置氢烧结Ti-6Al-4V合金的显微组织演变规律
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摘要
通过在原料粉末中配置TiH_2粉末的方法将烧结Ti-6Al-4V合金的实际置氢量控制在0~0.69%,系统研究了置氢量对显微组织演变、相构成、形态与分布的影响规律,并借助OM、SEM、EDS、XRD和EBSD开展探究与表征。结果表明:1)置入0.12%的氢可以使合金获得近平衡态显微组织的烧结时间从3 h减少为2 h。2)当置氢量逐步增加到0.69%时,α相含量从82.44%急剧减少至15.22%,而β相含量从3.59%增加到50.77%,同时α相的形态从粗大片状转变为断续分布于β相周围的细片状,β相的形态则从断续分布于α相间的细条状转变为板块状。3)随着置氢量的提高,HCPα'马氏体的含量从8%左右增加到约25%,并呈局部集中状分布在α相内;置氢量为0.54%时,针状δ氢化物开始生成,分布在α和β相内及两相之间,此时α'的含量再次降低至8%左右。4)斜方结构马氏体α"的含量也随着置氢量的提高而增加,但是当α"含量达到5%左右后便维持不变,呈细小等轴状分布于α相内。5)置氢量对合金中显微组织构成、α+β片层束及晶粒形态能够产生显著影响。最后,根据实验结果对置氢烧结Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织的演变机理开展了分析与讨论。
The real hydrogenation contents were controlled in the range from 0 to 0.69%(mass fraction) by adding Ti H2 powders to the raw powders, and the effects of real hydrogenation contents on microstructure evolution and phase composition, morphology and distribution of sintering Ti-6 Al-4 V alloys were comprehensively investigated. Means of OM, SEM, EDS, XRD and EBSD were used for the exploration and characterization. The results are as the follows: 1) The time for microstructure reaching the near-equilibrium-state reduces from 3 h to 2 h at hydrogenation content of 0.12%. 2) With hydrogenation content increases to 0.69% gradually, the volume fraction of α phase reduces from 82.44% to 15.22% and the volume fraction of β phase increases from 3.59% to 50.77%. Meanwhile, coarse lamellar α phase transforms to fine lamellar α phase distributing around β phase discontinuously, and thin strip β phase distributing between α phases discontinuously transforms to plate β phase. 3) The volume fraction of HCP α′ martensite increases from about 8% to about 25% with the increase of hydrogenation content, which distributes in α phase locally and intensively; Acicular δ hydride generates at 0.54% hydrogenation content, which distributes in α and β phases and between the two phases. Meanwhile, the volume fraction of HCP α' martensite reduces to about 8% again. 4) Though the volume fraction of orthorhombic α" martensite increases with the increase of hydrogenation content, it only reaches about 5% and distributes in α phase with small equiaxed shape. 5) The hydrogenation content can also effectively affect the microstructure composition,(α+β) lamellar beam and grain morphology. Finally, the microstructure evolution mechanism of hydrogenated sintering Ti-6 Al-4 V alloys was analyzed and discussed on the basis of experimental results.
The real hydrogenation contents were controlled in the range from 0 to 0.69%(mass fraction) by adding Ti H2 powders to the raw powders, and the effects of real hydrogenation contents on microstructure evolution and phase composition, morphology and distribution of sintering Ti-6 Al-4 V alloys were comprehensively investigated. Means of OM, SEM, EDS, XRD and EBSD were used for the exploration and characterization. The results are as the follows: 1) The time for microstructure reaching the near-equilibrium-state reduces from 3 h to 2 h at hydrogenation content of 0.12%. 2) With hydrogenation content increases to 0.69% gradually, the volume fraction of α phase reduces from 82.44% to 15.22% and the volume fraction of β phase increases from 3.59% to 50.77%. Meanwhile, coarse lamellar α phase transforms to fine lamellar α phase distributing around β phase discontinuously, and thin strip β phase distributing between α phases discontinuously transforms to plate β phase. 3) The volume fraction of HCP α′ martensite increases from about 8% to about 25% with the increase of hydrogenation content, which distributes in α phase locally and intensively; Acicular δ hydride generates at 0.54% hydrogenation content, which distributes in α and β phases and between the two phases. Meanwhile, the volume fraction of HCP α' martensite reduces to about 8% again. 4) Though the volume fraction of orthorhombic α" martensite increases with the increase of hydrogenation content, it only reaches about 5% and distributes in α phase with small equiaxed shape. 5) The hydrogenation content can also effectively affect the microstructure composition,(α+β) lamellar beam and grain morphology. Finally, the microstructure evolution mechanism of hydrogenated sintering Ti-6 Al-4 V alloys was analyzed and discussed on the basis of experimental results.
引文
[1]袁宝国.置氢钛合金组织与性能[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2015:1-2.YUAN Bao-guo.Microstructure and property of hydrogenated titanium alloy[M].Beijing:Metallurgical Industry Press,2015:1-2.
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[9]FROES F H.Prealloyed titanium powder metallurgy-barriers to use[J].International Journal of Powder Metallurgy,1987,23(4):267-269.
[10]XU Xiao-yan,PHILIP N.Sintering mechanisms of Armstrong prealloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2014,607(23):409-416.
[11]侯红亮,李志强,王亚军,关桥.钛合金热氢处理技术及其应用前景[J].中国有色金属学报,2003,13(3):533-549.HOU Hong-liang,LI Zhi-qiang,WANG Ya-jun,GUAN Qiao.Technology of hydrogen treatment for titanium alloy and its application prospect[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2003,13(3):533-549.
[12]KERR W R,SMITH P R,ROSENBLUM M E,GURNEY F J,MAHAJAN Y R.Hydrogen as an alloying element in titanium(Hydrovac)[C]//Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Titanium.Kyoto,Japan,1980:2477-2486.
[13]黄东,南海,吴鹤,赵嘉琪.氢处理技术在钛合金加工中的应用[J].金属热处理,2004,29(6):44-48.HUANG Dong,NAN Hai,WU He,ZHAO Jia-qi.Application of hydrogenation technology on titanium alloy[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,2004,29(6):44-48.
[14]FROES F H,SENKOV O N,QAZI J O.Hydrogen as a temporary alloying element in titanium alloys:Thermohydrogen processing[J].International Materials Reviews,2004,49(3/4):227-245.
[15]SENKOV O N,FROES F H.Thermohydrogen processing of titanium alloys[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1999,24(6):565-576.
[16]SENKOV O N,JONAS J J,FROES F H.Recent advances in the thermohydrogen processing of titanium alloys[J].Journal of the Minerals,Metals&Materials Society,1996,48(7):42-47.
[17]李晓华,牛勇,侯红亮,李志强.置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织演变与高温变形行为[J].中国有色金属学报,2008,18(8):1414-1420.LI Xiao-hua,NIU Yong,HOU Hong-liang,LI Zhi-qiang.Microstructure evolution and high temperature deforming behavior of hydrogenated Ti-6Al-4V alloy[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2008,18(8):1414-1420.
[18]ZONG Ying-ying,HUANG Shu-hui,GUO Bin,SHAN De-bin.In situ study of phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V-x H alloys[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2015,25(9):2901-2911.
[19]田亚强,侯红亮,任学平.置氢TC4钛合金粉末热等静压制件组织与性能研究[J].航空材料学报,2013,33(3):6-11.TIAN Ya-qiang,HOU Hong-liang,REN Xue-ping.Structure and properties of sintering body by hot isostatic pressing utilizing TC4 hydrogenated powder[J].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2013,33(3):6-11.
[20]张少卿.氢在钛合金热加工中的作用[J].材料工程,1992(2):24-29,40.ZHANG Shao-qing.Effect of hydrogen on hot processing of titanium alloys[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,1992(2):24-29,40.
[21]HARDIE D,OUYANG S.Effect of hydrogen and strain rate upon the ductility of mill-annealed Ti6Al4V[J].Corrosion Science,1999,41:155-177.
[22]RUALES M,MARTELL D,VAZQUEZ F,JUST F A,SUNDARAM P A.Effect of hydrogen on the dynamic elastic modulus of gamma titanium aluminide[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2002,339(1/2):156-161.
[23]SUNDARAM P A,BASU D,STEINBRECH R W,ENNIS P J,QUADAKKERS W J,SINGHEISER L.Effect of hydrogen on the elastic modulus and hardness of gamma titanium aluminide[J].Scripta Materialia,1999,41(8):839-845.
[24]QAZI J I,SENKOV O N,RAHIM J,GENC A,FROES F H.Phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V-x H alloys[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2001,32(10):2453-2463.
[25]IIYIN A A,KOLACHEV B A,MAMONOV A M.Phase and structure transformations in titanium alloys under thermohydrogenous treatment[J].Titanium,1992(1):941-947.
[26]SHEN C C,PERNG T P.Pressure-composition isotherms and reversible hydrogen-induced phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V[J].Acta Materialia,2007,55(3):1053-1158.
[27]邓安华.钛合金的马氏体相变[J].上海有色金属,1999(4):193-199.DENG An-hua.Martensitic transformation of titanium alloys[J].Shanghai Metallurgical Institute,1999(4):193-199.
[28]黄刚,曹小华,龙兴贵.钛-氢体系的物理化学性质[J].材料导报,2006,20(10):128-131+13.HUANG Gang,CAO Xiao-hua,LONG Xing-gui.Physical and chemical properties of titanium hydrogen system[J].Materials Review,2006,20(10):128-131+13.
[29]SHAN D B,ZONG Y Y,LU T F,LV Y.Microstructural evolution and formation mechanism of FCC titanium hydride in Ti-6Al-4V-x H alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2007,427(1):229-234.
[2]LEYENS C,PETERS M.Titanium and titanium alloys[M].Weinheim:Wiely-VCH,2003:292-429.
[3]BOYER R R.An overview on the use of titanium in the aerospace industry[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,1996,213(1/2):103-114.
[4]BANERJEE D,WILLIAMS J C.Perspectives on titanium science and technology[J].Acta Materialia,2013,61(3):844-879.
[5]袁宝国.置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金室温变形行为及改性机理研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2010:1-4.YUAN Bao-guo.Deformation behavior and mechanism of hydrogenated Ti-6Al-4V alloy at room temperature[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2010:1-4.
[6]YUAN Bao-guo,YU Hai-ping,LI Chun-feng.Influence of Hydrogen content on room temperature compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at high strain rate[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2012,22(12):2943-2951.
[7]王亮,郎泽保,贾文军,史金靓,黄国基.粉末冶金Ti-6Al-4V的组织及形成机理[J].宇航材料工艺,2012,42(1):46-49.WANG Liang,LANG Ze-bao,JIA Wen-jun,SHI Jin-liang,HUANG Guo-ji.Microstructure and forming mechanism of powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V[J].Aerospace Materials&Technology,2012,42(1):46-49.
[8]EYLON D,FROES F H,PARSONS L D.Titanium PM components for advanced aerospace applications[J].Metal Powder Report,1983,38(10):567-571.
[9]FROES F H.Prealloyed titanium powder metallurgy-barriers to use[J].International Journal of Powder Metallurgy,1987,23(4):267-269.
[10]XU Xiao-yan,PHILIP N.Sintering mechanisms of Armstrong prealloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2014,607(23):409-416.
[11]侯红亮,李志强,王亚军,关桥.钛合金热氢处理技术及其应用前景[J].中国有色金属学报,2003,13(3):533-549.HOU Hong-liang,LI Zhi-qiang,WANG Ya-jun,GUAN Qiao.Technology of hydrogen treatment for titanium alloy and its application prospect[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2003,13(3):533-549.
[12]KERR W R,SMITH P R,ROSENBLUM M E,GURNEY F J,MAHAJAN Y R.Hydrogen as an alloying element in titanium(Hydrovac)[C]//Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Titanium.Kyoto,Japan,1980:2477-2486.
[13]黄东,南海,吴鹤,赵嘉琪.氢处理技术在钛合金加工中的应用[J].金属热处理,2004,29(6):44-48.HUANG Dong,NAN Hai,WU He,ZHAO Jia-qi.Application of hydrogenation technology on titanium alloy[J].Heat Treatment of Metals,2004,29(6):44-48.
[14]FROES F H,SENKOV O N,QAZI J O.Hydrogen as a temporary alloying element in titanium alloys:Thermohydrogen processing[J].International Materials Reviews,2004,49(3/4):227-245.
[15]SENKOV O N,FROES F H.Thermohydrogen processing of titanium alloys[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1999,24(6):565-576.
[16]SENKOV O N,JONAS J J,FROES F H.Recent advances in the thermohydrogen processing of titanium alloys[J].Journal of the Minerals,Metals&Materials Society,1996,48(7):42-47.
[17]李晓华,牛勇,侯红亮,李志强.置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金显微组织演变与高温变形行为[J].中国有色金属学报,2008,18(8):1414-1420.LI Xiao-hua,NIU Yong,HOU Hong-liang,LI Zhi-qiang.Microstructure evolution and high temperature deforming behavior of hydrogenated Ti-6Al-4V alloy[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2008,18(8):1414-1420.
[18]ZONG Ying-ying,HUANG Shu-hui,GUO Bin,SHAN De-bin.In situ study of phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V-x H alloys[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2015,25(9):2901-2911.
[19]田亚强,侯红亮,任学平.置氢TC4钛合金粉末热等静压制件组织与性能研究[J].航空材料学报,2013,33(3):6-11.TIAN Ya-qiang,HOU Hong-liang,REN Xue-ping.Structure and properties of sintering body by hot isostatic pressing utilizing TC4 hydrogenated powder[J].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2013,33(3):6-11.
[20]张少卿.氢在钛合金热加工中的作用[J].材料工程,1992(2):24-29,40.ZHANG Shao-qing.Effect of hydrogen on hot processing of titanium alloys[J].Journal of Materials Engineering,1992(2):24-29,40.
[21]HARDIE D,OUYANG S.Effect of hydrogen and strain rate upon the ductility of mill-annealed Ti6Al4V[J].Corrosion Science,1999,41:155-177.
[22]RUALES M,MARTELL D,VAZQUEZ F,JUST F A,SUNDARAM P A.Effect of hydrogen on the dynamic elastic modulus of gamma titanium aluminide[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2002,339(1/2):156-161.
[23]SUNDARAM P A,BASU D,STEINBRECH R W,ENNIS P J,QUADAKKERS W J,SINGHEISER L.Effect of hydrogen on the elastic modulus and hardness of gamma titanium aluminide[J].Scripta Materialia,1999,41(8):839-845.
[24]QAZI J I,SENKOV O N,RAHIM J,GENC A,FROES F H.Phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V-x H alloys[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2001,32(10):2453-2463.
[25]IIYIN A A,KOLACHEV B A,MAMONOV A M.Phase and structure transformations in titanium alloys under thermohydrogenous treatment[J].Titanium,1992(1):941-947.
[26]SHEN C C,PERNG T P.Pressure-composition isotherms and reversible hydrogen-induced phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V[J].Acta Materialia,2007,55(3):1053-1158.
[27]邓安华.钛合金的马氏体相变[J].上海有色金属,1999(4):193-199.DENG An-hua.Martensitic transformation of titanium alloys[J].Shanghai Metallurgical Institute,1999(4):193-199.
[28]黄刚,曹小华,龙兴贵.钛-氢体系的物理化学性质[J].材料导报,2006,20(10):128-131+13.HUANG Gang,CAO Xiao-hua,LONG Xing-gui.Physical and chemical properties of titanium hydrogen system[J].Materials Review,2006,20(10):128-131+13.
[29]SHAN D B,ZONG Y Y,LU T F,LV Y.Microstructural evolution and formation mechanism of FCC titanium hydride in Ti-6Al-4V-x H alloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2007,427(1):229-234.
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