华北克拉通复合地幔柱构造与成矿成藏作用
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摘要
华北克拉通是世界上具有:罕见的38 Ga古老变质岩系、早于太古宙末就有强烈的岩浆活动和板块俯冲记录、并经两期克拉通化、岩石圈减薄与破坏最典型、复合地幔柱最明显、与其它克拉通相比规模相对较小的特点。在新太古代末-中元古代初,区内花岗-绿岩带密布,仅以河北怀安及胶东TTG为例,足以证实为地幔热柱成因;"中部碰撞带"为早期板块俯冲的印记,是和基洛兰(Kenorland)陆块群汇聚过程紧密相联系;自进入1 800~1 600 Ma期间,华北己转变为伸展构造体制,广泛分布有酸性岩浆岩及基性岩脉(岩墙)和伸展裂谷,亦为地幔柱强烈活动的显著特征,无疑是全球哥伦比亚(Columbia)超大陆裂解事件的组成部分;但进入1 000~700 Ma时,华北除分布基性岩墙(床)群外,只在少数地区有中酸侵入岩体出露,可能是罗迪尼亚(Rodinia)超大陆裂解过程中,呈现了隐伏岩浆活动的态势,故有逊于扬子克拉通此期岩浆活动的强度和广度;加里东期("泛华夏期")亦有地台隆升迹象;但演化至中生代,由于受燕山期翘变,和太平洋板块及印度洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的影响,形成了华北亚地幔拄构造,同时产生了岩浆作用的"大灾变";成矿作用的"大爆发"。根据华北"G型大火成岩省"及变质核杂岩分布、和地震层析解释资料证实,本区是以渤海湾盆地为中心,形成"一盆多岭"的构造格局。正因为华北克拉通复合地幔柱构造,促使区內成矿成藏作用具备有:独特性(如白云鄂博裂谷产稀土特大型矿床、中条裂谷产铜金超大型矿床)、继承性(如鞍山式铁矿与邯邢式铁矿的成因关系)、成藏作用的复杂性(常规和非常规油气联系及山-岭金属矿)的特征。
North China Craton, relatively smaller than the other cratons in the world, is characterized by the rare 38 Ga metamorphic rock series, the intense magmatic activities and plate subduction as early as the end of Archean, the two periods of Kratonization, the most typical lithosphere thinning and destruction, and the most obvious composite mantle plumes. From the end of the late-Archean to the early Mesoproterozoic Era, the granitic belt-greenstone belt were densely distributed in this area. The example of Hebei Huai'an and Jiaodong TTG alone is sufficient to confirm that is the cause of the mantle plume. The "central collision zone" is the imprint of the early plate subduction, which is closely related to the convergence process of the Kenorland. During the 1800~1600 Ma period, North China had become an extensional tectonic regime, widely distributed with acidic magmatic rocks and basic veins(dykes) and rift valleys, and also a significant feature of the mantle plume's intense activity, which was undoubtedly part of the global Columbia supercontinent breakup event. But during the period of 1000~700 Ma, in addition to the distribution of basic dykes(sill) group, intermediate-acid intrusive body was only exposed in a few area in North China. It might be in the process of Rodinia supercontinent breakup, showing the situation of concealed magma activity, so the strength and breadth of the magmatic activity were weaker than the ones of the Yangtze Craton in this period;there were signs of platform uplift in the Caledonian("Pan-cathaysian ");but in the Mesozoic Era, influenced by the Yanshanian seesawing, and the Pacific plate and the Indian Ocean plate subducting to the Eurasian plate, the structure of North China sub-mantle plume formed, resulting in the "catastrophe" of magmatism as well as the "outburst" of mineralization. According to the data including the distribution of "G-type Large Igneous Province" and metamorphic core complex, and the seismic tomography in North China, it is confirmed that this area is based on the Bohai Bay Basin as the center, forming a tectonic framework of "one basin and more ridges and valleys". Due to the composite mantle plume tectonics of North China Craton, the mineralization in the area has the following characteristics:(1) uniqueness(such as the super-large rare earth deposits in Baiyunebo rift valley and the super-large copper-gold deposits in the Zhongtiao rift valley);(2)succession(such as the metallogenic relations between Anshan-type iron ore and Hanxing-type iron ore);(3)the complexity of mineralization(the conventional and unconventional petroleum links and the metal deposits in the mountain ridge).
North China Craton, relatively smaller than the other cratons in the world, is characterized by the rare 38 Ga metamorphic rock series, the intense magmatic activities and plate subduction as early as the end of Archean, the two periods of Kratonization, the most typical lithosphere thinning and destruction, and the most obvious composite mantle plumes. From the end of the late-Archean to the early Mesoproterozoic Era, the granitic belt-greenstone belt were densely distributed in this area. The example of Hebei Huai'an and Jiaodong TTG alone is sufficient to confirm that is the cause of the mantle plume. The "central collision zone" is the imprint of the early plate subduction, which is closely related to the convergence process of the Kenorland. During the 1800~1600 Ma period, North China had become an extensional tectonic regime, widely distributed with acidic magmatic rocks and basic veins(dykes) and rift valleys, and also a significant feature of the mantle plume's intense activity, which was undoubtedly part of the global Columbia supercontinent breakup event. But during the period of 1000~700 Ma, in addition to the distribution of basic dykes(sill) group, intermediate-acid intrusive body was only exposed in a few area in North China. It might be in the process of Rodinia supercontinent breakup, showing the situation of concealed magma activity, so the strength and breadth of the magmatic activity were weaker than the ones of the Yangtze Craton in this period;there were signs of platform uplift in the Caledonian("Pan-cathaysian ");but in the Mesozoic Era, influenced by the Yanshanian seesawing, and the Pacific plate and the Indian Ocean plate subducting to the Eurasian plate, the structure of North China sub-mantle plume formed, resulting in the "catastrophe" of magmatism as well as the "outburst" of mineralization. According to the data including the distribution of "G-type Large Igneous Province" and metamorphic core complex, and the seismic tomography in North China, it is confirmed that this area is based on the Bohai Bay Basin as the center, forming a tectonic framework of "one basin and more ridges and valleys". Due to the composite mantle plume tectonics of North China Craton, the mineralization in the area has the following characteristics:(1) uniqueness(such as the super-large rare earth deposits in Baiyunebo rift valley and the super-large copper-gold deposits in the Zhongtiao rift valley);(2)succession(such as the metallogenic relations between Anshan-type iron ore and Hanxing-type iron ore);(3)the complexity of mineralization(the conventional and unconventional petroleum links and the metal deposits in the mountain ridge).
引文
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