optical properties of snow[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1974,79(30):4527-4535.
[11]Mellor M.Properties of snow[R].Hanover:U.S.Army Materiel Command Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,1964.
[12]Yen Y.The rate of temperature propagation in moist porous mediums with particular reference to snow[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1967,72(4):1283-1288.
[13]SUN S,JIN J,XUE Y.A simple snow-atmosphere-soil transfer model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104(D16):19587-19597.
[14]La Chapelle E R.Properties of Snow[D].Seattle:University of Washington,1969.
[15]Niwa K,Moritani A.Model of snowmelt runoff for prediction of dam inflow[R].Tokyo:Institute of Construction Ministry,1990:121-129.
[16]Horton R E.The melting of snow[J].Monthly Weather Review,1915,43(12):599-605.
[17]Colbeck S C.A theory of water percolation in snow[J].Journal of Glaciology,1972,63(11):369-385.
[18]Lingam E J.Phase equilibria of veins in polycrystalline ice[J].Canada Journal Earth Sciences,1974,11(9):1280-1287.
[19]Wankiewicz A.Water pressure in ripe snowpacks[J].Water Resources Research,1978,14(4):593-600.
[20]Morris E M,Godfrey J.The European hydrological system snow routine[A].Modeling of Snow Cover Runoff[C].Hanover:U.S.Army Cold Regions Research&Engineering Laboratory,1979:269-278.
[21]Akan A O.Modelling enrichment of soluble pollutants in snow covers[J].Water,Airand Soil Pollution,1974,73(1):225-234.
[22]Marsh P,Wood M K.Meltwater movement in natural heterogeneous snow covers[J].Water Resources Research,1985,21(11):1710-1716.
[23]Blschl G,Kirnbauer R.Point snowmelt models with different degrees of complexity internal processes[J].Journal of Hydrology,1991,129(1):127-147.
[24]Sellers S.Water transport in phase-changing snowpacks[A].IUTAM Symposium on Theoretical and Numerical Methods in Continuum Mechanics of Porous Materials[C].Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001:3-12.
[25]Sellers S.Theory of water transport in melting snow with a moving surface[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2000,31(1):47-57.
[26]Sverdrup H U.The eddy conductivity of the air over a smooth snow field[J].Geofysiske publikasjoner,1936,11(7):5-69.
[27]U.S.Army Corps of Engineers.Snow Hydrology:Summary Report of the Snow Investigations[M].Portland:North Pacific Division,Corps of Engineers,U.S.Army,1956.
[28]Kuz'min P P.Melting of Snow Cover=Protsess Tayaniya Shezhnogo Pokrova[M].Translated by Vilim E.Washington,DC:U.S.Department of Agriculture,1972.
[29]Sokratov S A,Maeno A.Heat and mass transport in snow under a temperature gradient[A].Snow Engineering:Recent Advances[C].Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema Publishers,1997:49-54.
[30]Fernández A.An energy balance model of seasonal snow evolution[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,1998,23(5-6):661-666.
[31]Morris E M.Modelling Snowmelt-induced Processes[C].Wallingford:IAHS Press,1986.
[32]Anderson M G,Sambles K M.Modeling seasonally freezing ground conditions[R].London:European Research Office,U.S.Corps of Engineers,1989.
[33]卿文武,陈仁升,刘时银,等.两类度日模型在天山科其喀尔巴西冰川消融估算中的应用[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(4):409-416.(QING Wenwu,CHEN Rensheng,LIU Shiyin,et al.Research and application of two kinds of temperature index model on the Koxkar Glacier[J].Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(4):409-416.(in Chinese))
[34]蓝永超.灰色系统理论的关联分析在融雪径流预报中的应用探讨[J].冰川冻土,1993,15(3):481-486.(LAN Yongchao.Investigation on application of grey cognate analysis for snowmelt runoff forecast[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1993,15(3):481-486.(in Chinese))
[35]柯丹,汪玲玲,牛生杰,等.基于常规气象资料融雪模式的建立及应用[J].大气科学学报,2010,33(5):555-560.(KE Dan,WANG Lingling,NIU Shengjie,et al.A snowmelt model based on routine meterological data[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,2010,33(5):555-560.(in Chinese))
[36]陈晓飞,田静,刘小洲,等.研究冻融侵蚀的融雪/积雪水量模型[J].水土保持科技情报,2003,(6):13-16.(CHEN Xiaofei,TIAN Jing,LIU Xiaozhou,et al.Research on freeze-thaw erosion snowmelt/snow water model[J].Scientific and Technology Information of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,(6):13-16.(in Chinese))
[37]周石硚,中尾正义,桥本重将,等.水在雪中下渗的数学模拟[J].水利学报,2001,(1):6-10.(ZHOU Shiqiao,SHashimoto,MNakawo,et al.Mathematical modeling of water percolation in snow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001,(1):6-10.(in Chinese))
[38]王建,马明国,Federicis P.基于遥感与地理信息系统的SRM融雪径流模型在Alps山区流域的应用[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(4):436-441.(WANG Jian,MA Mingguo,P Federicis.Simulating snowmelt runoff in mountainous watershed of Italy using GIS and remote sensing data[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(4):436-441.(in Chinese))
[39]马虹,程国栋.SRM融雪径流模型在西天山巩乃斯河流域的应用实验[J].科学通报,2003,48(19):2088-2093.(MA Hong,CHENG Guodong.Application of experimental SRM snowmelt runoff model in the western Tianshan Gongnaisi River basin[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(19):2088-2093.(in Chinese))
[40]高洁.高山积雪的时空分布特征及融雪模型研究[D].北京:清华大学,2011.(GAO Jie.Spatiotemporal Distribution of Snow and Snowmelt Modeling in Alpine Regions[D].China:Tsinghua University,2011.(in Chinese))
[41]房世峰.基于“3S”技术的分布式融雪径流模型的设计和应用[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2007.(FANG Shifeng.The Design and Application of Distributed Snowmelt Runoff Model Based on the“3S”Technology[D].Urumchi:Xinjiang University,2007.(in Chinese))
[42]魏召才.融雪过程模拟及积雪特性分析研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2010.(WEI Zhaocai.The Study Snow Melt Processes Simulation and Snow Characteristics Analysis[D].Urumchi:Xinjiang University,2010.(in Chinese))
[43]贺青山.融雪过程模拟及冻土水热效应分析研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2012.(HE Qingshan.The Study on Snow Melt Processes Simulation and Frozen Effects Analysis[D].Urumchi:Xinjiang University,2012.(in Chinese))
[44]Pitman A J,Yang ZL,Cogley J G,et al.Description of bare essentials of surface transfer for the bureau of meteorology research centre AGCM[R].Melbourme:BMRC Research Report,1992.
[45]Douville H,Royer J F,Mahfouf J F.A new snow parameterization for the Météo-France climate model[J].Climate Dynamics,1995,12(1):21-35.
[46]Verseghy D L.Class—a Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS.I.soil model[J].International Journal of Climatology,1991,11(2):111-133.
[47]Slater A G,Pitman A J,Desborough C E.Simulation of freezethaw cycles in a general circulation models land surface scheme[J].Journal of Geophysi
[48]Brum E,Martin E,Simon V,et al.An energy and mass balance model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting[J].Journal of Glacial,1989,(35):333-348.
[49]Loth B,Graf H,Oberhuber J M.Snow cover model for global climate simulations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1993,98(D6):10451-10464.
[50]Lynch-Stieglitz M.The development and validation of a simple snow model for the GISS GCM[J].Journal of Climate,1994,7(12):1842-1855.
[51]Boone A,Etchevers P.An intercomparison of three snow schemes of varying complexity coupled to the same land surface model:local-scale evaluation at an alpine site[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2001,2(4):374-394.
[52]金继明.一个用于GCM的简单雪盖-大气-土壤传输模式(SAST)[D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,1999.(JIN Jiming.A Simple Snow-Atmosphere-Soil Transfer Mode for GCM(SAST)[D].Beijing:Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics China,1999.(in Chinese))
[53]李倩.陆面过程模型中统一土壤-雪盖水热传输耦合模型的研究[D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,2008.(LI Qian.Research on Unified Soil and Snow Water and Heat Transfer Coupling Model of Land Surface Process Model[D].China:Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics China,2008.(in Chinese))
[54]戴永久.陆面过程模式及其与GCM耦合模拟研究[D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,1995.(DAI Yongjiu.A Land-Surface Physical Processes Model for GCMs[D].Beijing:Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics China,1995.(in Chinese))
[55]夏坤.BATS-SAST模式对森林和草地两种下垫面积雪过程的数值模拟[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院,2008.(XIA Kun.The Simulation of Snow Processes on Forest and Grass Sites by BAST-SAST Model[D].China:China Academy of Meteorological Sciences,2008.(in Chinese))
[56]陈海山,孙照渤.陆面模式CLSM的设计及性能检验I.模式设计[J].大气科学,2004,28(6):801-819.(CHEN Haishan,SUN Zhaobo.Design of acomprehensive land surface model and its validation part I.model description[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,2004,28(6):801-819.(in Chinese))
[2]Colbeck S C.The physical aspects of water flow through snow[J].Advances in Hydroscience,1978,11:165-206.
[3]Shimizu H.Air Permeablity of Deposited Snow[D].Sapporo:The Institute of Low Temperature Science,Hokkaido University,1970.
[4]Anderson E A.A point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover[R].Marryland:Office of Hydrology-National Weather Service,1976.
[5]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003.(SHENG Peixuan,MAO Jietai,LI Jianguo,et al.Atmospheric Physics[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2003.(in Chinese))
[6]郭忠明,王宁练,蒋熹,等.冰雪反照率测量和反演及其应用研究进展[J].遥感技术与应用,2013,28(4):739-746.(GUO Zhongming,WANG Ninglian,JIANG Xi,et al.Research progress on snow and ice albedo measurement,retrieval and application[J].Remote Sensing Technology and Application,2013,28(4):739-746.(in Chinese))
[7]蒋熹.冰雪反照率研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(5):728-738.(JIANG Xi.Progress in the research of snow and ice albedo[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(5):728-738.(in Chinese))
[8]拶ensoy A,orman A A,Tekeli A E,et al.Point-scale energy and mass balance snowpack simulations in the upper Karasu basin,Turkey[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(4):899-922.
[9]Jordan R.A one-dimensional temperature model for a snow cover:technical documentation for SNTHERM.89[R].Hanover:US.Army Corps of Engineers,Cold Regions Research&Engineering Laboratory,1991.
[10]Bohren C F,Barkstrom B R.Theory of the optical properties of snow[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1974,79(30):4527-4535.
[11]Mellor M.Properties of snow[R].Hanover:U.S.Army Materiel Command Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,1964.
[12]Yen Y.The rate of temperature propagation in moist porous mediums with particular reference to snow[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1967,72(4):1283-1288.
[13]SUN S,JIN J,XUE Y.A simple snow-atmosphere-soil transfer model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104(D16):19587-19597.
[14]La Chapelle E R.Properties of Snow[D].Seattle:University of Washington,1969.
[15]Niwa K,Moritani A.Model of snowmelt runoff for prediction of dam inflow[R].Tokyo:Institute of Construction Ministry,1990:121-129.
[16]Horton R E.The melting of snow[J].Monthly Weather Review,1915,43(12):599-605.
[17]Colbeck S C.A theory of water percolation in snow[J].Journal of Glaciology,1972,63(11):369-385.
[18]Lingam E J.Phase equilibria of veins in polycrystalline ice[J].Canada Journal Earth Sciences,1974,11(9):1280-1287.
[19]Wankiewicz A.Water pressure in ripe snowpacks[J].Water Resources Research,1978,14(4):593-600.
[20]Morris E M,Godfrey J.The European hydrological system snow routine[A].Modeling of Snow Cover Runoff[C].Hanover:U.S.Army Cold Regions Research&Engineering Laboratory,1979:269-278.
[21]Akan A O.Modelling enrichment of soluble pollutants in snow covers[J].Water,Airand Soil Pollution,1974,73(1):225-234.
[22]Marsh P,Wood M K.Meltwater movement in natural heterogeneous snow covers[J].Water Resources Research,1985,21(11):1710-1716.
[23]Blschl G,Kirnbauer R.Point snowmelt models with different degrees of complexity internal processes[J].Journal of Hydrology,1991,129(1):127-147.
[24]Sellers S.Water transport in phase-changing snowpacks[A].IUTAM Symposium on Theoretical and Numerical Methods in Continuum Mechanics of Porous Materials[C].Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001:3-12.
[25]Sellers S.Theory of water transport in melting snow with a moving surface[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2000,31(1):47-57.
[26]Sverdrup H U.The eddy conductivity of the air over a smooth snow field[J].Geofysiske publikasjoner,1936,11(7):5-69.
[27]U.S.Army Corps of Engineers.Snow Hydrology:Summary Report of the Snow Investigations[M].Portland:North Pacific Division,Corps of Engineers,U.S.Army,1956.
[28]Kuz'min P P.Melting of Snow Cover=Protsess Tayaniya Shezhnogo Pokrova[M].Translated by Vilim E.Washington,DC:U.S.Department of Agriculture,1972.
[29]Sokratov S A,Maeno A.Heat and mass transport in snow under a temperature gradient[A].Snow Engineering:Recent Advances[C].Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema Publishers,1997:49-54.
[30]Fernández A.An energy balance model of seasonal snow evolution[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,1998,23(5-6):661-666.
[31]Morris E M.Modelling Snowmelt-induced Processes[C].Wallingford:IAHS Press,1986.
[32]Anderson M G,Sambles K M.Modeling seasonally freezing ground conditions[R].London:European Research Office,U.S.Corps of Engineers,1989.
[33]卿文武,陈仁升,刘时银,等.两类度日模型在天山科其喀尔巴西冰川消融估算中的应用[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(4):409-416.(QING Wenwu,CHEN Rensheng,LIU Shiyin,et al.Research and application of two kinds of temperature index model on the Koxkar Glacier[J].Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(4):409-416.(in Chinese))
[34]蓝永超.灰色系统理论的关联分析在融雪径流预报中的应用探讨[J].冰川冻土,1993,15(3):481-486.(LAN Yongchao.Investigation on application of grey cognate analysis for snowmelt runoff forecast[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1993,15(3):481-486.(in Chinese))
[35]柯丹,汪玲玲,牛生杰,等.基于常规气象资料融雪模式的建立及应用[J].大气科学学报,2010,33(5):555-560.(KE Dan,WANG Lingling,NIU Shengjie,et al.A snowmelt model based on routine meterological data[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,2010,33(5):555-560.(in Chinese))
[36]陈晓飞,田静,刘小洲,等.研究冻融侵蚀的融雪/积雪水量模型[J].水土保持科技情报,2003,(6):13-16.(CHEN Xiaofei,TIAN Jing,LIU Xiaozhou,et al.Research on freeze-thaw erosion snowmelt/snow water model[J].Scientific and Technology Information of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,(6):13-16.(in Chinese))
[37]周石硚,中尾正义,桥本重将,等.水在雪中下渗的数学模拟[J].水利学报,2001,(1):6-10.(ZHOU Shiqiao,SHashimoto,MNakawo,et al.Mathematical modeling of water percolation in snow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001,(1):6-10.(in Chinese))
[38]王建,马明国,Federicis P.基于遥感与地理信息系统的SRM融雪径流模型在Alps山区流域的应用[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(4):436-441.(WANG Jian,MA Mingguo,P Federicis.Simulating snowmelt runoff in mountainous watershed of Italy using GIS and remote sensing data[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2001,23(4):436-441.(in Chinese))
[39]马虹,程国栋.SRM融雪径流模型在西天山巩乃斯河流域的应用实验[J].科学通报,2003,48(19):2088-2093.(MA Hong,CHENG Guodong.Application of experimental SRM snowmelt runoff model in the western Tianshan Gongnaisi River basin[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(19):2088-2093.(in Chinese))
[40]高洁.高山积雪的时空分布特征及融雪模型研究[D].北京:清华大学,2011.(GAO Jie.Spatiotemporal Distribution of Snow and Snowmelt Modeling in Alpine Regions[D].China:Tsinghua University,2011.(in Chinese))
[41]房世峰.基于“3S”技术的分布式融雪径流模型的设计和应用[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2007.(FANG Shifeng.The Design and Application of Distributed Snowmelt Runoff Model Based on the“3S”Technology[D].Urumchi:Xinjiang University,2007.(in Chinese))
[42]魏召才.融雪过程模拟及积雪特性分析研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2010.(WEI Zhaocai.The Study Snow Melt Processes Simulation and Snow Characteristics Analysis[D].Urumchi:Xinjiang University,2010.(in Chinese))
[43]贺青山.融雪过程模拟及冻土水热效应分析研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2012.(HE Qingshan.The Study on Snow Melt Processes Simulation and Frozen Effects Analysis[D].Urumchi:Xinjiang University,2012.(in Chinese))
[44]Pitman A J,Yang ZL,Cogley J G,et al.Description of bare essentials of surface transfer for the bureau of meteorology research centre AGCM[R].Melbourme:BMRC Research Report,1992.
[45]Douville H,Royer J F,Mahfouf J F.A new snow parameterization for the Météo-France climate model[J].Climate Dynamics,1995,12(1):21-35.
[46]Verseghy D L.Class—a Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS.I.soil model[J].International Journal of Climatology,1991,11(2):111-133.
[47]Slater A G,Pitman A J,Desborough C E.Simulation of freezethaw cycles in a general circulation models land surface scheme[J].Journal of Geophysi
[48]Brum E,Martin E,Simon V,et al.An energy and mass balance model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting[J].Journal of Glacial,1989,(35):333-348.
[49]Loth B,Graf H,Oberhuber J M.Snow cover model for global climate simulations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1993,98(D6):10451-10464.
[50]Lynch-Stieglitz M.The development and validation of a simple snow model for the GISS GCM[J].Journal of Climate,1994,7(12):1842-1855.
[51]Boone A,Etchevers P.An intercomparison of three snow schemes of varying complexity coupled to the same land surface model:local-scale evaluation at an alpine site[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2001,2(4):374-394.
[52]金继明.一个用于GCM的简单雪盖-大气-土壤传输模式(SAST)[D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,1999.(JIN Jiming.A Simple Snow-Atmosphere-Soil Transfer Mode for GCM(SAST)[D].Beijing:Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics China,1999.(in Chinese))
[53]李倩.陆面过程模型中统一土壤-雪盖水热传输耦合模型的研究[D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,2008.(LI Qian.Research on Unified Soil and Snow Water and Heat Transfer Coupling Model of Land Surface Process Model[D].China:Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics China,2008.(in Chinese))
[54]戴永久.陆面过程模式及其与GCM耦合模拟研究[D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,1995.(DAI Yongjiu.A Land-Surface Physical Processes Model for GCMs[D].Beijing:Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics China,1995.(in Chinese))
[55]夏坤.BATS-SAST模式对森林和草地两种下垫面积雪过程的数值模拟[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院,2008.(XIA Kun.The Simulation of Snow Processes on Forest and Grass Sites by BAST-SAST Model[D].China:China Academy of Meteorological Sciences,2008.(in Chinese))
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