西方“中国通”中国观的历史演变及其思考
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摘要
西方的中国观作为世界中国学研究的有机组成部分,其历史演变与中国历史进程基本一致。西方学界赞誉和批判中国的两个流派、两种声音始终并存。游记汉学的中国形象反映当时中国的繁华,耶稣会传教士对中国的认识趋于深入,近代西方汉学的中国观以负面否定为主流。中国改革开放以来,汉学/中国学研究再度兴起。西方学术界虽频现"中国崩溃论""中国威胁论"等,但中国历史文化的魅力和现实中国的活力再次成为西方学界关注的话题。对于欧美社会"中国通"的各种认知,我们应保持学术主体性,探索与开拓中西文化交流的多种渠道。
Western views on China constitutes a significant part of global studies on China, and its historical evolution goes basically in line with the development of China. Praising or criticizing China, two schools or voices in the Western academic circles have long existed. The image of China portrayed in Travelling Sinology vividly reflected the prosper of China in old times. However, with Jesuit missionaries' further understanding of China, mainstream western sinology views on China appeared to be negative in modern times. Since the reform and opening-up in China, sinology and Chinese Studies revitalized. Despite the repeated emergence of theories of "the collapse of China" and "China threat", researches on China's historical and cultural charm as well as real vigor are becoming topics of concern again in the western academic circles. In face of different interpretations by European and American "China hands", we shall maintain academic subjectivity and consolidate and explore various channels for cultural exchanges between China and the West.
Western views on China constitutes a significant part of global studies on China, and its historical evolution goes basically in line with the development of China. Praising or criticizing China, two schools or voices in the Western academic circles have long existed. The image of China portrayed in Travelling Sinology vividly reflected the prosper of China in old times. However, with Jesuit missionaries' further understanding of China, mainstream western sinology views on China appeared to be negative in modern times. Since the reform and opening-up in China, sinology and Chinese Studies revitalized. Despite the repeated emergence of theories of "the collapse of China" and "China threat", researches on China's historical and cultural charm as well as real vigor are becoming topics of concern again in the western academic circles. In face of different interpretations by European and American "China hands", we shall maintain academic subjectivity and consolidate and explore various channels for cultural exchanges between China and the West.
引文
[1]张西平编.欧美汉学研究的历史与现状[M].郑州:大象出版社,2006.
[2]马可波罗行纪[M].冯承钧译.上海:上海书店出版社,2001.
[3]张隆溪.从古代中国与世界关系看马可·波罗来华[J].书屋,2017,(6).
[4]张西平编.他乡有夫子——汉学研究导论(下)[M].上海:外语教学与研究出版社,2005.
[5]赖德列.早期中美关系史[M].陈郁译.北京:商务印书馆,1962.
[6]张国刚,吴莉苇.启蒙时代欧洲的中国观——一个时代的巡礼与反思[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2006.
[7]马少甫.美国早期传教士中国观和中国学研究——以裨治文为中心的考察[D].上海:华东师范大学,2007年博士论文.
[8][德]莱布尼茨.中国近事——为了照亮我们这个时代的历史[M].[法]梅谦立,杨保筠译.郑州:大象出版社,2005.
[9]Jonathan Goldstein,Jerry Israel,and Hilary Conroy.AmericaViews China:American Images of China,Then and Now[M].Bethlehem:Lehigh University Press;London and Toronto:Associated University Presses,1991.
[10][美]卫三畏.中国总论[M].陈俱译.上海:上海古籍出版社,2003.
[11][美]哈罗德·伊萨克斯.美国的中国形象[M].于殿利,陆日宇译.北京:时事出版社,1999.
[12]褚艳红.海内外关于“中国梦”的研究[C].上海社会科学院世界中国学研究所编.世界中国学理论前沿[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2016.
[13]Josef Gregory Mahoney.Interpreting the Chinese Dream:AnExercise of Political Hermeneutics[J].Journal of ChinesePolitical Science,2014,(1).
[14]Chai Winberg,Chai May-lee.The Meaning of Xi Jinping’sChinese Dream[J].American Journal of Chinese Studies,2013,(2).
[15]侯且岸.去“西方中心论”:美国汉学一大转向[N].人民日报,2015-03-30.
[16]卢汉超.中国何时开始落后于西方——论西方汉学中的“唱盛中国”流派[J].中国市场,2010,(24).
(1)参见Baron Anson,A Voyage Round the World,in the years 1740-1744,London:John&Paul Knapton,1748。
(1)参见Josia Quincy,Samuel Shaw Journals of Major Samuel Shaw,the First American Consul at Canton:With a Life of the Author,Wm.Crosby and H.P.Nichols,1847。
(2)参见Miss A.C.Safford,Typical Women of China,Kelly&Walsh,1899;Albert O'Hara,The Position of Women in Early China according to Lieh Nv Chuan,Washington,DC:Catholic University of America Press,1945;ElizabathCoopermy,Lady of the Chinese courtyard,New York,F.A.Stokes,1914。
(3)参见Agnes Smedley,Portraits of Chinese Women in Revolution,Feminist Press,1976;斯诺:《红星照耀中国》,董乐山译,人民文学出版社2016年版;斯特朗:《百万农奴站起来》,中国藏学出版社2009年版。
(1)参见Xi Jinping and the Chinese Dream[N].Economist,2013,Vol.407,No.8834.11;Thomas Heberer,China in 2013:The Chinese Dream's Domestic and Foreign Policy Shifts[N].Asian Survey,2014,Vol.54,No.18。
(2)参见Thuy T.Do.China's Rise and the"Chinese Dream"in International Relations Theory[R].Second Oceanic Conference on International Studies,University of Melbourne,9-11 July 2014。
(3)参见Neville MARS,Adrian Hornsby,The Chinese Dream:A Society Under Construction[M],Rotterdam,Netherlands:010 Publishers,2008。
[2]马可波罗行纪[M].冯承钧译.上海:上海书店出版社,2001.
[3]张隆溪.从古代中国与世界关系看马可·波罗来华[J].书屋,2017,(6).
[4]张西平编.他乡有夫子——汉学研究导论(下)[M].上海:外语教学与研究出版社,2005.
[5]赖德列.早期中美关系史[M].陈郁译.北京:商务印书馆,1962.
[6]张国刚,吴莉苇.启蒙时代欧洲的中国观——一个时代的巡礼与反思[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2006.
[7]马少甫.美国早期传教士中国观和中国学研究——以裨治文为中心的考察[D].上海:华东师范大学,2007年博士论文.
[8][德]莱布尼茨.中国近事——为了照亮我们这个时代的历史[M].[法]梅谦立,杨保筠译.郑州:大象出版社,2005.
[9]Jonathan Goldstein,Jerry Israel,and Hilary Conroy.AmericaViews China:American Images of China,Then and Now[M].Bethlehem:Lehigh University Press;London and Toronto:Associated University Presses,1991.
[10][美]卫三畏.中国总论[M].陈俱译.上海:上海古籍出版社,2003.
[11][美]哈罗德·伊萨克斯.美国的中国形象[M].于殿利,陆日宇译.北京:时事出版社,1999.
[12]褚艳红.海内外关于“中国梦”的研究[C].上海社会科学院世界中国学研究所编.世界中国学理论前沿[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2016.
[13]Josef Gregory Mahoney.Interpreting the Chinese Dream:AnExercise of Political Hermeneutics[J].Journal of ChinesePolitical Science,2014,(1).
[14]Chai Winberg,Chai May-lee.The Meaning of Xi Jinping’sChinese Dream[J].American Journal of Chinese Studies,2013,(2).
[15]侯且岸.去“西方中心论”:美国汉学一大转向[N].人民日报,2015-03-30.
[16]卢汉超.中国何时开始落后于西方——论西方汉学中的“唱盛中国”流派[J].中国市场,2010,(24).
(1)参见Baron Anson,A Voyage Round the World,in the years 1740-1744,London:John&Paul Knapton,1748。
(1)参见Josia Quincy,Samuel Shaw Journals of Major Samuel Shaw,the First American Consul at Canton:With a Life of the Author,Wm.Crosby and H.P.Nichols,1847。
(2)参见Miss A.C.Safford,Typical Women of China,Kelly&Walsh,1899;Albert O'Hara,The Position of Women in Early China according to Lieh Nv Chuan,Washington,DC:Catholic University of America Press,1945;ElizabathCoopermy,Lady of the Chinese courtyard,New York,F.A.Stokes,1914。
(3)参见Agnes Smedley,Portraits of Chinese Women in Revolution,Feminist Press,1976;斯诺:《红星照耀中国》,董乐山译,人民文学出版社2016年版;斯特朗:《百万农奴站起来》,中国藏学出版社2009年版。
(1)参见Xi Jinping and the Chinese Dream[N].Economist,2013,Vol.407,No.8834.11;Thomas Heberer,China in 2013:The Chinese Dream's Domestic and Foreign Policy Shifts[N].Asian Survey,2014,Vol.54,No.18。
(2)参见Thuy T.Do.China's Rise and the"Chinese Dream"in International Relations Theory[R].Second Oceanic Conference on International Studies,University of Melbourne,9-11 July 2014。
(3)参见Neville MARS,Adrian Hornsby,The Chinese Dream:A Society Under Construction[M],Rotterdam,Netherlands:010 Publishers,2008。
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