Efficiency of enhanced oil recovery by injection of low-salinity water in barium-containing carbonate reservoirs
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摘要
When low-salinity water containing sulfate ions is injected into carbonate reservoirs, rock dissolution and in situ precipitation occur, altering rock permeability and wettability. Particularly, when barium ions are present in formation water,they react chemically with SO_4~(-2), and BaSO_4 is precipitated. These reactions can cause a serious impact on the efficiency of enhanced oil recovery(EOR). Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to identify EOR efficiency induced by lowsalinity waterflooding(LSWF) when Ba~(2+) is present in carbonate reservoirs. From the experimental results, it was confirmed that the permeability calculated by the measured pressure difference was improved because of rock dissolution predominating over in situ precipitation for the case of low Ba~(2+) concentrations. In the analysis of wettability alteration through the measurements of relative permeabilities before and after LSWF, the higher Ba~(2+) concentration case consumed more SO_4~(-2) in precipitating the BaSO_4, resulting in weaker wettability alteration due to the reduction of sulfate activity.These phenomena ultimately influenced EOR efficiency, i.e., the oil recovery was greater for the lower Ba~(2+) concentration.
When low-salinity water containing sulfate ions is injected into carbonate reservoirs, rock dissolution and in situ precipitation occur, altering rock permeability and wettability. Particularly, when barium ions are present in formation water,they react chemically with SO_4~(-2), and BaSO_4 is precipitated. These reactions can cause a serious impact on the efficiency of enhanced oil recovery(EOR). Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to identify EOR efficiency induced by lowsalinity waterflooding(LSWF) when Ba~(2+) is present in carbonate reservoirs. From the experimental results, it was confirmed that the permeability calculated by the measured pressure difference was improved because of rock dissolution predominating over in situ precipitation for the case of low Ba~(2+) concentrations. In the analysis of wettability alteration through the measurements of relative permeabilities before and after LSWF, the higher Ba~(2+) concentration case consumed more SO_4~(-2) in precipitating the BaSO_4, resulting in weaker wettability alteration due to the reduction of sulfate activity.These phenomena ultimately influenced EOR efficiency, i.e., the oil recovery was greater for the lower Ba~(2+) concentration.
When low-salinity water containing sulfate ions is injected into carbonate reservoirs, rock dissolution and in situ precipitation occur, altering rock permeability and wettability. Particularly, when barium ions are present in formation water,they react chemically with SO_4~(-2), and BaSO_4 is precipitated. These reactions can cause a serious impact on the efficiency of enhanced oil recovery(EOR). Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to identify EOR efficiency induced by lowsalinity waterflooding(LSWF) when Ba~(2+) is present in carbonate reservoirs. From the experimental results, it was confirmed that the permeability calculated by the measured pressure difference was improved because of rock dissolution predominating over in situ precipitation for the case of low Ba~(2+) concentrations. In the analysis of wettability alteration through the measurements of relative permeabilities before and after LSWF, the higher Ba~(2+) concentration case consumed more SO_4~(-2) in precipitating the BaSO_4, resulting in weaker wettability alteration due to the reduction of sulfate activity.These phenomena ultimately influenced EOR efficiency, i.e., the oil recovery was greater for the lower Ba~(2+) concentration.
引文
Alhuraishawy AK,Bai B,Wei M,Geng J,Pu J.Mineral dissolution and fine migration effect on oil recovery factor by low-salinity water flooding in low-permeability sandstone reservoir.Fuel.2018;220:898-907.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.016.
Al-Shaikh M,Mahadevan J.Impact of brine composition on calcite wettability:a sensitivity study.SPE J.2016;21:1-214.https://doi.org/10.2118/172187-PA.
Al-Shalabi EW,Sepehrnoori K,Delshad M.Mechanisms behind low salinity water injection in carbonate reservoirs.Fuel.2014;121:11-9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.045.
Bedrikovetsky P,Zeinijahromi A,Badalyan A,Ahmetgareev V,Khisamov R.Fines-migration-assisted low-salinity water flooding:field case analysis.In:SPE Russian petroleum technology conference,26-28 October,Moscow,Russia.2015.https://doi.org/10.2118/176721-MS.
Dong P,Puerto M,Ma K,Mateen K,Ren G,Bourdarot G,et al.Lowinterfacial-tension foaming system for enhanced oil recovery in highly heterogeneous/fractured carbonate reservoirs.In:SPEinternational conference on oilfield chemistry,3-5 April,Montgomery,Texas,USA.2017.https://doi.org/10.2118/184569-MS.
Gupta R,Smith GG,Hu L,Willingham T,Lo Cascio M,Shyeh JJ,et al.Enhanced waterflood for carbonate reservoirs-impact of injection water composition.In:SPE Middle East oil and gas show and conference,25-28 September,Manama,Bahrain.2011.https://doi.org/10.2118/142668-MS.
Hawez H,Ahmed Z.Enhanced oil recovery by CO2injection in carbonate reservoirs.WIT Trans Ecol Environ.2014;186:547-58.https://doi.org/10.2495/ESUS140481.
Hiorth A,Chthles LM,Madland MV.The impact of pore water chemistry on carbonate surface charge and oil wettability.Transp Porous Media.2010;85:1-21.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-010-9543-6.
Honarpour M,Mahmood SM.Relative-permeability measurements:an overview.J Pet Technol.1988;40:963-6.https://doi.org/10.2118/18565-PA.
Kim C,Lee J.Experimental study on the variation of relative permeability due to clay minerals in low salinity water-flooding.J Pet Sci Eng.2017;151:292-304.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.01.014.
Kuznetsov D,Cotterill S,Giddins MA,Blunt MJ.Low-salinity waterflood simulation:mechanistic and phenomenological models.In:SPE Asia Pacific enhanced oil recovery conference,11-13 August,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.2015.https://doi.org/10.2118/174615-MS.
Kwok DY,Lin R,Mui M,Neumann AW.Low-rate dynamic and static contact angles and the determination of solid surface tensions.Colloids Surf A.1996;116:63-77.https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(96)03590-X.
Lagas P,Loch JPG,Bom CM,Gerringa LJA.The behavior of barium in a landfill and underlying soil.Water Air Soil Pollut.1984;22:121-9.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00163093.
Lee SY,Webb KJ,Collins IR,Lager A,Clarke SM,O’Sullivan M,et al.Low salinity oil recovery:increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of double layer expansion.In:IOR2011-2016th European symposium on improved oil recovery,12-14 April,Cambridge,UK.2011.https://doi.org/10.2118/129722-MS.
Li X,Abass H,Teklu TW,Cui Q.A shale matrix imbibition modelinterplay between capillary pressure and osmotic pressure.In:SPE annual technical conference and exhibition,26-28 September,Dubai,UAE.2016.https://doi.org/10.2118/181407-MS.
Mahani H,Keya AL,Berg S,Bartels WB,Nasralla R,Rossen WR.Insights into the mechanism of wettability alteration by lowsalinity flooding(LSF)in carbonates.Energy Fuel.2015;29:1352-67.https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5023847.
Mahmoud M.Evaluating the damage caused by calcium sulfate scale precipitation during low-and high-salinity-water injection.J Pet Technol.2014;53:141-50.https://doi.org/10.2118/164634-PA.
McGuire PL,Chatham JR,Paskvan FK,Sommer DM,Carini FH.Low salinity oil recovery:an exciting new EOR opportunity for Alaska’s north slope.In:SPE western regional meeting,30March-1 April,Irvine,California.2005.https://doi.org/10.2118/93903-MS.
Merdhah ABB,Yassin AAM.Barium sulfate scale formation in oil reservoir during water injection at high-barium formation water.J Appl Sci.2007;7:2293-403.https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.2393.2403.
Moghadasi J,Jamialahmadi M,Steinhagen M.Scale formation in oil reservoir and production equipment during water injection(kinetics of CaSO4and CaCO3crystal growth and effect on formation damage).In:SPE European formation damage conference,13-14 May,The Hague,Netherlands.2003.https://doi.org/10.2118/82233-MS.
Morrow N,Buckley J.Improved oil recovery by low salinity waterflooding.J Pet Technol.2011;63:106-12.https://doi.org/10.2118/129421-JPT.
Neff JM,Sauer TC.Barium in produced water:fate and effects in the marine environment.API Publication 4633.Cambridge:American Petroleum Institute;1995.
Ouden LD,Nasralla RA,Guo H,Bruining H,Van Kruijsdijk CPJW.Calcite dissolution behaviour during low salinity water flooding in carbonate rock.In:IOR 2015-2018th European symposium on improved oil recovery,14-16 April,Dresden,Germany.2015.
Peng C,Crawshaw JP,Maitland GC,Trusler JM.Kinetics of calcite dissolution in CO2-saturated water at temperatures between(323and 373)K and pressures up to 13.8 MPa.Chem Geol.2015;483:74-85.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.03.012.
Railsback LB.A thermodynamic perspective on the stability of carbonate minerals and its implications for carbonate petrology.J Geol Educ.1993;41:1-12.
RezaeiDoust A,Puntervold T,Strand S,Austad T.Smart water as wettability modifier in carbonate and sandstone:a discussion of similarities/differences in the chemical mechanisms.Energy Fuels.2009;23:4479-85.https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900185q.
Shabib-Asl A,Ayoub MA,Elraies KA.Laboratory investigation into wettability alteration by different low salinity water compositions in sandstone rock.In:SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific oil and gas conference and exhibition,20-22 October,Bali,Indonesia.2015.https://doi.org/10.2118/176492-MS.
Sheikholeslami R,Ng M.Calcium sulfate precipitation in the presence of nondominant calcium carbonate:thermodynamics and kinetics.Ind Eng Chem Res.2001;40:3570-8.https://doi.org/10.1021/ie000781c.
Sohrabi M,Mahzari P,Farzaneh SA,Mills JR,Tsoils P,Ireland S.Novel insights into mechanisms of oil recovery by low salinity water injection.SPE J.2017;22:407-16.https://doi.org/10.2118/172778-MS.
Stalder AF,Melchior T,Muller M,Sage D,Blu T,Unser M.Lowbond axisymmetric drop shape analysis for surface tension and contact angle measurements of sessile drops.Colloids Surf A.2010;364:72-81.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.04.040.
Yousef AA,Al-Saleh SH,Al-Kaabi A,Al-Jawfi MS.Laboratory investigation of the impact of injection-water salinity and ionic content on oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs.SPE Reserv Eval Eng.2011;14:578-93.https://doi.org/10.2118/137634-PA.
Yuan MD,Todd AC.Prediction of sulfate scaling tendency in oilfield operations.SPE Prod Eng.1991;6:63-72.https://doi.org/10.2118/18484-PA.
Zahid A,Shapiro A,Skauge A.Experimental studies of low salinity water flooding in carbonate reservoirs:a new promising approach.In:SPE EOR conference at oil and gas West Asia,16-18 April,Muscat,Oman.2012.https://doi.org/10.2118/155625-MS.
Zeinijahromi A,Bedrikovetsky P.Fines-migration-assisted oil and gas recovery(low salinity water injection).In:SPE Russian petroleum technology conference,26-28 October,Moscow,Russia.2015.https://doi.org/10.2118/176548-MS.
Al-Shaikh M,Mahadevan J.Impact of brine composition on calcite wettability:a sensitivity study.SPE J.2016;21:1-214.https://doi.org/10.2118/172187-PA.
Al-Shalabi EW,Sepehrnoori K,Delshad M.Mechanisms behind low salinity water injection in carbonate reservoirs.Fuel.2014;121:11-9.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.045.
Bedrikovetsky P,Zeinijahromi A,Badalyan A,Ahmetgareev V,Khisamov R.Fines-migration-assisted low-salinity water flooding:field case analysis.In:SPE Russian petroleum technology conference,26-28 October,Moscow,Russia.2015.https://doi.org/10.2118/176721-MS.
Dong P,Puerto M,Ma K,Mateen K,Ren G,Bourdarot G,et al.Lowinterfacial-tension foaming system for enhanced oil recovery in highly heterogeneous/fractured carbonate reservoirs.In:SPEinternational conference on oilfield chemistry,3-5 April,Montgomery,Texas,USA.2017.https://doi.org/10.2118/184569-MS.
Gupta R,Smith GG,Hu L,Willingham T,Lo Cascio M,Shyeh JJ,et al.Enhanced waterflood for carbonate reservoirs-impact of injection water composition.In:SPE Middle East oil and gas show and conference,25-28 September,Manama,Bahrain.2011.https://doi.org/10.2118/142668-MS.
Hawez H,Ahmed Z.Enhanced oil recovery by CO2injection in carbonate reservoirs.WIT Trans Ecol Environ.2014;186:547-58.https://doi.org/10.2495/ESUS140481.
Hiorth A,Chthles LM,Madland MV.The impact of pore water chemistry on carbonate surface charge and oil wettability.Transp Porous Media.2010;85:1-21.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-010-9543-6.
Honarpour M,Mahmood SM.Relative-permeability measurements:an overview.J Pet Technol.1988;40:963-6.https://doi.org/10.2118/18565-PA.
Kim C,Lee J.Experimental study on the variation of relative permeability due to clay minerals in low salinity water-flooding.J Pet Sci Eng.2017;151:292-304.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2017.01.014.
Kuznetsov D,Cotterill S,Giddins MA,Blunt MJ.Low-salinity waterflood simulation:mechanistic and phenomenological models.In:SPE Asia Pacific enhanced oil recovery conference,11-13 August,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.2015.https://doi.org/10.2118/174615-MS.
Kwok DY,Lin R,Mui M,Neumann AW.Low-rate dynamic and static contact angles and the determination of solid surface tensions.Colloids Surf A.1996;116:63-77.https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(96)03590-X.
Lagas P,Loch JPG,Bom CM,Gerringa LJA.The behavior of barium in a landfill and underlying soil.Water Air Soil Pollut.1984;22:121-9.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00163093.
Lee SY,Webb KJ,Collins IR,Lager A,Clarke SM,O’Sullivan M,et al.Low salinity oil recovery:increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of double layer expansion.In:IOR2011-2016th European symposium on improved oil recovery,12-14 April,Cambridge,UK.2011.https://doi.org/10.2118/129722-MS.
Li X,Abass H,Teklu TW,Cui Q.A shale matrix imbibition modelinterplay between capillary pressure and osmotic pressure.In:SPE annual technical conference and exhibition,26-28 September,Dubai,UAE.2016.https://doi.org/10.2118/181407-MS.
Mahani H,Keya AL,Berg S,Bartels WB,Nasralla R,Rossen WR.Insights into the mechanism of wettability alteration by lowsalinity flooding(LSF)in carbonates.Energy Fuel.2015;29:1352-67.https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5023847.
Mahmoud M.Evaluating the damage caused by calcium sulfate scale precipitation during low-and high-salinity-water injection.J Pet Technol.2014;53:141-50.https://doi.org/10.2118/164634-PA.
McGuire PL,Chatham JR,Paskvan FK,Sommer DM,Carini FH.Low salinity oil recovery:an exciting new EOR opportunity for Alaska’s north slope.In:SPE western regional meeting,30March-1 April,Irvine,California.2005.https://doi.org/10.2118/93903-MS.
Merdhah ABB,Yassin AAM.Barium sulfate scale formation in oil reservoir during water injection at high-barium formation water.J Appl Sci.2007;7:2293-403.https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.2393.2403.
Moghadasi J,Jamialahmadi M,Steinhagen M.Scale formation in oil reservoir and production equipment during water injection(kinetics of CaSO4and CaCO3crystal growth and effect on formation damage).In:SPE European formation damage conference,13-14 May,The Hague,Netherlands.2003.https://doi.org/10.2118/82233-MS.
Morrow N,Buckley J.Improved oil recovery by low salinity waterflooding.J Pet Technol.2011;63:106-12.https://doi.org/10.2118/129421-JPT.
Neff JM,Sauer TC.Barium in produced water:fate and effects in the marine environment.API Publication 4633.Cambridge:American Petroleum Institute;1995.
Ouden LD,Nasralla RA,Guo H,Bruining H,Van Kruijsdijk CPJW.Calcite dissolution behaviour during low salinity water flooding in carbonate rock.In:IOR 2015-2018th European symposium on improved oil recovery,14-16 April,Dresden,Germany.2015.
Peng C,Crawshaw JP,Maitland GC,Trusler JM.Kinetics of calcite dissolution in CO2-saturated water at temperatures between(323and 373)K and pressures up to 13.8 MPa.Chem Geol.2015;483:74-85.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.03.012.
Railsback LB.A thermodynamic perspective on the stability of carbonate minerals and its implications for carbonate petrology.J Geol Educ.1993;41:1-12.
RezaeiDoust A,Puntervold T,Strand S,Austad T.Smart water as wettability modifier in carbonate and sandstone:a discussion of similarities/differences in the chemical mechanisms.Energy Fuels.2009;23:4479-85.https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900185q.
Shabib-Asl A,Ayoub MA,Elraies KA.Laboratory investigation into wettability alteration by different low salinity water compositions in sandstone rock.In:SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific oil and gas conference and exhibition,20-22 October,Bali,Indonesia.2015.https://doi.org/10.2118/176492-MS.
Sheikholeslami R,Ng M.Calcium sulfate precipitation in the presence of nondominant calcium carbonate:thermodynamics and kinetics.Ind Eng Chem Res.2001;40:3570-8.https://doi.org/10.1021/ie000781c.
Sohrabi M,Mahzari P,Farzaneh SA,Mills JR,Tsoils P,Ireland S.Novel insights into mechanisms of oil recovery by low salinity water injection.SPE J.2017;22:407-16.https://doi.org/10.2118/172778-MS.
Stalder AF,Melchior T,Muller M,Sage D,Blu T,Unser M.Lowbond axisymmetric drop shape analysis for surface tension and contact angle measurements of sessile drops.Colloids Surf A.2010;364:72-81.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.04.040.
Yousef AA,Al-Saleh SH,Al-Kaabi A,Al-Jawfi MS.Laboratory investigation of the impact of injection-water salinity and ionic content on oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs.SPE Reserv Eval Eng.2011;14:578-93.https://doi.org/10.2118/137634-PA.
Yuan MD,Todd AC.Prediction of sulfate scaling tendency in oilfield operations.SPE Prod Eng.1991;6:63-72.https://doi.org/10.2118/18484-PA.
Zahid A,Shapiro A,Skauge A.Experimental studies of low salinity water flooding in carbonate reservoirs:a new promising approach.In:SPE EOR conference at oil and gas West Asia,16-18 April,Muscat,Oman.2012.https://doi.org/10.2118/155625-MS.
Zeinijahromi A,Bedrikovetsky P.Fines-migration-assisted oil and gas recovery(low salinity water injection).In:SPE Russian petroleum technology conference,26-28 October,Moscow,Russia.2015.https://doi.org/10.2118/176548-MS.
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