盐度对海月水母幼体行为、附着和无性生殖的影响
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摘要
黄渤海沿岸海参养殖池为海月水母(Aurelia aurita)幼体的重要栖息地,海参养殖池盐度波动范围极大,因此,研究不同盐度对海月水母早期生活史的影响对于理解其环境适应机制具有重要科学意义.本研究以海月水母为研究对象,探讨了不同盐度梯度(18、22、26、30、34和38)对海月水母浮浪幼虫行为、附着以及螅状幼体无性生殖的影响.结果表明,盐度对海月水母浮浪幼虫的运动行为存在显著影响,较高盐度环境(30、34和38)海月水母浮浪幼虫运动速度明显高于较低盐度环境(18、22和26);盐度对海月水母浮浪幼虫的附着有显著影响,相对较高盐度促进海月水母浮浪幼虫的附着,盐度为34时,海月水母浮浪幼虫附着率最高;海月水母螅状幼体无性生殖能适应较广的盐度范围,42d无性生殖实验周期后,18~34盐度环境下海月水母每个螅状幼体平均新繁殖螅状幼体个体数为2.8~3.7个,不同盐度处理组间无显著差异,而极高盐度(38)显著降低海月水母的出芽生殖率(1.2个).本研究表明盐度对海月水母早期生活史不同阶段幼体具有不同影响,研究结果为黄渤海沿岸海月水母环境适应机制研究提供了重要参考.
The sea cucumber( Apostichopus japonicus) culture ponds may act as a nursery ground for the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita in the coastal waters along Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Fluctuation of salinity in the A. japonicus culture ponds frequently found due to water exchange,evaporation and heavy rainfall. Therefore,it is necessary to understand the effects of salinity on the recruitment dynamics of A. aurita in their early life stages. In the present study,laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different salinities levels( 18,22,26,30,34 and 38) on the swimming,settlement and asexual reproduction of A. aurita larvae. Our results showed that the swimming speed of A. aurita planulae was significantly influenced by the salinities. The planulae moved faster at the high salinities( 30,34 and 38) than those at the low salinities( 18,22,and 26); The settlement rates of A. aurita planulae were significantly influenced by the salinities. The highest settlement rate occurred at asalinity of 34. There was no significant difference in the bud reproduction rate between different salinities( 18 ~34). The mean new polyps produced by one polyp at the salinities between 18 and 34 were 2. 8 ~ 3. 7. The polyps incubated at a salinity of 38 produced the least polyps( 1. 2 ± 0. 6). Our results indicate that salinity have different effects on the early life stages of A. aurita. Thus the study provides new information for understanding the adaptation of A. aurita to environmental factors in the coastal waters of Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.
The sea cucumber( Apostichopus japonicus) culture ponds may act as a nursery ground for the moon jellyfish Aurelia aurita in the coastal waters along Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Fluctuation of salinity in the A. japonicus culture ponds frequently found due to water exchange,evaporation and heavy rainfall. Therefore,it is necessary to understand the effects of salinity on the recruitment dynamics of A. aurita in their early life stages. In the present study,laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different salinities levels( 18,22,26,30,34 and 38) on the swimming,settlement and asexual reproduction of A. aurita larvae. Our results showed that the swimming speed of A. aurita planulae was significantly influenced by the salinities. The planulae moved faster at the high salinities( 30,34 and 38) than those at the low salinities( 18,22,and 26); The settlement rates of A. aurita planulae were significantly influenced by the salinities. The highest settlement rate occurred at asalinity of 34. There was no significant difference in the bud reproduction rate between different salinities( 18 ~34). The mean new polyps produced by one polyp at the salinities between 18 and 34 were 2. 8 ~ 3. 7. The polyps incubated at a salinity of 38 produced the least polyps( 1. 2 ± 0. 6). Our results indicate that salinity have different effects on the early life stages of A. aurita. Thus the study provides new information for understanding the adaptation of A. aurita to environmental factors in the coastal waters of Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.
引文
[1]高尚武,洪惠馨,张士美.中国动物志无脊椎动物第27卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[2]Toyokawa M,Furota T,Terazaki M.Life history and seasonal abundance of Aurelia aurita medusae in Tokyo Bay[J].Plankton Biology&Ecology,2000,47(1):48-58.
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[6]Lucas C H.Reproduction and life history strategies of the common jellyfish,Aurelia aurita,in relation to its ambient environment[J].Hydrobiologia,2001,451(1/3):229-246.
[7]陈昭廷,李琪,庄志猛,等.海月水母排精诱导及胚胎发育研究[J].水产学报,2015,39(10):1 459-1 466.
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[11]Holst S,Jarms G.Substrate choice and settlement preferences of planula larvae of five Scyphozoa(Cnidaria)from German Bight,North Sea[J].Marine Biology,2007,151(3):863-871.
[12]付瑶,董志军,刘东艳.海月水母无性生殖的影响因子[J].生态科学,2012,31(3):335-339.
[13]张芳,孙松,李超伦.海洋水母类生态学研究进展[J].自然科学进展,2009,19(2):121-30.
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[15]Purcell J E.Environmental effects on asexual reproduction rates of the scyphozoan Aurelia labiate[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2007,348:183-196.
[16]Han C H,Uye S I.Combined effects of food supply and temperature on asexual reproduction and somatic growth of polyps of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita sl[J].Plankton and Benthos Research,2010,5(3):98-105.
[17]Liu W C,Lo W T,Purcell J E,et al.Effects of temperature and light intensity on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan,Aurelia aurita(L.)in Taiwan[J].Hydrobiologia,2009,616(1):247-258.
[18]Winans A K,Purcell J E.Effects of p H on asexual reproduction and statolith formation of the scyphozoan,Aurelia labiate[J].Hydrobiologia,2010,645(1):39-52.
[19]Ishii H,Watanabe T.Experimental study of growth and asexual reproduction in Aurelia aurita polyps[J].Sessile Organisms,2003,20(2):69-73.
[20]Ishii H,Ohba T,Kobayashi T.Effects of low dissolved oxygen on planula settlement,polyp growth and asexual reproduction of Aurelia aurita[J].Plankton and Benthos Research,2008,3:107-113.
[21]彭安德.河口区海参池塘水环境周年变化规律研究[D].大连:大连海洋大学,2015.
[22]刘伟,丁君,李润玲,等.黄、渤海沿岸海水养殖池塘冰期环境因子变化的研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(1):51-56.
[23]Yuan X T,Yang H S,Wang L L,et al.Effects of salinity on energy budget in pond-cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)(Echinodermata:Holothuroidea)[J].Aquaculture,2010,306(1/4):348-351.
[24]L9nnstedt O M,Ekl9v P.Environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastic particles influence larval fish ecology[J].Science,2016,352(6 290):1 213-1 216.
[25]Conley K,Uye S I.Effects of hyposalinity on survival and settlement of moon jellyfish(Aurelia aurita)planulae[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2014,462:14-19.
[26]Sokoowski A,Brulińska D,Olenycz M,et al.Does temperature and salinity limit asexual reproduction of Aurelia aurita polyps(Cnidaria:Scyphozoa)in the Gulf of Gdańsk(southern Baltic Sea)?An experimental study[J].Hydrobiologia,2016,773(1):49-62.
[27]Holst S,Jarms G.Effects of low salinity on settlement and strobilation of Scyphozoa(Cnidaria):Is the lion’s mane Cyanea capillata(L.)able to reproduce in the brackish Baltic Sea?[J]Hydrobiologia,2010,645(1):53-68.
[28]Willcox S,Moltschaniwskyj N A,Crawford C M.Population dynamics of natural colonies of Aurelia sp.scyphistomae in Tasmania,Australia[J].Marine Biology,2008,154(4):661-670.
[29]Willcox S,Moltschaniwskyj N A,Crawford C M.Asexual reproduction in scyphistomae of Aurelia sp.:effects of temperature and salinity in an experimental study[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2007,353(1):107-114.
[30]Purcell J E,Hoover R A,Schwarck N T.Interannual variation of strobilation by the scyphozoan Aurelia labiatain in relation to polyp density,temperature,salinity,and light conditions in situ[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2009,375:139-149.
[31]付志璐,董婧,孙明,等.温度、盐度对黄海北部海月水母碟状幼体生长的影响[J].水产科学,2011,30(4):221-224.
[32]Wang Y T,Zheng S,Sun S,et al.Effect of temperature and food type on asexual reproduction in Aurelia sp.1 polyps[J].Hydrobiologia,2015,754(1):169-78.
[33]Widmer C L.Effects of temperature on growth of north-east Pacific moon jellyfish ephyrae,Aurelia labiata(Cnidaria:Scyphozoa)[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United kingdom,2005,85(3):569-573.
[34]Wang N,Li C L.The effect of temperature and food supply on the growth and ontogeny of Aurelia sp.1 ephyrae[J].Hydrobiologia,2015,754(1):157-67.
[2]Toyokawa M,Furota T,Terazaki M.Life history and seasonal abundance of Aurelia aurita medusae in Tokyo Bay[J].Plankton Biology&Ecology,2000,47(1):48-58.
[3]宋新华.入侵发电厂海蜇背黑锅专家鉴定为海月水母[N].青岛晚报,2009-07-12(3).
[4]Dong Z J,Liu D Y,Keesing J.Jellyfish blooms in China:Dominant species,causes and consequences[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2010,60(7):954-963.
[5]Hansson L J,Moeslund O,Kiorboe T,et al.Clearance rates of jellyfish and their potential predation impact on zooplankton and fish larvae in a neritic ecosystem(Limfjorden,Denmark)[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005(304):117-131.
[6]Lucas C H.Reproduction and life history strategies of the common jellyfish,Aurelia aurita,in relation to its ambient environment[J].Hydrobiologia,2001,451(1/3):229-246.
[7]陈昭廷,李琪,庄志猛,等.海月水母排精诱导及胚胎发育研究[J].水产学报,2015,39(10):1 459-1 466.
[8]Brewer R H.Larval settlement behavior in the jellyfish Aurelia aurita(Linnaeus)(Scyphozoa:Semaeostomeae)[J].Estuaries and Coasts,1978,1(2):120-122.
[9]Lucas C H,Graham W M,Widmer C.Jellyfish life histories:role of polyps in forming and maintaining scyphomedusa populations[J].Advances in marine biology,2012,63:133.
[10]Miyake H,Terazaki M,Kakinuma Y.On the polyps of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita in Kagoshima Bay[J].Journal of Oceanography,2002,58(3):451-459.
[11]Holst S,Jarms G.Substrate choice and settlement preferences of planula larvae of five Scyphozoa(Cnidaria)from German Bight,North Sea[J].Marine Biology,2007,151(3):863-871.
[12]付瑶,董志军,刘东艳.海月水母无性生殖的影响因子[J].生态科学,2012,31(3):335-339.
[13]张芳,孙松,李超伦.海洋水母类生态学研究进展[J].自然科学进展,2009,19(2):121-30.
[14]Purcell J E,Uye S I,Lo W T.Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans:a review[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2007,350:153-74.
[15]Purcell J E.Environmental effects on asexual reproduction rates of the scyphozoan Aurelia labiate[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2007,348:183-196.
[16]Han C H,Uye S I.Combined effects of food supply and temperature on asexual reproduction and somatic growth of polyps of the common jellyfish Aurelia aurita sl[J].Plankton and Benthos Research,2010,5(3):98-105.
[17]Liu W C,Lo W T,Purcell J E,et al.Effects of temperature and light intensity on asexual reproduction of the scyphozoan,Aurelia aurita(L.)in Taiwan[J].Hydrobiologia,2009,616(1):247-258.
[18]Winans A K,Purcell J E.Effects of p H on asexual reproduction and statolith formation of the scyphozoan,Aurelia labiate[J].Hydrobiologia,2010,645(1):39-52.
[19]Ishii H,Watanabe T.Experimental study of growth and asexual reproduction in Aurelia aurita polyps[J].Sessile Organisms,2003,20(2):69-73.
[20]Ishii H,Ohba T,Kobayashi T.Effects of low dissolved oxygen on planula settlement,polyp growth and asexual reproduction of Aurelia aurita[J].Plankton and Benthos Research,2008,3:107-113.
[21]彭安德.河口区海参池塘水环境周年变化规律研究[D].大连:大连海洋大学,2015.
[22]刘伟,丁君,李润玲,等.黄、渤海沿岸海水养殖池塘冰期环境因子变化的研究[J].大连海洋大学学报,2014,29(1):51-56.
[23]Yuan X T,Yang H S,Wang L L,et al.Effects of salinity on energy budget in pond-cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)(Echinodermata:Holothuroidea)[J].Aquaculture,2010,306(1/4):348-351.
[24]L9nnstedt O M,Ekl9v P.Environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastic particles influence larval fish ecology[J].Science,2016,352(6 290):1 213-1 216.
[25]Conley K,Uye S I.Effects of hyposalinity on survival and settlement of moon jellyfish(Aurelia aurita)planulae[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2014,462:14-19.
[26]Sokoowski A,Brulińska D,Olenycz M,et al.Does temperature and salinity limit asexual reproduction of Aurelia aurita polyps(Cnidaria:Scyphozoa)in the Gulf of Gdańsk(southern Baltic Sea)?An experimental study[J].Hydrobiologia,2016,773(1):49-62.
[27]Holst S,Jarms G.Effects of low salinity on settlement and strobilation of Scyphozoa(Cnidaria):Is the lion’s mane Cyanea capillata(L.)able to reproduce in the brackish Baltic Sea?[J]Hydrobiologia,2010,645(1):53-68.
[28]Willcox S,Moltschaniwskyj N A,Crawford C M.Population dynamics of natural colonies of Aurelia sp.scyphistomae in Tasmania,Australia[J].Marine Biology,2008,154(4):661-670.
[29]Willcox S,Moltschaniwskyj N A,Crawford C M.Asexual reproduction in scyphistomae of Aurelia sp.:effects of temperature and salinity in an experimental study[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2007,353(1):107-114.
[30]Purcell J E,Hoover R A,Schwarck N T.Interannual variation of strobilation by the scyphozoan Aurelia labiatain in relation to polyp density,temperature,salinity,and light conditions in situ[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2009,375:139-149.
[31]付志璐,董婧,孙明,等.温度、盐度对黄海北部海月水母碟状幼体生长的影响[J].水产科学,2011,30(4):221-224.
[32]Wang Y T,Zheng S,Sun S,et al.Effect of temperature and food type on asexual reproduction in Aurelia sp.1 polyps[J].Hydrobiologia,2015,754(1):169-78.
[33]Widmer C L.Effects of temperature on growth of north-east Pacific moon jellyfish ephyrae,Aurelia labiata(Cnidaria:Scyphozoa)[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United kingdom,2005,85(3):569-573.
[34]Wang N,Li C L.The effect of temperature and food supply on the growth and ontogeny of Aurelia sp.1 ephyrae[J].Hydrobiologia,2015,754(1):157-67.
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