我国东部地区农田土壤重金属污染概况
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摘要
随着经济和社会的高速发展,农田土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成巨大威胁。为了解我国东部地区农田土壤重金属的污染现状,基于东部地区农田土壤重金属污染数据,采用半方差函数分析及克里金(Kriging)插值手段,通过内美罗(Nemerow)综合污染指数和地累积指数等土壤重金属评价方法,对我国东部地区农田土壤重金属砷(As)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)及铅(Pb)的污染概况进行综合分析。结果表明东部地区重金属Hg污染最为严重,均值为中国土壤Hg元素背景值的2.8倍,近30%东部地区处于Hg中度污染水平;其次为Cd,均值为背景值的2倍,50%以上东部地区处于Cd污染警戒线,半方差分析结果显示Cd污染受人类活动影响最强;广东省农田土壤重金属综合污染最为严重,内美罗综合污染指数高达0.854,克里金插值结果显示As、Cd、Hg及Pb的高值区域均在广东省有所分布。
With the rapid development of economy and society,heavy metal contamination of cultivated soil has seriously influenced food security and human health. Based on the data of heavy metal in cultivated soil in eastern China collected from documents,the degree of heavy metal pollution of cultivated land in eastern area was evaluated,by means of semi-variogram analysis,Kriging interpolation,single factor pollution index,Nemerow comprehensive pollution index,and geoaccumulation index. The conclusions showed as follows: the pollution of Pb was the most serious one; the mean value of Hg was 2.8 times higher than background value of element Hg in Chinese soil. Almost30% of eastern area was under the middle pollution level. The pollution of Cd was the second serious one,and results of semi-variogram analysis indicated Cd was the most influenced by human activities. In addition,the mean value of Cd was 2 times higher than the background value of Cd in Chinese soil. Over 50% of eastern area was under the firing line of Cd pollution. Cultivated soil in Guangdong province may be the key region of heavy metal integrated pollution because Nemerow comprehensive pollution index in Guangdong was the highest( 0. 854) and Kriging interpolation revealed high value area of As,Cd,Hg,Pb distributed in Guangdong province.
With the rapid development of economy and society,heavy metal contamination of cultivated soil has seriously influenced food security and human health. Based on the data of heavy metal in cultivated soil in eastern China collected from documents,the degree of heavy metal pollution of cultivated land in eastern area was evaluated,by means of semi-variogram analysis,Kriging interpolation,single factor pollution index,Nemerow comprehensive pollution index,and geoaccumulation index. The conclusions showed as follows: the pollution of Pb was the most serious one; the mean value of Hg was 2.8 times higher than background value of element Hg in Chinese soil. Almost30% of eastern area was under the middle pollution level. The pollution of Cd was the second serious one,and results of semi-variogram analysis indicated Cd was the most influenced by human activities. In addition,the mean value of Cd was 2 times higher than the background value of Cd in Chinese soil. Over 50% of eastern area was under the firing line of Cd pollution. Cultivated soil in Guangdong province may be the key region of heavy metal integrated pollution because Nemerow comprehensive pollution index in Guangdong was the highest( 0. 854) and Kriging interpolation revealed high value area of As,Cd,Hg,Pb distributed in Guangdong province.
引文
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[12]柴世伟,温琰茂,张亚雷,等.地积累指数法在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(12):1657-1661.Chai S W,Wen Y M,Zhang Y L,et al.. Application of index of geoaccumulation(Igeo)to pollution evaluation of heavy metals in soil[J]. J. Tongji Univ.(Nat. Sci.),2006,34(12):1657-1661.
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[15]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,35-52.
[16]汤国安,杨昕. Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006,65-76.
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[19] Muller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J]. Geojournal,1969(108):108-118.
[20] Zhang Q L,Shi X Z,Huang B,et al.. Characteristics of spatial variability of soil available lead, zinc, copper and cadmium in a vegetable base in the suburbs of Nanjing[J].Soils,2005,37(1):41-47.
[21] Cambardella C A,Moorman T B,Parkin T B,et al.. Fieldscale variability of soil properties in central iowa soil[J].Soilence Soc. Am. J.,1994,58(5):1501-1511.
[22]张金莲,丁疆峰,卢桂宁,等.广东清远电子垃圾拆解区农田土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境科学,2015(7):2633-2640.Zhang J l, Ding J F, Lu G N, et al.. Heavy metal contamination in farmland soils at an e-waste disassembling site in Qingyuan,Guangdong,South China[J]. Environ. Sci.,2015(7):2633-2640.
[23]刘芳,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,依力亚斯江·努尔麦麦提,等.准东煤炭产业区周边土壤重金属污染与健康风险的空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4815-4829.Liu F, Tashvilati T, Ilias N, et al.. Spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metal pollution and health risks in the soil around Huaidong coal industry area[J]. Environ. Sci.,2016,37(12):4815-4829.
[24]周雯婧,贺惠.我国农田土壤重金属污染来源及特点[J].科教文汇,2013,240(4):102-103.Zhou W J,He H. Sources and characteristics of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil in China[J]. Sci. Edu.,2013,240(4):102-103.
[25]曾德慧,姜凤岐.生态系统健康与人类可持续发展[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(6):751-756.Zeng D Hi, Jiang F Q. Ecosystem health and sustainable human development[J].Chin. J. Appl. Ecol.,1999,10(6):751-756.
[26]王贵,王芳.重工业城市土壤重金属含量分布特征及污染评价——以包头市为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(8):170-173.Wang G, Wang F. Heavy metal content distribution and pollution assessment in heavy industry cities:a case study of Baotou city[J]. J. Arid Land Res. Environ.,2008,22(8):170-173.
[27]谢小进,康建成,李卫江,等.上海市不同工业类型土壤重金属含量差异性分析[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1777-1782.Xie X J,Kang J C,Li W J,et al.. Analysis on the difference of heavy metals in different types of soils in Shanghai[J].Ecol. Environ. Sci.,2009,18(5):1777-1782.
[28]张彦,张惠文,苏振成,等.污水灌溉对土壤重金属含量、酶活性和微生物类群分布的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(6):44-50.Zhang Y, Zhang H W, Su Z C, et al.. Effect of sewage irrigation on the distribution of heavy metal,enzyme activity and microbial population in soil[J]. J. Safety Environ.,2006,6(6):44-50.
[29]陈奕云,唐名阳,王淑桃,等.基于文献计量的中国农田土壤重金属污染评价[J].土壤通报,2016,47(1):219-225.Chen Y Y,Tang M Y,Wang S T,et al.. Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in farmland soils in China based on bibliometrics[J]. Chin. J. Soil Sci.,2016,47(1):219-225.
[30]张小敏,张秀英,钟太洋,等.中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):692-703.Zhang X M,Zhang X Y,Zhong T Y,et al.. Heavy metal accumulation and spatial distribution in agricultural soils in China[J]. Environ. Sci.,2014,35(2):692-703.
[2]周明冬,秦晓辉,候洪,等.农田土壤重金属的危害及防控措施[J].环境与可持续发展,2014,39(2):57-58.Zhou M D,Qin X H,Hou H,et al.. Harm of heavy metals in farmland soil and prevention and control measures[J].Environ. Sustain. Develop.,2014,39(2):57-58.
[3]刘惠敏.中国经济增长与能源消耗的脱钩——东部地区的时空分异研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(12):157-163.Liu H M. Disengagement of China's economic growth and energy consumption:A study of the temporal and spatial variations in the eastern region[J]. China Population Res.Environ.,2016,26(12):157-163.
[4]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.
[5]安玉琴,裴秀坤,金红,等.河北省农田土壤重金属污染及健康风险评价[J].中国公共卫生,2016,32(9):1235-1238.An Y Q,Pei X K,Jin Hong,et al.. Status and health risk assessment of farmland soil heavy metal contamination in Hebei province[J]. Chin. J. Public Health,2016,32(9):1235-1238.
[6]李瑞平,姜咏栋,李光德,等.基于GIS的农田土壤重金属空间分布研究——以山东省泰安市为例[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,43(2):232-238.Li R P,Jiang Y D,Li G D,et al.. The spatial distribution of heavy metals in the cropland based on GIS[J]. J. Shandong Agric. Univ.(Nat. Sci.),2012,43(2):232-238.
[7]陈京都,戴其根,许学宏,等.江苏省典型区农田土壤及小麦中重金属含量与评价[J].生态学报,2012,32(11):3487-3496.Chen J D,Dai Q G,Xu X H,et al.. Heavy metal contents and evaluation of farmland soil and wheat in typical area of Jiangsu province[J]. Acta Ecol. Sin.,2012,32(11):3487-3496.
[8]杨国义,张天彬,万洪富,等.广东省典型区域农业土壤中重金属污染空间差异及原因分析[J].土壤,2007,39(3):387-392.Yang G Y,Zhang T B,Wan H F,et al.. Spatial differences and causes of heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils in a typical region of Guangdong province[J]. Soils,2007,39(3):387-392.
[9]徐争启,倪师军,张成江,等.应用污染负荷指数法评价攀枝花地区金沙江水系沉积物中的重金属[J].四川环境,2004,23(3):64-67.Xu Z Q,Ni S J,Zhang C J,et al.. Assessment on heavy metals in the sediments of Jinsha River in Panzhihua area by pollution load index[J]. Sichuan Environ.,2004,23(3):64-67.
[10]郭朝晖,肖细元,陈同斌,等.湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染[J].地理学报,2008,63(1):3-11.Guo Z H,Xiao X Y,Chen T B,et al.. Heavy metal pollution of farmland soil and vegetables in the middle and lower reaches of Xiangjiang River[J]. Acta Geogr. Sin.,2008,63(1):3-11.
[11]赵庆令,李清彩,谢江坤,等.应用富集系数法和地累积指数法研究济宁南部区域土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].岩矿测试,2015,34(1):129-137.Zhao Q L,Li Q C,Xie J K,et al.. Study on heavy metal pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of soils in the southern region of Jining using enrichment coefficient method and geoaccumulation index method[J]. Rock Min.Anal.,2015,34(1):129-137.
[12]柴世伟,温琰茂,张亚雷,等.地积累指数法在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(12):1657-1661.Chai S W,Wen Y M,Zhang Y L,et al.. Application of index of geoaccumulation(Igeo)to pollution evaluation of heavy metals in soil[J]. J. Tongji Univ.(Nat. Sci.),2006,34(12):1657-1661.
[13]刘衍君,汤庆新,白振华,等.基于地质累积指数与内梅罗指数的耕地重金属污染研究[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(20):174-178.Liu Y J,Tang Q X,Bai Z H,et al.. The research of heavy metals pollution in soil based on the connection of geoaccumulation index and Nemero index[J]. Chin. Agric.Sci. Bull.,2009,25(20):174-178.
[14] Matheron G. Principles of geostatistics[J]. Econ. Geol.,1963,58:1246-1266.
[15]王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1999,35-52.
[16]汤国安,杨昕. Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006,65-76.
[17] Nemerow N L. Scientific Stream Pollution Analysis[M].Scripta Book Co,1974,30-31.
[18]国家环境保护局,国家技术监督局. GB15618-1995土壤环境质量标准[M].北京:中国标准出版社,1995.
[19] Muller G. Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J]. Geojournal,1969(108):108-118.
[20] Zhang Q L,Shi X Z,Huang B,et al.. Characteristics of spatial variability of soil available lead, zinc, copper and cadmium in a vegetable base in the suburbs of Nanjing[J].Soils,2005,37(1):41-47.
[21] Cambardella C A,Moorman T B,Parkin T B,et al.. Fieldscale variability of soil properties in central iowa soil[J].Soilence Soc. Am. J.,1994,58(5):1501-1511.
[22]张金莲,丁疆峰,卢桂宁,等.广东清远电子垃圾拆解区农田土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境科学,2015(7):2633-2640.Zhang J l, Ding J F, Lu G N, et al.. Heavy metal contamination in farmland soils at an e-waste disassembling site in Qingyuan,Guangdong,South China[J]. Environ. Sci.,2015(7):2633-2640.
[23]刘芳,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,依力亚斯江·努尔麦麦提,等.准东煤炭产业区周边土壤重金属污染与健康风险的空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4815-4829.Liu F, Tashvilati T, Ilias N, et al.. Spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metal pollution and health risks in the soil around Huaidong coal industry area[J]. Environ. Sci.,2016,37(12):4815-4829.
[24]周雯婧,贺惠.我国农田土壤重金属污染来源及特点[J].科教文汇,2013,240(4):102-103.Zhou W J,He H. Sources and characteristics of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil in China[J]. Sci. Edu.,2013,240(4):102-103.
[25]曾德慧,姜凤岐.生态系统健康与人类可持续发展[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(6):751-756.Zeng D Hi, Jiang F Q. Ecosystem health and sustainable human development[J].Chin. J. Appl. Ecol.,1999,10(6):751-756.
[26]王贵,王芳.重工业城市土壤重金属含量分布特征及污染评价——以包头市为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(8):170-173.Wang G, Wang F. Heavy metal content distribution and pollution assessment in heavy industry cities:a case study of Baotou city[J]. J. Arid Land Res. Environ.,2008,22(8):170-173.
[27]谢小进,康建成,李卫江,等.上海市不同工业类型土壤重金属含量差异性分析[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1777-1782.Xie X J,Kang J C,Li W J,et al.. Analysis on the difference of heavy metals in different types of soils in Shanghai[J].Ecol. Environ. Sci.,2009,18(5):1777-1782.
[28]张彦,张惠文,苏振成,等.污水灌溉对土壤重金属含量、酶活性和微生物类群分布的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(6):44-50.Zhang Y, Zhang H W, Su Z C, et al.. Effect of sewage irrigation on the distribution of heavy metal,enzyme activity and microbial population in soil[J]. J. Safety Environ.,2006,6(6):44-50.
[29]陈奕云,唐名阳,王淑桃,等.基于文献计量的中国农田土壤重金属污染评价[J].土壤通报,2016,47(1):219-225.Chen Y Y,Tang M Y,Wang S T,et al.. Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in farmland soils in China based on bibliometrics[J]. Chin. J. Soil Sci.,2016,47(1):219-225.
[30]张小敏,张秀英,钟太洋,等.中国农田土壤重金属富集状况及其空间分布研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):692-703.Zhang X M,Zhang X Y,Zhong T Y,et al.. Heavy metal accumulation and spatial distribution in agricultural soils in China[J]. Environ. Sci.,2014,35(2):692-703.
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