长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生情况、危害效应与演变趋势
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摘要
长江口及其邻近海域是我国近海有害藻华高发区之一。自2000年以来,由东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和亚历山大藻(Alexandrium spp.)等甲藻形成的大规模有害藻华连年暴发,对海水养殖业、人类健康和生态安全构成了严重威胁。以往调查和研究工作表明,长江口及其邻近海域藻华优势类群近年来已由硅藻逐渐转变为甲藻,同时,有害藻华原因种也表现出明显的年际变异特征和有毒有害藻种增多的态势,亟待解析其演变机理、趋势和驱动因素。长江口及其邻近海域受长江径流影响,富营养化问题突出,是大规模有害藻华形成的重要原因。同时,该海域也受到来自台湾东北部黑潮分支的影响,但对其与有害藻华的关系所知甚少。在中国科学院战略性先导科技专项"热带西太平洋海洋系统物质能量交换及其影响"支持下,针对这一问题开展了较为系统的调查和研究工作,本文对研究中得到的科学认识进行了初步总结。结果表明:东海黑潮分支能够到达长江口及其邻近海域赤潮区,影响该海域赤潮生物多样性状况;黑潮分支对长江口及其邻近海域甲藻赤潮发生过程具有重要调控作用;长江冲淡水和黑潮分支的共同作用决定了长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生过程和演变趋势。在现有结果基础上进一步分析和讨论了未来长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的研究方向,以期为进一步解析有害藻华演变趋势、提升有害藻华的监测和预警能力提供依据。
The sea area adjacent to the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary is the most notable region for harmful algal blooms in the coastal waters of China. Large-scale blooms of dinoflagellates Prorocentrum donghaiense, Karenia mikimotoi, and Alexandrium spp. started to occur from the year 2000, and posed significant threats to mariculture industry, the health of human beings, and marine ecosystems. Previous studies indicated significant changes of dominant blooming microalgae from diatoms to dinoflagellates, obvious inter-annual variations of blooming dinoflagellate species, and apparent increase of noxious or toxic species. However, the mechanisms, trend, and driving forces for the changes of harmful algal blooms yet need to be elucidated. The sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary has a serious problem of eutrophication driven by excessive nutrients from the Changjiang River, which is the basis for the formation of large-scale dinoflagellate blooms. In addition, it is also affected by a branch of the Kuroshio from the sea area northeast to Taiwan Island, but the impacts on harmful algal blooms are poorly understood. Focusing on this issue, systematic investigations were organized in the East China Sea supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the primary findings of this project were summarized. It has been confirmed that the branch of Kuroshio could reach the "red-tide zone" in the sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary, and affect the diversity of bloom-forming microalgae. The variation of the Kuroshio branch has a strong regulative effect on the dynamics of dinoflagellate blooms. The combined effects of the Changjiang River diluted water and the Kuroshio branch together determined the occurrence and long-term changes of harmful algal blooms in the sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary. Based on these findings, the research perspectives were put forward to further resolve issues related to the prediction, early-warning, and long-term changes of harmful algal blooms in this region.
The sea area adjacent to the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary is the most notable region for harmful algal blooms in the coastal waters of China. Large-scale blooms of dinoflagellates Prorocentrum donghaiense, Karenia mikimotoi, and Alexandrium spp. started to occur from the year 2000, and posed significant threats to mariculture industry, the health of human beings, and marine ecosystems. Previous studies indicated significant changes of dominant blooming microalgae from diatoms to dinoflagellates, obvious inter-annual variations of blooming dinoflagellate species, and apparent increase of noxious or toxic species. However, the mechanisms, trend, and driving forces for the changes of harmful algal blooms yet need to be elucidated. The sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary has a serious problem of eutrophication driven by excessive nutrients from the Changjiang River, which is the basis for the formation of large-scale dinoflagellate blooms. In addition, it is also affected by a branch of the Kuroshio from the sea area northeast to Taiwan Island, but the impacts on harmful algal blooms are poorly understood. Focusing on this issue, systematic investigations were organized in the East China Sea supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the primary findings of this project were summarized. It has been confirmed that the branch of Kuroshio could reach the "red-tide zone" in the sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary, and affect the diversity of bloom-forming microalgae. The variation of the Kuroshio branch has a strong regulative effect on the dynamics of dinoflagellate blooms. The combined effects of the Changjiang River diluted water and the Kuroshio branch together determined the occurrence and long-term changes of harmful algal blooms in the sea area adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary. Based on these findings, the research perspectives were put forward to further resolve issues related to the prediction, early-warning, and long-term changes of harmful algal blooms in this region.
引文
陈建华,2013.我国典型贝类增养殖海域藻毒素组成、分布状况及贝类染毒特征分析.青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所硕士学位论文
邓华,管卫兵,曹振轶等,2016.2012年福建沿海大规模米氏凯伦藻赤潮暴发的水文气象原因探讨.海洋学研究,34(4):28-38
高岩,于仁成,柳阳等,2016.基于产毒基因sxt A的q PCR方法在长江口邻近海域有毒藻类检测中的应用初探.海洋环境科学,35(2):279-287
顾海峰,蓝东兆,方琦等,2003.我国东南沿海亚历山大藻休眠孢囊的分布和萌发研究.应用生态学报,14(7):1147-1150
郭皓,丁德文,林凤翱等,2015.近20a我国近海赤潮特点与发生规律.海洋科学进展,33(4):547-558
李冬融,陆斗定,戴鑫烽等,2014.东海藻华高发区塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)的形态、分子及分布特征.海洋与湖沼,45(6):1241-1250
李静,陈长平,梁君荣等,2015.2010年春秋季长江口南部硅藻种类组成和密度的时空变化.应用海洋学学报,34(3):372-387
李英,吕颂辉,徐宁等,2005.东海原甲藻对不同磷源的利用特征.生态科学,24(4):314-317
王朝晖,齐雨藻,2003.甲藻孢囊在长江口海域表层沉积物中的分布.应用生态学报,14(7):1039-1043
王红霞,陆斗定,何飘霞等,2014.东海多环旋沟藻的形态特征和系统进化分析.海洋与湖沼,45(4):757-763
杨德周,尹宝树,侯一筠等,2017.黑潮入侵东海陆架途径及其影响研究进展.海洋与湖沼,48(6):1196-1207
赵保仁,1993.长江口外的上升流现象.海洋学报,15(2):108-114
中国海洋学会,2015.中国海洋学学科史.北京:中国科学技术出版社,297
周名江,颜天,邹景忠,2003.长江口邻近海域赤潮发生区基本特征初探.应用生态学报,14(7):1031-1038
周名江,朱明远,2006.“我国近海有害赤潮发生的生态学、海洋学机制及预测防治”研究进展.地球科学进展,21(7):673-679
周名江,朱明远,张经,2001.中国赤潮的发生趋势和研究进展.生命科学,13(2):54-59
Anderson D M,Cembella A D,Hallegraeff G M,2012.Progress in understanding harmful algal blooms:paradigm shifts and new technologies for research,monitoring,and management.Annual Review of Marine Science,4:143-176
Chen J Y,Pan D L,Liu M L et al,2017.Relationships between long-term trend of satellite-derived chlorophyll-a and hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary.Estuaries and Coasts,40(4):1055-1065
Dai X F,Lu D D,Guan W B et al,2013.The correlation between Prorocentrum donghaiense blooms and the Taiwan Warm Current in the East China Sea-evidence for the‘‘pelagic seed bank’’hypothesis.PLo S One,8(5):e64188
Dai X F,Lu D D,Guan W B et al,2014.Newly recorded Karlodinium veneficum dinoflagellate blooms in stratified water of the East China Sea.Deep-Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,101:237-243
Gobler C J,Sunda W G,2012.Ecosystem disruptive algal blooms of the brown tide species,Aureococcus anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis.Harmful Algae,14:36-45
Guan B,1984.Major features of the shallow water hydrography in the East China Sea and Huanghai Sea.Elsevier Oceanography Series,39:1-13
Hu Z X,Mulholland M R,Duan S S et al,2012.Effects of nitrogen supply and its composition on the growth of Prorocentrum donghaiense.Harmful Algae,13:72-82
Kong F Z,Xu Z J,Yu R C et al,2016.Distribution patterns of phytoplankton in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent waters in spring 2009.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,34(5):902-914
Li A F,Ma J G,Cao J J et al,2012.Toxins in mussels(Mytilus galloprovincialis)associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning episodes in China.Toxicon,60(3):420-425
Li H M,Tang H J,Shi X Y et al,2014.Increased nutrient loads from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River have led to increased Harmful Algal Blooms.Harmful Algae,39:92-101
Li X D,Yan T,Lin J N et al,2017.Detrimental impacts of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi in Fujian coastal waters on typical marine organisms.Harmful Algae,61:1-12
Li Y,Li D J,Tang J L et al,2010.Long-term changes in the Changjiang estuary plankton community related to anthropogenic eutrophication.Aquatic Ecosystem Health&Management,13(1):66-72
Lian E G,Yang S Y,Wu H et al,2016.Kuroshio subsurface water feeds the wintertime Taiwan Warm Current on the inner East China Sea shelf.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(7):4790-4803
Lin J N,Song J J,Yan T et al,2015.Large-scale dinoflagellate bloom species Prorocentrum donghaiense and Karenia mikimotoi reduce the survival and reproduction of copepod Calanus sinicus.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,95(6):1071-1079
Lin J N,Yan T,Zhang Q C et al,2014.In situ detrimental impacts of Prorocentrum donghaiense blooms on zooplankton in the East China Sea.Marine Pollution bulletin,88(1-2):302-310
Liu H C,Shih C Y,Gong G C et al,2013.Discrimination between the influences of river discharge and coastal upwelling on summer microphytoplankton phosphorus stress in the East China Sea.Continental Shelf Research,60:104-112
Liu W,Song J M,Yuan H M et al,2017.Dissolved barium as a tracer of Kuroshio incursion in the Kuroshio region east of Taiwan Island and the adjacent East China Sea.Science China Earth Sciences,60(7):1356-1367,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9039-7
Lu D D,Goebel J,Qi Y Z et al,2005.Morphological and genetic study of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu from the East China Sea,and comparison with some related Prorocentrum species.Harmful Algae,4(3):493-505
Ou L J,Wang D,Huang B Q et al,2008.Comparative study of phosphorus strategies of three typical harmful algae in Chinese coastal waters.Journal of Plankton Research,30(9):1007-1017
Shi X Y,Li H M,Wang H,2014.Nutrient structure of the Taiwan Warm Current and estimation of vertical nutrient fluxes in upwelling areas in the East China Sea in summer.Journal of Ocean University of China,13(4):613-620
Smetacek V,Zingone A,2013.Green and golden seaweed tides on the rise.Nature,504(7478):84-88
Su J,Pan Y,1987.On the shelf circulation north of Taiwan.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,6(S1):1-20
Tseng Y F,Lin J,Dai M et al,2014.Joint effect of freshwater plume and coastal upwelling on phytoplankton growth off the Changjiang River.Biogeosciences,11(2):409-423
Wang J H,Wu J Y,2009.Occurrence and potential risks of harmful algal blooms in the East China Sea.Science of the Total Environment,407(13):4012-4021
Wang W T,Yu Z M,Song X X et al,2016.The effect of Kuroshio Current on nitrate dynamics in the southern East China Sea revealed by nitrate isotopic composition.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(9):7073-7087
Yang S,Han X R,Zhang C S et al,2014.Seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and dominant species in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent seas:general trends based on field survey data 1959-2009.Journal of Ocean University of China,13(6):926-934
Yang D Z,Yin B S,Liu Z G et al,2012.Numerical study on the pattern and origins of Kuroshio branches in the bottom water of southern East China Sea in summer.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C2):C02014,
Yang D Z,Yin B S,Sun J C et al,2013.Numerical study on the origins and the forcing mechanism of the phosphate in upwelling areas off the coast of Zhejiang province,China in summer.Journal of Marine Systems,123-124:1-18
Zhang J,Liu S M,Ren J L et al,2007.Nutrient gradients from the eutrophic Changjiang(Yangtze River)Estuary to the oligotrophic Kuroshio waters and re-evaluation of budgets for the East China Sea Shelf.Progress in Oceanography,74(4):449-478
Zhou M J,Shen Z L,Yu R C,2008.Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River.Continental Shelf Research,28(12):1483-1489
Zhou Y P,Zhang Y M,Li F F et al,2017a.Nutrients structure changes impact the competition and succession between diatom and dinoflagellate in the East China Sea.Science of the Total Environment,574:499-508
Zhou Z X,Yu R C,Zhou M J,2017b.Resolving the complex relationship between harmful algal blooms and environmental factors in the coastal waters adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary.Harmful Algae,62:60-72
Zhou Z X,Yu R C,Zhou M J,2017c.Seasonal succession of microalgal blooms from diatoms to dinoflagellates in the East China Sea:A numerical simulation study.Ecological Modelling,360:150-162
邓华,管卫兵,曹振轶等,2016.2012年福建沿海大规模米氏凯伦藻赤潮暴发的水文气象原因探讨.海洋学研究,34(4):28-38
高岩,于仁成,柳阳等,2016.基于产毒基因sxt A的q PCR方法在长江口邻近海域有毒藻类检测中的应用初探.海洋环境科学,35(2):279-287
顾海峰,蓝东兆,方琦等,2003.我国东南沿海亚历山大藻休眠孢囊的分布和萌发研究.应用生态学报,14(7):1147-1150
郭皓,丁德文,林凤翱等,2015.近20a我国近海赤潮特点与发生规律.海洋科学进展,33(4):547-558
李冬融,陆斗定,戴鑫烽等,2014.东海藻华高发区塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)的形态、分子及分布特征.海洋与湖沼,45(6):1241-1250
李静,陈长平,梁君荣等,2015.2010年春秋季长江口南部硅藻种类组成和密度的时空变化.应用海洋学学报,34(3):372-387
李英,吕颂辉,徐宁等,2005.东海原甲藻对不同磷源的利用特征.生态科学,24(4):314-317
王朝晖,齐雨藻,2003.甲藻孢囊在长江口海域表层沉积物中的分布.应用生态学报,14(7):1039-1043
王红霞,陆斗定,何飘霞等,2014.东海多环旋沟藻的形态特征和系统进化分析.海洋与湖沼,45(4):757-763
杨德周,尹宝树,侯一筠等,2017.黑潮入侵东海陆架途径及其影响研究进展.海洋与湖沼,48(6):1196-1207
赵保仁,1993.长江口外的上升流现象.海洋学报,15(2):108-114
中国海洋学会,2015.中国海洋学学科史.北京:中国科学技术出版社,297
周名江,颜天,邹景忠,2003.长江口邻近海域赤潮发生区基本特征初探.应用生态学报,14(7):1031-1038
周名江,朱明远,2006.“我国近海有害赤潮发生的生态学、海洋学机制及预测防治”研究进展.地球科学进展,21(7):673-679
周名江,朱明远,张经,2001.中国赤潮的发生趋势和研究进展.生命科学,13(2):54-59
Anderson D M,Cembella A D,Hallegraeff G M,2012.Progress in understanding harmful algal blooms:paradigm shifts and new technologies for research,monitoring,and management.Annual Review of Marine Science,4:143-176
Chen J Y,Pan D L,Liu M L et al,2017.Relationships between long-term trend of satellite-derived chlorophyll-a and hypoxia off the Changjiang estuary.Estuaries and Coasts,40(4):1055-1065
Dai X F,Lu D D,Guan W B et al,2013.The correlation between Prorocentrum donghaiense blooms and the Taiwan Warm Current in the East China Sea-evidence for the‘‘pelagic seed bank’’hypothesis.PLo S One,8(5):e64188
Dai X F,Lu D D,Guan W B et al,2014.Newly recorded Karlodinium veneficum dinoflagellate blooms in stratified water of the East China Sea.Deep-Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,101:237-243
Gobler C J,Sunda W G,2012.Ecosystem disruptive algal blooms of the brown tide species,Aureococcus anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis.Harmful Algae,14:36-45
Guan B,1984.Major features of the shallow water hydrography in the East China Sea and Huanghai Sea.Elsevier Oceanography Series,39:1-13
Hu Z X,Mulholland M R,Duan S S et al,2012.Effects of nitrogen supply and its composition on the growth of Prorocentrum donghaiense.Harmful Algae,13:72-82
Kong F Z,Xu Z J,Yu R C et al,2016.Distribution patterns of phytoplankton in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent waters in spring 2009.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,34(5):902-914
Li A F,Ma J G,Cao J J et al,2012.Toxins in mussels(Mytilus galloprovincialis)associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning episodes in China.Toxicon,60(3):420-425
Li H M,Tang H J,Shi X Y et al,2014.Increased nutrient loads from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River have led to increased Harmful Algal Blooms.Harmful Algae,39:92-101
Li X D,Yan T,Lin J N et al,2017.Detrimental impacts of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi in Fujian coastal waters on typical marine organisms.Harmful Algae,61:1-12
Li Y,Li D J,Tang J L et al,2010.Long-term changes in the Changjiang estuary plankton community related to anthropogenic eutrophication.Aquatic Ecosystem Health&Management,13(1):66-72
Lian E G,Yang S Y,Wu H et al,2016.Kuroshio subsurface water feeds the wintertime Taiwan Warm Current on the inner East China Sea shelf.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(7):4790-4803
Lin J N,Song J J,Yan T et al,2015.Large-scale dinoflagellate bloom species Prorocentrum donghaiense and Karenia mikimotoi reduce the survival and reproduction of copepod Calanus sinicus.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,95(6):1071-1079
Lin J N,Yan T,Zhang Q C et al,2014.In situ detrimental impacts of Prorocentrum donghaiense blooms on zooplankton in the East China Sea.Marine Pollution bulletin,88(1-2):302-310
Liu H C,Shih C Y,Gong G C et al,2013.Discrimination between the influences of river discharge and coastal upwelling on summer microphytoplankton phosphorus stress in the East China Sea.Continental Shelf Research,60:104-112
Liu W,Song J M,Yuan H M et al,2017.Dissolved barium as a tracer of Kuroshio incursion in the Kuroshio region east of Taiwan Island and the adjacent East China Sea.Science China Earth Sciences,60(7):1356-1367,http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9039-7
Lu D D,Goebel J,Qi Y Z et al,2005.Morphological and genetic study of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu from the East China Sea,and comparison with some related Prorocentrum species.Harmful Algae,4(3):493-505
Ou L J,Wang D,Huang B Q et al,2008.Comparative study of phosphorus strategies of three typical harmful algae in Chinese coastal waters.Journal of Plankton Research,30(9):1007-1017
Shi X Y,Li H M,Wang H,2014.Nutrient structure of the Taiwan Warm Current and estimation of vertical nutrient fluxes in upwelling areas in the East China Sea in summer.Journal of Ocean University of China,13(4):613-620
Smetacek V,Zingone A,2013.Green and golden seaweed tides on the rise.Nature,504(7478):84-88
Su J,Pan Y,1987.On the shelf circulation north of Taiwan.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,6(S1):1-20
Tseng Y F,Lin J,Dai M et al,2014.Joint effect of freshwater plume and coastal upwelling on phytoplankton growth off the Changjiang River.Biogeosciences,11(2):409-423
Wang J H,Wu J Y,2009.Occurrence and potential risks of harmful algal blooms in the East China Sea.Science of the Total Environment,407(13):4012-4021
Wang W T,Yu Z M,Song X X et al,2016.The effect of Kuroshio Current on nitrate dynamics in the southern East China Sea revealed by nitrate isotopic composition.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121(9):7073-7087
Yang S,Han X R,Zhang C S et al,2014.Seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and dominant species in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent seas:general trends based on field survey data 1959-2009.Journal of Ocean University of China,13(6):926-934
Yang D Z,Yin B S,Liu Z G et al,2012.Numerical study on the pattern and origins of Kuroshio branches in the bottom water of southern East China Sea in summer.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,117(C2):C02014,
Yang D Z,Yin B S,Sun J C et al,2013.Numerical study on the origins and the forcing mechanism of the phosphate in upwelling areas off the coast of Zhejiang province,China in summer.Journal of Marine Systems,123-124:1-18
Zhang J,Liu S M,Ren J L et al,2007.Nutrient gradients from the eutrophic Changjiang(Yangtze River)Estuary to the oligotrophic Kuroshio waters and re-evaluation of budgets for the East China Sea Shelf.Progress in Oceanography,74(4):449-478
Zhou M J,Shen Z L,Yu R C,2008.Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang(Yangtze)River.Continental Shelf Research,28(12):1483-1489
Zhou Y P,Zhang Y M,Li F F et al,2017a.Nutrients structure changes impact the competition and succession between diatom and dinoflagellate in the East China Sea.Science of the Total Environment,574:499-508
Zhou Z X,Yu R C,Zhou M J,2017b.Resolving the complex relationship between harmful algal blooms and environmental factors in the coastal waters adjacent to the Changjiang River estuary.Harmful Algae,62:60-72
Zhou Z X,Yu R C,Zhou M J,2017c.Seasonal succession of microalgal blooms from diatoms to dinoflagellates in the East China Sea:A numerical simulation study.Ecological Modelling,360:150-162
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