大陆岩石圈伸展与斑岩铜矿成矿作用
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摘要
华南地区自古生代以来一直属于陆内构造演化环境。华南陆内伸展型斑岩铜矿主要形成于早侏罗世、晚侏罗世和早白垩世3个时期,其中晚侏罗世成矿期与华南中生代大规模钨锡成矿作用的形成基本属于一个时期。这些斑岩型矿床的时空分布与同时期的俯冲带在时间上和空间上具有明显不协调的关系,且与俯冲有关的、后俯冲伸展背景以及陆陆碰撞有关的斑岩铜矿的线性分布特点明显不同,尤其是早白垩世斑岩铜矿的分布明显呈面状分布,与华南中生代地壳明显减薄的区域基本一致。虽然这3个时期的斑岩型铜矿在地球化学上显示出弧岩浆岩的特点,但是地质事实证明在这3个时期,华南岩石圈发生了明显的伸展作用,尽管每个时期华南不同地区岩石圈伸展的程度可能不同。因此,我们把华南这种类型的斑岩铜矿归称之为"陆内伸展型"斑岩铜矿。陆内伸展型斑岩铜矿的成矿机制可能是岩石圈伸展背景下软流圈上涌导致陆下岩石圈地幔或者下地壳被改造有关。
Most of the large porphyry copper deposits occurred in arc setting,which are closely related to oceanic crust subduction,especially to partial melting of mantle materials caused by dehydration of subducted plates. Recent studies have shown that porphyry copper deposits can occur in non-subduction setting,such as intra-continental and continental collision setting. The formation of porphyry copper deposits in continental collision setting is related to the partial melting of lithosphere modified by subduction. The fertilized magma emplaced in the shallow part of the crust through the crystallization differentiation and crustal contamination. However,the spatial and temporal distribution of porphyry copper deposits in the intra-continents setting are incompatible with the structures of the contemporary subduction zones,its genesis mechanism and dynamic process are not very clear. It has been a long intra-continental tectonic setting since the Paleozoic in South China. Three episodes porphyry copper systems( Early Jurassic,Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous) occurred in Mesozoic,which related to the intra-continental tectonic setting. The Late Jurassic porphyry copper system was concurrent with the large-scale W-Sn mineralization in South China. The spatial and temporal distributions of these porphyry deposits are obviously inconsistent with those of the subduction-related porphyry copper system in southwestern USA and Cordilleran orogenic belt. The characteristics of sub-continental lithospheric mantle extension-related porphyry copper deposits is quite different from those occurred as linear formed in subduction,post-subduction extension,and continental collision setting. Especially,the porphyry copper deposits in the Early Cretaceous porphyry copper deposits which distributed as planar,which basically consistent with Mesozoic crustal thinning area in South China. Although the porphyry copper deposits of these three periods show arc magma affinity in geochemistry,the Nd-Sr isotope of the porphyries indicate the contribution of mantle to mineralization vary from the regions and the metallogenic types. The geological facts prove that the lithosphere of South China has undergone obvious extension during these three periods. The extent of lithospheric extension may vary in different regions of South China in each period. Therefore,we called the porphyry copper deposit from these three episodes as "intra-continental extensional porphyry copper deposit ". The metallogenic mechanism of the Mesozoic intra-continental extensional porphyry copper deposits may be related to the upwelling of asthenosphere under the lithospheric extension background,which resulting in the transformation of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle or lower crust.
Most of the large porphyry copper deposits occurred in arc setting,which are closely related to oceanic crust subduction,especially to partial melting of mantle materials caused by dehydration of subducted plates. Recent studies have shown that porphyry copper deposits can occur in non-subduction setting,such as intra-continental and continental collision setting. The formation of porphyry copper deposits in continental collision setting is related to the partial melting of lithosphere modified by subduction. The fertilized magma emplaced in the shallow part of the crust through the crystallization differentiation and crustal contamination. However,the spatial and temporal distribution of porphyry copper deposits in the intra-continents setting are incompatible with the structures of the contemporary subduction zones,its genesis mechanism and dynamic process are not very clear. It has been a long intra-continental tectonic setting since the Paleozoic in South China. Three episodes porphyry copper systems( Early Jurassic,Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous) occurred in Mesozoic,which related to the intra-continental tectonic setting. The Late Jurassic porphyry copper system was concurrent with the large-scale W-Sn mineralization in South China. The spatial and temporal distributions of these porphyry deposits are obviously inconsistent with those of the subduction-related porphyry copper system in southwestern USA and Cordilleran orogenic belt. The characteristics of sub-continental lithospheric mantle extension-related porphyry copper deposits is quite different from those occurred as linear formed in subduction,post-subduction extension,and continental collision setting. Especially,the porphyry copper deposits in the Early Cretaceous porphyry copper deposits which distributed as planar,which basically consistent with Mesozoic crustal thinning area in South China. Although the porphyry copper deposits of these three periods show arc magma affinity in geochemistry,the Nd-Sr isotope of the porphyries indicate the contribution of mantle to mineralization vary from the regions and the metallogenic types. The geological facts prove that the lithosphere of South China has undergone obvious extension during these three periods. The extent of lithospheric extension may vary in different regions of South China in each period. Therefore,we called the porphyry copper deposit from these three episodes as "intra-continental extensional porphyry copper deposit ". The metallogenic mechanism of the Mesozoic intra-continental extensional porphyry copper deposits may be related to the upwelling of asthenosphere under the lithospheric extension background,which resulting in the transformation of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle or lower crust.
引文
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