裂缝发育对超深层致密砂岩储层的改造作用——以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克深气田为例
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摘要
塔里木盆地库车坳陷是"西气东输"的主力气源地之一,克深气田区白垩系巴什基奇克组是库车山前的主力产气层段,埋深超过6 000 m,储层基质渗透率低,普遍小于0.1×10~(-3)μm~2。裂缝发育可以显著改善储层渗透率,分析、量化裂缝发育特征,预测裂缝渗透率空间分布规律是该区天然气开发的关键问题。利用钻井取心、FMI成像、碳氧同位素年代学分析与露头区全息激光扫描裂缝建模,结合CT扫描定量分析、扫描电镜、阴极发光、激光共聚焦显微镜、高压压汞以及电子探针显微镜等实验分析方法,从静态定性到动态定量分析了裂缝发育对该区储层储集性的改造作用。克深气田构造裂缝以半充填剪切缝为主,有效开启度为0.2~1.5 mm。主要发育3期构造裂缝,不同期次裂缝受控于构造应力,以不同的排列方式分布在不同构造位置。裂缝孔隙度整体小于0.1%,但可提升储层渗透率1~3个数量级,纵向上不整合面下方150 m以内发育裂缝改造的高渗流储层。早期和中期裂缝成为致密储层成岩胶结的通道,不利于连通孔喉的保存;晚期裂缝发育伴随油气充注期,对储层基质孔喉有溶蚀扩大的改造作用;微裂缝对储层孔喉沟通具有一定的选择性及局限性,仅沟通其开度10~100倍范围内的孔喉。总之,晚期形成的裂缝网络为储层的高渗流区,是气田高产的关键。
Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin is one of the major gas sources for the west-east national gas transmission project. The Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in the Keshen gas field is the major pay zone with a burial depth exceeding 6 000 m and low matrix porosity and permeability( < 0. 1 × 10-3μm~2). Fractures can tremendously improve the permeability of reservoirs. Therefore,a thorough analysis and quantitative description of fracture growth and accurate prediction of the spatial distribution pattern of fracture permeability of the Formation are critical to natural gas development in the study area. Methods including drilling and coring,FMI imaging,carbon oxygen isotopic chronological analyses,fracture modeling through holograhic laser scanning of outcropwere combined with experimental analysis procedures such as CT scanning,SEM,cathode luminescence,laser scanning confocal microscope,high pressure mercury injection and electron microprobe to study both qualitativelyand quantitativelythe enhancement ofreservoir propertiesof the Formation by fractures. The fractures in the gas field aredominated by half-filled shear fractures with an effective opening ranging between 0. 1 and 1. 5 nm. There arethree stages of structural fractures developed in the Formation,and the fractures of each stage line up in different patterns at different structural locationsunder the control of structural stress. The fractures have a general porosity of less than 0. 1%,but they caneffectively improve the permeability of the reservoirs by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude and result inthe formation of high-permeability reservoirs 150 m below the unconformity face. Fracturesformed during early and middle stages served as pathways of fluids for tight reservoir diagenesis and cementation,unfavorable for the preservation of connective pores and throats. Those formed during later stage were accompanied by oil and gas charging processes and enlarged pore throats in reservoir matrix through dissolution. Micro-fractures had limited effect upon the connectivity of pores and throats in the reservoirs( only effectively connecting pore-throats with aperture between 10 to 100 times). In summary,fracture network formed during the late stage is the key to high productivity of the gas field.
Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin is one of the major gas sources for the west-east national gas transmission project. The Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in the Keshen gas field is the major pay zone with a burial depth exceeding 6 000 m and low matrix porosity and permeability( < 0. 1 × 10-3μm~2). Fractures can tremendously improve the permeability of reservoirs. Therefore,a thorough analysis and quantitative description of fracture growth and accurate prediction of the spatial distribution pattern of fracture permeability of the Formation are critical to natural gas development in the study area. Methods including drilling and coring,FMI imaging,carbon oxygen isotopic chronological analyses,fracture modeling through holograhic laser scanning of outcropwere combined with experimental analysis procedures such as CT scanning,SEM,cathode luminescence,laser scanning confocal microscope,high pressure mercury injection and electron microprobe to study both qualitativelyand quantitativelythe enhancement ofreservoir propertiesof the Formation by fractures. The fractures in the gas field aredominated by half-filled shear fractures with an effective opening ranging between 0. 1 and 1. 5 nm. There arethree stages of structural fractures developed in the Formation,and the fractures of each stage line up in different patterns at different structural locationsunder the control of structural stress. The fractures have a general porosity of less than 0. 1%,but they caneffectively improve the permeability of the reservoirs by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude and result inthe formation of high-permeability reservoirs 150 m below the unconformity face. Fracturesformed during early and middle stages served as pathways of fluids for tight reservoir diagenesis and cementation,unfavorable for the preservation of connective pores and throats. Those formed during later stage were accompanied by oil and gas charging processes and enlarged pore throats in reservoir matrix through dissolution. Micro-fractures had limited effect upon the connectivity of pores and throats in the reservoirs( only effectively connecting pore-throats with aperture between 10 to 100 times). In summary,fracture network formed during the late stage is the key to high productivity of the gas field.
引文
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[2]李武广,杨胜来,孙晓旭,等.超深油气藏储层岩孔隙度垂向变化研究[J].特种油气藏,2011,18(5):83-85.Li Wuguang,Yang Shenglai,Sun Xiaoxu,et al.Study of change in length wise of sandstone reservoir of Ultra-deep oil-gas reservoir[J].Special Oil-Gas Reservoir,2011,18(5):83-85.
[3]姜辉,樊生利,赵应权,等.超深层致密砂岩储层致密初始期的厘定——以中东鲁卜哈里盆地为例[J].石油实验地质,2016,38(2):219-223.Jiang Hui,Fan Shengli,Zhao Yingquan,et al.Initial porosity reduction phase of ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs:A case study of the Rub'Al Khali Basin in the Middle East[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2016,38(2):219-223.
[4]何治亮,张军涛,丁茜,等.深层-超深层优质碳酸盐岩储层形成控制因素[J].石油与天然气地质,2017,38(4):633-644,763.He Zhiliang,Zhang Juntao,Ding Qian,et al.Factors controlling the formation of high-quality deep to ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2017,38(4):633-644,763.
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[6]刘春,张荣虎,张惠良,等.塔里木盆地库车前陆冲断带不同构造样式裂缝发育规律:证据来自野外构造裂缝露头观测[J].天然气地球科学,2017,28(1):52-61.Liu Chun,Zhang Ronghu,Zhang Huiliang,et al.Fracture development of different structural styles in Kuqa foreland thrust belt:From outcrop observation of structural fracture[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2017,28(1):52-61.
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[9]Lander R H,Laubach S E.Insights into rates of fracture growth and sealing from a model for quartz cementation in fractured sandstones[J].AAPG Bulletin,2014,doi:10.1130/B31092.1.
[10]杨建,康毅力,王业众,等.裂缝性致密砂岩储层气体传质实验[J].天然气工业,2010,30(10):39-41.Yang Jian,Kang Yili,Wang Yezhong,et al.An experimental study of gas mass-transfer for fractured tight sand gas reservoirs[J].Natural Gas Industry,2010,30(10):39-41.
[11]杨克明,张虹.地震三维三分量技术在致密砂岩裂缝预测中的应用—以川西新场气田为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2008,29(5):683-689.Yang Keming,Zhang Hong.Application of 3D-3C seismic technique to the prediction of fractures in tight sandstone—an example from Xinchang gas field in the Western Sichuan Depression[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2008,29(5):683-689.
[12]卢颖忠,黄智辉,管志宁,等.储层裂缝特征测井解释方法综述[J].地质科技情报,1998,17(1):85-90.Lu Yingzhong,Huang Zhihui,Guan Zhining,et al.Summary of the methods of well logging interpretation on the fracture features of reser-voirs[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,1998,17(1):85-90.
[13]尹志军,黄述旺,陈崇河.用三维地震资料预测裂缝[J].石油勘探与开发,1999,26(1):78-80.Yin Zhijun,Huang Xiuwang,Chen Chonghe.Fracture determination by means of 3-dimensional seismic data[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,1999,26(1):78-80.
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[17]戴俊生,汪必峰,马占荣.脆性低渗透砂岩破裂准则研究[J].新疆石油地质,2007,28(4):393-395.Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng,Ma Zhanrong.Research on cracking principles of brittle low-permeability sands[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2007,28(4):393-395.
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