气象因素对香港地区臭氧污染的影响
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摘要
基于2000~2015年香港地区的臭氧监测数据和气象数据,分析了香港的臭氧污染特征及气象因素对臭氧污染的影响.结果表明:(1)香港地区臭氧浓度呈现明显的季节变化特征,其中秋季>春季>冬季>夏季,臭氧超标日集中在夏季和秋季,超标日发生在冬季和春季的情形极少.(2)2000~2015年香港臭氧日最大8h平均浓度(MDA8)年均浓度呈增长趋势,平均增长速率为0.77μg·(m3·a)-1,臭氧MDA8第90百分位数浓度同样呈增长趋势,增长速率为1.49μg·(m3·a)-1.(3)较高的气温是香港地区臭氧污染发生的必要条件,气温越高越容易导致更高浓度的臭氧污染.(4)绝大多数情况下,臭氧浓度与相对湿度间呈负相关关系,相对湿度越高,香港地区的臭氧MDA8平均浓度及第90百分位数浓度均会降低.(5)当香港发生臭氧污染时,盛行风往往从偏北风或偏东风转为偏西风.随着风速的增大,臭氧平均浓度变化不大,但是臭氧第90百分位数浓度会明显降低.(6)降水和云量是影响臭氧浓度的重要因素,连续多日的无雨或少雨天气是臭氧污染事件发生的必要条件,而随着云量的增加,臭氧平均浓度和第90百分位数浓度会持续降低.(7)在太阳总辐射量≤20 MJ·m-2或日照时长≤10 h的情况下,臭氧浓度与太阳辐射及日照时长呈正相关关系.然而,在太阳辐射强烈的情况下(太阳总辐射量> 20 MJ·m-2或日照时长> 10 h),随着太阳辐射增强或日照时长的增加地面臭氧浓度反而降低,这是因为太阳辐射强烈的情况常出现在雨后天晴的背景下,并盛行来自海洋的偏南风,使得臭氧污染不易形成.(8)香港臭氧超标日的出现往往伴随着一系列气象条件的共同改变,包括晴天少雨、辐射增强、边界层高度增加、相对湿度降低、风速变小以及气温升高等气象特征,污染结束则伴随着相反的气象变化.
Based on ozone monitoring and meteorological data from 2000 to 2015 in Hong Kong,the characteristics of ozone pollution and the influence of meteorological factors on the ozone pollution were analyzed.The results show that:(1) A seasonal variation of the ozone concentration in Hong Kong is notable:autumn > spring > winter > summer.Days of ozone exceeding the standard value are concentrated in summer and autumn and rarely occur in winter and spring.(2) The annual mean ozone concentration of the maximum daily 8-h average(MDA8) in Hong Kong increases from 2000 to 2015,with an average growth rate of 0.77 μg·(m3·a)-1.The 90 th percentile concentration of the ozone MDA8 also increases,with an average rate of 1.49 μg·(m3·a)-1.(3) Higher temperatures are necessary for ozone pollution in Hong Kong.The higher the temperature is,the more ozone pollution likely occurs.(4) In most cases,the ozone concentration is negatively correlated with the relative humidity.The higher the relative humidity is,the lower are the ozone and 90 th percentile concentrations in Hong Kong.(5) When ozone pollution occurs in Hong Kong,prevailing winds tend to shift from northerly or easterly to westerly.In addition,with the increase of the wind speed,the average ozone concentration changes little,but the 90 th percentile ozone concentration significantly decreases.(6) Precipitation and cloud cover are important factors affecting the ozone concentration.Weather conditions without or with little rain for many consecutive days are necessary for the occurrence of ozone pollution events.However,with the increase of the cloud cover,the average ozone and 90 th percentile concentrations continue to decrease.(7) In the case of a total solar radiation ≤20 MJ·m-2 or sunshine duration ≤10 h,the ozone concentration is positively correlated with the solar radiation and sunshine duration.However,in the case of intense solar radiation(total solar radiation > 20 MJ·m-2 or duration of sunshine > 10 h),the ozone concentrations decrease with increasing solar radiation or duration because strong solar radiation often occurs in the background of sunny weather after rain.At the same time,southerly winds from the sea often prevail,making it difficult for ozone pollution to occur in Hong Kong.(8) Ozone excess days in Hong Kong are often accompanied by changes of a series of meteorological conditions including less rain on sunny days,stronger radiation,higher boundary layer height,lower relative humidity,smaller wind speeds,and higher temperatures.The end of the pollution process is accompanied by the opposite weather changes.
Based on ozone monitoring and meteorological data from 2000 to 2015 in Hong Kong,the characteristics of ozone pollution and the influence of meteorological factors on the ozone pollution were analyzed.The results show that:(1) A seasonal variation of the ozone concentration in Hong Kong is notable:autumn > spring > winter > summer.Days of ozone exceeding the standard value are concentrated in summer and autumn and rarely occur in winter and spring.(2) The annual mean ozone concentration of the maximum daily 8-h average(MDA8) in Hong Kong increases from 2000 to 2015,with an average growth rate of 0.77 μg·(m3·a)-1.The 90 th percentile concentration of the ozone MDA8 also increases,with an average rate of 1.49 μg·(m3·a)-1.(3) Higher temperatures are necessary for ozone pollution in Hong Kong.The higher the temperature is,the more ozone pollution likely occurs.(4) In most cases,the ozone concentration is negatively correlated with the relative humidity.The higher the relative humidity is,the lower are the ozone and 90 th percentile concentrations in Hong Kong.(5) When ozone pollution occurs in Hong Kong,prevailing winds tend to shift from northerly or easterly to westerly.In addition,with the increase of the wind speed,the average ozone concentration changes little,but the 90 th percentile ozone concentration significantly decreases.(6) Precipitation and cloud cover are important factors affecting the ozone concentration.Weather conditions without or with little rain for many consecutive days are necessary for the occurrence of ozone pollution events.However,with the increase of the cloud cover,the average ozone and 90 th percentile concentrations continue to decrease.(7) In the case of a total solar radiation ≤20 MJ·m-2 or sunshine duration ≤10 h,the ozone concentration is positively correlated with the solar radiation and sunshine duration.However,in the case of intense solar radiation(total solar radiation > 20 MJ·m-2 or duration of sunshine > 10 h),the ozone concentrations decrease with increasing solar radiation or duration because strong solar radiation often occurs in the background of sunny weather after rain.At the same time,southerly winds from the sea often prevail,making it difficult for ozone pollution to occur in Hong Kong.(8) Ozone excess days in Hong Kong are often accompanied by changes of a series of meteorological conditions including less rain on sunny days,stronger radiation,higher boundary layer height,lower relative humidity,smaller wind speeds,and higher temperatures.The end of the pollution process is accompanied by the opposite weather changes.
引文
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[20]Ordó1ez C,Mathis H,Furger M,et al.Changes of daily surface ozone maxima in Switzerland in all seasons from 1992 to 2002 and discussion of summer 2003[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,5(5):1187-1203.
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[22]Otero N,Sillmann J,Schnell J L,et al.Synoptic and meteorological drivers of extreme ozone concentrations over Europe[J].Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(2):024005.
[23]Zhao W,Fan S J,Guo H,et al.Assessing the impact of local meteorological variables on surface ozone in Hong Kong during2000-2015 using quantile and multiple line regression models[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,144:182-193.
[24]中华人民共和国生态环境保护部.2017中国生态环境状况公报[EB/OL].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/,2018-05-31.
[25]Ma Z Q,Xu J,Quan W J,et al.Significant increase of surface ozone at a rural site,North of eastern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,16(6):3969-3977.
[26]Wang T,Wei X L,Ding A J,et al.Increasing surface ozone concentrations in the background atmosphere of southern China,1994-2007[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(16):6217-6227.
[27]Xu W Y,Lin W L,Xu X B,et al.Long-term trends of surface ozone and its influencing factors at the Mt Waliguan GAWstation,China-part 1:overall trends and characteristics[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,16(10):6191-6205.
[28]段晓瞳,曹念文,王潇,等.2015年中国近地面臭氧浓度特征分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):4976-4982.Duan X T,CAO N W,WANG X,et al.Characteristics analysis of the surface ozone concentration of China in 2015[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(12):4976-4982.
[29]Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J,et al.The ERA-interim reanalysis:configuration and performance of the data assimilation system[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2011,137(656):553-597.
[30]中华人民共和国生态环境保护部.2015中国环境状况公报[EB/OL].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/,2016-06-01.
[31]Simon H,Reff A,Wells B,et al.Ozone trends across the United States over a period of decreasing NOx and VOC emissions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(1):186-195.
[32]Wang Y,Wang H,Guo H,et al.Long-term O3-precursor relationships in Hong Kong:field observation and model simulation[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(18):10919-10935.
[33]Sillman S,Samson P J.Impact of temperature on oxidant photochemistry in urban,polluted rural and remote environments[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(D6):11497-11508.
[34]梁碧玲,张丽,赖鑫,等.深圳市臭氧污染特征及其与气象条件的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(1):66-71.Liang B L,Zhang L,Lai X,et al.Analysis of the characteristics of ozone pollution and its relationship with meteorological conditions in Shenzhen[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2017,33(1):66-71.
[35]Lam K S,Wang T J,Wu C L,et al.Study on an ozone episode in hot season in Hong Kong and transboundary air pollution over Pearl River Delta region of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(11):1967-1977.
[36]Ding A J,Wang T,Fu C B.Transport characteristics and origins of carbon monoxide and ozone in Hong Kong,South China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2013,118(16):9475-9488.
[37]王欣,文军,刘蓉,等.降水过程对巴丹吉林沙漠近地面太阳辐射的影响[J].干旱气象,2011,29(4):427-432.Wang X,Wen J,Liu R,et al.Analysis of rainfall influence on solar radiation near land surface in the Badain-Jaran Desert[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2011,29(4):427-432.
[2]Monks P S,Granier C,Fuzzi S,et al.Atmospheric composition change-global and regional air quality[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(33):5268-5350.
[3]Young P J,Archibald A T,Bowman K W,et al.Pre-industrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project(ACCMIP)[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(4):2063-2090.
[4]Tilton B E.Health effects of tropospheric ozone[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1989,23(3):257-263.
[5]Horstman D H,Folinsbee L J,Ives P J,et al.Ozone concentration and pulmonary response relationships for 6.6-hour exposures with five hours of moderate exercise to 0.08,0.10,and 0.12 ppm[J].American Review of Respiratory Disease,1990,142(5):1158-1163.
[6]American Lung Association.American Lung Association state of the air 2015[R].Chicago,IL:American Lung Association,2015.
[7]Fishman J,Creilson J K,Parker P A,et al.An investigation of widespread ozone damage to the soybean crop in the upper Midwest determined from ground-based and satellite measurements[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(18):2248-2256.
[8]Hewitt C N,Kok G L,Fall R.Hydroperoxides in plants exposed to ozone mediate air pollution damage to alkene emitters[J].Nature,1990,344(6261):56-58.
[9]Skrby L,Selldén G.Effects of ozone on crops and forests[J].Ambio,1984,13(2):68-72.
[10]Van Dingenen R,Dentener F J,Raes F,et al.The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields under current and future air quality legislation[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(3):604-618.
[11]IPCC.Climate Change 2013:the physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the Fifth Assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2013.
[12]Sillman S.The relation between ozone,NOxand hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(12):1821-1845.
[13]Hidy G M.Ozone process insights from field experiments-part I:overview[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(12-14):2001-2022.
[14]Solomon P,Cowling E,Hidy G,et al.Comparison of scientific findings from major ozone field studies in North America and Europe[J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(12-14):1885-1920.
[15]Camalier L,Cox W,Dolwick P.The effects of meteorology on ozone in urban areas and their use in assessing ozone trends[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(33):7127-7137.
[16]Jacob D J,Winner D A.Effect of climate change on air quality[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(1):51-63.
[17]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M].(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[18]刘建,吴兑,范绍佳,等.前体物与气象因子对珠江三角洲臭氧污染的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(3):813-820.Liu J,Wu D,Fan S J,et al.Impacts of precursors and meteorological factors on ozone pollution in Pearl River Delta[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(3):813-820.
[19]程念亮,李云婷,张大伟,等.2014年北京市城区臭氧超标日浓度特征及与气象条件的关系[J].环境科学,2016,37(6):2041-2051.Cheng N L,Li Y T,Zhang D W,et al.Characteristics of ozone over standard and its relationships with meteorological conditions in Beijing City in 2014[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(6):2041-2051.
[20]Ordó1ez C,Mathis H,Furger M,et al.Changes of daily surface ozone maxima in Switzerland in all seasons from 1992 to 2002 and discussion of summer 2003[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2005,5(5):1187-1203.
[21]安俊琳,王跃思,孙扬.气象因素对北京臭氧的影响[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(3):944-951.An J L,Wang Y S,Sun Y.Assessment of ozone variations and meteorological effects in Beijing[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2009,18(3):944-951.
[22]Otero N,Sillmann J,Schnell J L,et al.Synoptic and meteorological drivers of extreme ozone concentrations over Europe[J].Environmental Research Letters,2016,11(2):024005.
[23]Zhao W,Fan S J,Guo H,et al.Assessing the impact of local meteorological variables on surface ozone in Hong Kong during2000-2015 using quantile and multiple line regression models[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,144:182-193.
[24]中华人民共和国生态环境保护部.2017中国生态环境状况公报[EB/OL].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/,2018-05-31.
[25]Ma Z Q,Xu J,Quan W J,et al.Significant increase of surface ozone at a rural site,North of eastern China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,16(6):3969-3977.
[26]Wang T,Wei X L,Ding A J,et al.Increasing surface ozone concentrations in the background atmosphere of southern China,1994-2007[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(16):6217-6227.
[27]Xu W Y,Lin W L,Xu X B,et al.Long-term trends of surface ozone and its influencing factors at the Mt Waliguan GAWstation,China-part 1:overall trends and characteristics[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,16(10):6191-6205.
[28]段晓瞳,曹念文,王潇,等.2015年中国近地面臭氧浓度特征分析[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):4976-4982.Duan X T,CAO N W,WANG X,et al.Characteristics analysis of the surface ozone concentration of China in 2015[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(12):4976-4982.
[29]Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J,et al.The ERA-interim reanalysis:configuration and performance of the data assimilation system[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,2011,137(656):553-597.
[30]中华人民共和国生态环境保护部.2015中国环境状况公报[EB/OL].http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/,2016-06-01.
[31]Simon H,Reff A,Wells B,et al.Ozone trends across the United States over a period of decreasing NOx and VOC emissions[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(1):186-195.
[32]Wang Y,Wang H,Guo H,et al.Long-term O3-precursor relationships in Hong Kong:field observation and model simulation[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(18):10919-10935.
[33]Sillman S,Samson P J.Impact of temperature on oxidant photochemistry in urban,polluted rural and remote environments[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(D6):11497-11508.
[34]梁碧玲,张丽,赖鑫,等.深圳市臭氧污染特征及其与气象条件的关系[J].气象与环境学报,2017,33(1):66-71.Liang B L,Zhang L,Lai X,et al.Analysis of the characteristics of ozone pollution and its relationship with meteorological conditions in Shenzhen[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2017,33(1):66-71.
[35]Lam K S,Wang T J,Wu C L,et al.Study on an ozone episode in hot season in Hong Kong and transboundary air pollution over Pearl River Delta region of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(11):1967-1977.
[36]Ding A J,Wang T,Fu C B.Transport characteristics and origins of carbon monoxide and ozone in Hong Kong,South China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2013,118(16):9475-9488.
[37]王欣,文军,刘蓉,等.降水过程对巴丹吉林沙漠近地面太阳辐射的影响[J].干旱气象,2011,29(4):427-432.Wang X,Wen J,Liu R,et al.Analysis of rainfall influence on solar radiation near land surface in the Badain-Jaran Desert[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2011,29(4):427-432.
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